Unmanned combat aircraft systems (UCAS) represent a certain type of modern technology the States use to counter the growing number of security threats coming from the various non-state actors. The thesis focuses on the most common use of UCAS in the fight against these threats, on the practice called targeted killing. The purpose of the thesis is to identify all conditions amongst the norms of international law pertaining to the use of force between States, international human rights law and international humanitarian law, which are relevant for the targeted killing through UCAS. Furthermore, the thesis seeks to set out the circumstances, under which this practice can satisfy the relevant conditions, and when, on the other hand, it is never lawful. The thesis is composed of four chapters. The First Chapter defines the key terms used in the thesis and clarifies the terminology relating to UCAS. It also offers a short overview of their technical specifications and capabilities and identifies the States, which own, develop and sell the technology. The following three chapters represent the analytical core of the thesis and set out the conditions for the use of UCAS found in three systems of international law. The Second Chapter examines the use of UCAS from the perspective of the prohibition on the...

Title of thesis: Inclusion on the ground fighting techniques in the system of close combat in the Army of the Czech Republic. Aim of thesis: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of termination, the risk of injury and severity of selected techniques of fighting on the ground in order to create a theoretical model for the incorporation of new techniques into close combat training in the Army of the Czech Republic. Methods: This thesis is processed by multivariate preferences. IAC group of senior mentors and close combat instructors evaluated using a printed questionnaire completion efficiency, risk of injury and severity of the performance of six combat techniques on the ground in design with no weapon and then in the version with weapons (assault with a knife during the implementation techniques) marks 1 "worst" to 3 "best". To summarize the evaluation I used tables showing the frequency of individual signs and then multiply the resulting frequency value equal to the value of the mark, below which the frequency is. The data obtained from the product of the frequency and the added values allowed us to compare techniques between themselves and determine their mutual order. Results: Despite the chosen criteria evaluated for divergence of selected techniques and access to the results...

Title: The using of combat sports in physical education at high school Goals: To find out the high school pupils' relation to physical education, their relation to combat sports and their relation to class of combat sports Methods: This is a quantitative research, in which will be used method of questioning by questionnaire. Results: Results indicate what the relations of high school pupils to physical education, to combat sports and to the class of combat sports. We found out, that the relations are mostly positive. Key words: Using, combat sports, physical education, high school

Thesis (M. Tech. (Fashion, Dept. of Visual Arts and Design)--Vaal University of Technology. / This study was contracted by the African Warrior Project of the South African National Defence Force (SAND F), which focuses on the needs of the future soldier. Fit problems cause the wearers of these combat trousers physical discomfort during routine physical training as the trousers restrict movement. The goals of the study were to investigate problems experienced by the male soldiers regarding the fit of the combat trousers, and to make recommendations regarding possible fit solutions. The objectives of this study were to determine the nature of the fit complaints in terms of the wearer characteristics and activities related to aesthetic and functional aspects; to analyse the design of the combat trousers in terms of size, key dimensions, proportion, balance and ease to determine the source of the fit the problems; and to analyse the f1t of the combat trousers against the subjective fit preferences of the wearers, and objective fit opinions of an expert. The target population of the study was the male SANDF members in the target age group of the African Warrior Project, namely 18 to 35 years. The first sample group consisted of 60 SANDF members between the ages of 24 to 45 years. The second sample of 24 subjects was selected from the first sample group, using height and body shape as parameters. The methods included biographic profiling, focus group interviews, one-to-one interviews, motor tests, body and garment measuring, photographs, somatographs and pattern analysis. The findings indicate the possibility of an inadequate garment design in relation to specific wearer characteristics such as ethnicity and body shape. The complicated size designation system used, compounded by the waist as the only key dimension provided, contributed to the distribution of the incorrectly sized combat trousers to the wearers. Analysis of the design indicated that it does not adequately accommodate the body characteristics and fit preferences of the subjects, to ensure optimum functionality as well as an acceptable aesthetic appearance. These problems need to be addressed. / ERGOTECH; VUT

O Brasil conquistou 38 medalhas no judô de 1956 a 2010 em Campeonatos. Mundiais (CM) e de 1964-2008 em Jogos Olímpicos (JO). Estas medalhas estão divididas entre 23 atletas. Sete deles conquistaram medalhas em JO e CM. Aurélio Miguel (1988-1996), Tiago Camilo (2000-2008) e Leandro Grilheiro (2004-2008), se destacam com duas medalhas em JO e em CM. O objetivo deste estudo é elaborar uma genealogia do judô brasileiro e compreender a dimensão da influência da imigração japonesa neste contexto. Este estudo utilizou a metodologia de História Oral de Vida Híbrida. Foram entrevistados os medalhistas brasileiros em JO e CM até 2010 e os seus respectivos professores. Analisando as entrevistas identifiquei os ascendentes judoísticos dos atletas, até a determinação dos seus respectivos genearcas. Assumiu-se que genearca é aquele que chegou ao Brasil com conhecimentos suficientes para ministrar aulas de judô/jiu-jitsu. A maioria dos genearcas do judô brasileiro são imigrantes japoneses. Fogem a essa regra o sensei Georges Mehdi, naturalizado brasileiro e o sensei João Graf Vassoux. Mitsuyo Maeda foi o primeiro a chegar e fazer demonstrações de judô no Brasil, em 1914. Em 1936 Ryuzo Ogawa fundou a Budokan. Ele é o genearca que influenciou o maior número destes atletas. Antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial (SGM) verifiquei a importância do trabalho de Yassuishi Ono, Sobei Tani, e Katsutoshi Naito, em SP, Sadai Ishihara no Paraná, Soishiro Satake em Manaus e Takeo Yano em vários estados. Após a SGM identifiquei a influência de Chiaki Ishii, Shuhei Okano e Onodera em SP, Teruo Obata e Naoshige Ushijima no RS e Michio Ninomiya no DF. O surgimento e a expansão do judô no Brasil está diretamente relacionado ao processo de imigração japonesa. Encontrei dois perfis de professores: os formadores e os treinadores. Destacam-se os professores: Massao Shinohara, Paulo Duarte, Orlando Hirakawa e Uichiro Umakakeba, formadores de nove judocas que conquistaram 18 das 38 medalhas brasileiras da história. Como treinador, destaca-se Floriano de Almeida que influenciou a carreira de sete medalhistas. Os locais de formação são distintos daqueles onde os atletas alcançaram as suas melhores performances. Entre os dojos formadores destaco as associações Vila Sônia em, Hirakawa e Paulo Duarte / Brazil won 38 medals at world championships (WC) from 1956 to 2010 and at Olympic Games (OG) from 1964 to 2008. Twenty three Brazilian athletes won those medals. Seven won medals on OG and WC. Aurélio Miguel (1988-1996), Tiago Camilo (2000-2008) and Leandro Grilheiro (2004-2008), won two medals at OG and at WC. This study searched for the judo roots from those athletes using oral histories of life as a methodology. All the 23 athletes, that won medals at world championship and/or Olympic Games until 2010 were interviewed as well as their coaches. The objective was to find the genearc from each athlete. Genearc is the sensei which had knowledge to teach judo/jiu-jitsu when they arrived in Brazil. Most of those genearcs are japanese immigrants, but we find two gaijins among them, sensei Georges Mehdi, who cames from France, and sensei João Graf Vassoux The first immigrants arrived in 1908 and Mitsuyo Maeda was the first figther to show jiu-jitsu/judô in Brasil, in 1914. Ryuzo Ogawa, who created the Budokan in 1936, is the genearc who had influence over most of those athletes. The Japanese play a very important role in the development of Brazilian judo. The teachers have two different profiles, professors or coaches. The judo clubs are also identified as places to begin and grow or place to train and win. Four professors were very important during this period, Massao Shinohara, Paulo Duarte, Orlando Hirakawa and Uichiro Umakakeba. They taught nine athletes which won 18 from 38 Brazilian medals. As a coach Floriano Almeida had great influence over seven Brazilian medalists. Before the II War Yassuishi Ono, Sobei Tani, Ryuzo Ogawa and Katsutoshi Naito were the most important names, in São Paulo; Sadai Ishihara, in Paraná; Ghengo Katayama and Yoshimasa Nagashima in Rio de Janeiro and Soishiro Satake, in Manaus. After the II War, Chiaki Ishii, Shuhei Okano and Onodera were important names in São Paulo, Teruo Obata and Naoshige Ushijima in Porto Alegre. and Michio Ninomiya in Brasília. Vila Sônia, Hirakawa and Paulo Duarte were the dojos which prepar more judo medalists from the begginig to the highest level

Meninas e meninos são educados para agirem de formas opostas em diversos campos. A maioria dos meninos aprende a gostar de atividades agressivas e competitivas, ao passo que elas aprendem a gostar de atividades rítmicas ou relacionadas às tarefas domésticas, atividades estas que pouco se assemelham às lutas. Com o intuito de identificar os sujeitos e as instituições que influenciam a vida das lutadoras, realizaram-se entrevistas com cinco lutadoras que foram campeãs mundiais ao menos uma vez em sua modalidade. A análise dos dados foi por meio da dialética. Na infância, as lutadoras brincavam juntamente com os meninos, mas não deixaram de participar de brincadeiras socialmente classificadas como femininas. Não foram estigmatizadas nas aulas de Educação Física por serem habilidosas, mas o foram fora dessas aulas. Ao ingressarem na modalidade, elas não foram cobradas por resultados. Por serem grandes lutadoras, não tiveram dificuldades em serem aceitas em um ambiente de treino predominantemente masculino; assim, elas disputam o espaço entre eles, embora os homens se esforcem para manter a superioridade masculina. Algumas federações, confederações e organizadores de campeonatos premiam as mulheres de forma inferior em relação aos homens, o que caracteriza discriminação de gênero / Girls and boys have been taught by society in order to behave and act in opposite ways within many social situations. Since very young most of the boys learn how to enjoy aggressive and competitive activities like martial arts, while girls are socialized to perform activities more connected to dance and household tasks those which have no relationship to the world of competitiveness, sports and martial arts. Considering these issues, in this thesis I have searched for the sports life of high performance sports women who practice martial arts. My aim was to identify people and institutions which have influenced these fighter\'s life. I did indepth interviews with five fighters who were world championships at least once in their kind of martial arts and combat sports, such as boxing, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, karate and taekwondo. The data collected within the interviews were analyzed using the dialectics method. The data have revealed that these fighters played with boys in their childhood; however, they also played games considered by the society as girls games. Their good physical skills have pushed many prejudice against them, however the prejudice have never shown up during their Physical Education classes in their schools. When they started to perform martial arts, there were no pressure for good outcomes. As they were very talented, these athletes have not faced too many obstacles inside the masculine world of the martial arts, its practices and social environment. However, men fighters have always tried to display their masculine power and superiority while practicing with these women. The data also revealed that National and local Federations discriminate women athletes by paying lesser rewards to them than to the men athletes at the end of the competitions

Em 2009, a Federação Internacional de Judô (FIJ) instituiu um sistema de ranqueamento (SR) para classificar os atletas em suas categorias de disputa e para os Jogos Olímpicos de Londres 2012. Porém, o SR não considera o fenômeno conhecido como home advantage, relacionado à vantagem de vencer quando se compete em casa. Esse fenômeno ainda não foi estudado no judô e se comprovado traz implicações para o SR. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há ocorrência de home advantage nas competições que integram o SR no judô, para a conquista de medalha e número de lutas vencidas. Para tal, foram analisadas todas as competições internacionais de judô do SR realizadas em 2009. Para verificar se os atletas que competiram em casa tiveram mais chance de conquistar medalha foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística e para verificar se houve associação do número de lutas vencidas e competir em casa foi utilizado o modelo linear generalizado de Poisson. Os modelos contaram com uma variável de ajuste referente à qualidade relativa dos atletas em duas possibilidades: posição no SR da FIJ e neutro (construído com lutas disputadas em território neutro). A amostra foi dividida em: Grupo I - todas as participações; Grupo II - somente os atletas que haviam competido dentro e fora de casa. Dado que alguns atletas não puderam lutar em território neutro e, portanto, não tiveram codificação para esse SR, foram criados duas subamostras do Grupo I e do Grupo II, excluindo os atletas sem codificação nesta variável. Todas as análises foram realizadas considerando os gêneros conjunta e separadamente. A variável qualidade relativa foi significante em todas as análises e também modificou os modelos (p<0,001). Ao considerarmos a subamostra do Grupo II, a razão de chance para conquista de medalhas foi superior para os atletas que competiram em casa para o grupo masculino (2,33; p<0,001) e feminino (1,58; p = 0,019). A associação entre número de lutas vencidas e competir em casa foi significante para os atletas do masculino (p<0,001), mas não significante para o feminino (p = 0,088). A ausência da vantagem no feminino para número de lutas vencidas pode ter sido limitada e confundida com o número reduzido de atletas participantes em muitas das competições. As atletas que conquistaram medalha em competições mais vazias, não precisaram vencer mais lutas, dado que um número reduzido de vitórias garantia a medalha. É possível que a torcida seja a principal responsável pelos achados, tanto por influenciar o julgamento dos árbitros a favorecer os atletas da casa como pela motivação para os atletas. Outra possibilidade é que aspectos associados à dominância territorial tenham influenciado as disputas masculinas, porém não as femininas. Assim, foi comprovada a existência do home advantage nas competições que integram o SR de judô para conquista de medalha no masculino e feminino, e para número de lutas vencidas apenas para o masculino. Desta forma, é provável que os atletas de países que sediam competições do SR tenham vantagem para a obtenção da classificação olímpica / In 2009 the International Judo Federation (IJF) established a ranking system (RS) to classify athletes in the competition categories and in the distribution of vacancies for the London 2012 Olympic Games. Nevertheless, the RS does not consider the phenomenon known as home advantage, i.e. the advantage of winning when competing in your home country. This phenomenon has not been studied in judo and its implications for the RS have not been proven. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was occurrence of home advantage in competitions that use the RS in judo, in winning a medal, and in the number of matches won. Therefore, we analyzed all international judo competitions using the RS in 2009. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify if the athletes who competed in their home countries were more likely to win a medal, and we used the Poisson generalized linear model to check whether there were associations between the number of matches won and competing at home. The models have an adjustment variable in the relative quality of athletes in two possibilities: position in the IJF RS and matches played on neutral territory. The sample was divided into two groups: Group I all participants and Group II only athletes who had competed inside and outside their home country. Given that some athletes could not fight on neutral territory and therefore did not have this RS coding, a sub-sample of Group I and a sub-sample of Group II were created, excluding athletes without the coding from this variable. All tests were performed considering the groups together and separately. The relative quality variable was significant in all tests and also modified the models (p <0.001). For the sub-sample of Group II the odds ratio for winning medals was higher for the athletes who competed at home for the male group (2.33, p <0.001) and the female group (1.58, p = 0.019). The association between the number of matches won and competing at home was significant for the male athletes (p <0.001), but not for the females (p = 0.088). The absence of the female advantage in the number of matches won may have been limited and confused by the small number of athletes participating in many of the competitions. The athletes who won medals in competitions with fewer competitors did not need to win more matches since a small number of wins guaranteed the medal. It is possible that the crowd was mainly responsible for the findings, both in influencing the judgement of the referees to favour the home athletes and in motivating the athletes. Another possibility is that aspects related to territorial dominance influenced the male competitors but not the female competitors. Thus, the existence of home advantage was observed in the competitions that used the judo RS in the achievement of medals for males and females, and in the number of matches won, only for males. Thus, it is likely that athletes from countries that host competitions using the RS have an advantage for obtaining the Olympic classification

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer os critérios de autenticidade científica de validade, reprodutibilidade e a sensibilidade do FSKT10s e do FSKTmult para o taekwondo. O objetivo secundário foi construir uma tabela normativa para classificação do desempenho físico gerado no FSKT. O estudo foi conduzido em seis etapas, contendo amostras de praticantes ou atletas de diferentes níveis competitivos. Visando investigar a validade lógica do FSKT, foi apresentado um questionário para 94 sujeitos que tivessem alguma experiência com a modalidade. O objetivo do questionário foi conhecer a opinião a respeito do entendimento sobre as instruções, viabilidade de aplicação e predominância energética. Os participantes julgaram que o teste é \'fácil\' ou \'muito fácil de entender\', \'viável\' ou \'muito viável\' de aplicar e que ambos os testes medem predominantemente a condição anaeróbia. Quanto maior o grau de instrução, maior a frequência de resposta de que o FSKT10s é predominantemente anaeróbio, enquanto para o FSKTmult a maior frequência de resposta no grupo não graduado mede predominantemente a condição aeróbia e o grupo pós-graduado julgou que o teste mede predominantemente a condição anaeróbia. Na etapa seguinte 13 atletas de taekwondo do sexo masculino participaram em duas sessões experimentais para determinar a validade de critério entre a luta e o FSKT. Não foram encontradas associações entre as variáveis da luta e o FSKT. Não foram identificadas diferenças significantes para o lactato pico após FSKTmult e após luta, mas houve diferença estatística entre a luta e o FSKT10s. O objetivo seguinte foi determinar a validade de constructo. Foram avaliados 153 homens agrupados em não competidores (n= 53), competidores de nível regional/estadual (n= 55) e de nível internacional/nacional (n= 45) e 42 mulheres agrupadas em competidoras de nível regional/estadual (n= 21) e de nível internacional/nacional (n= 21). Houve superioridade dos competidores de nível nacional/internacional em comparação aos não competidores. As competidoras de nível regional/estadual diferiram do grupo de nível nacional/internacional. A etapa seguinte foi conduzida com 14 atletas para determinar a reprodutibilidade relativa e absoluta do FSKT em teste e reteste. Para a reprodutibilidade relativa foram observados valores de CCI entre 0,63 e 0,95. O EPM ficou entre 0,60 e 3,99 enquanto o SWC0,6 ficou entre 0,73 e 4,83 para as diferentes séries do FSKT. Na etapa seguinte foi determinada a sensibilidade do FSKT de 8 atletas após nove semanas de treinamento de taekwondo e de força/potência muscular. Foi observada melhora do desempenho gerado em todas as variáveis analisadas, exceto para o índice de decréscimo de chutes (IDC). Por fim, 115 homens e 70 mulheres praticantes/atletas familiarizados com o FSKT executaram cada teste uma vez. Após análise dos dados foi elaborada a tabela com cinco escalas (classificação, percentil: muito bom, >=95; bom, >75; regular, 25-75; ruim, <25; muito ruim, <=5) para as seguintes variáveis FSKT10S, FSKTmult (séries 1-5) e IDC. A conclusão é que o FSKT pode ser uma ferramenta utilizada por técnicos e treinadores visando medir o desempenho físico. Diferentes critérios de autenticidade científica foram apresentados no presente estudo, o que ajudará a tomar decisões mais confiáveis quando de sua aplicação. Também será possível classificar o desempenho dos praticantes/atletas via tabela normativa / The purpose of the present study was stablishing the authenticity criteria scientific of validity, reliability and the sensibility of FSKT10s and the FSKTmult for taekwondo. The secondary purpose was building a normative table to classify physical performance generated by FSKT. The study was conducted in six parts, content sample of practitioners or athletes in different competitive levels. Aiming to investigate the logical validity of FSKT, was presented a questionnaire for 94 subjects that would have any experience with the modality. The purpose was to know the opinion about the understanding of the instructions, feasibility of application and energetic predominance. The participants judged that the test is \"easy\" or \"very easy\", \"viable\" or \"many viable\" of apply and that both tests measure predominantly the anaerobic condition. The higher the level of education, higher is the response frequency of that the FSKT10s is predominantly anaerobic, while for FSKTmult the higher response frequency in the no-graduate group measure predominantly the aerobic condition and the postgraduate group judge that the test measure predominantly the anaerobic condition. In the next step 13 male taekwondo athletes participated in twice experimental sessions to determine a validity criterion between match and the FSKT. No associations were found between match variables and FSKT. No statistically significant difference were identified for the peak blood lactate concentration post FSKT and match, but there was statistical difference between the match and FSKT10s. the next objective was to determine the construct validity. 153 subjects were evaluated grouped in non-competitors (n= 53), regional/state competitors (n= 55) and national/international competitors (n= 45) and 42 women grouped in regional/state level competitors (n= 21) and international/national level (n= 21). There was a statistically significant difference with the superiority of national/international competitors compared to non-competitors. The regional/state level competitors differed from the national/international level group. The next step was conducted with 14 athletes to determine the relative and absolute reliability of FSKT test-retest. Regarding relative reliability, ICC values between 0.63 and 0.95 were observed. The EPM was between 0.60 and 3.99 while the SWC0.6 was between 0.73 and 4.83 for the different FSKT series. The next step was to determine the sensitivity of the FSKT of 8 athletes after nine weeks of taekwondo and strength training. It was observed an improvement in the performance generated in all variables analyzed except for the kicks decrement index (KDI). Finally, 115 mens and 70 womens practitioners/athletes familiar with the FSKT performed each test once. After analyzing the data, the table was elaborated with five scales (classification: \'Excellent\': >=95th percentile, \'Good\': 75th percentile up to 94th percentile, \'Regular\': 25th percentile up to 74th percentile, \'Poor\': 6th percentile up to 24th percentile, \'Very poor\': <=5th percentile) for the following variables FSKT10S, FSKTmult (series 1-5 and total) and IDC. The conclusion is that the FSKT can be a tool used by coaches and technicians to measure physical performance. Different criteria of scientific authenticity were presented in the present study, which will help to make more reliable decisions. It will also be possible to classify the performance of the practitioners/athletes, based on the classifications of the normative table

O Brasil conquistou 38 medalhas no judô de 1956 a 2010 em Campeonatos. Mundiais (CM) e de 1964-2008 em Jogos Olímpicos (JO). Estas medalhas estão divididas entre 23 atletas. Sete deles conquistaram medalhas em JO e CM. Aurélio Miguel (1988-1996), Tiago Camilo (2000-2008) e Leandro Grilheiro (2004-2008), se destacam com duas medalhas em JO e em CM. O objetivo deste estudo é elaborar uma genealogia do judô brasileiro e compreender a dimensão da influência da imigração japonesa neste contexto. Este estudo utilizou a metodologia de História Oral de Vida Híbrida. Foram entrevistados os medalhistas brasileiros em JO e CM até 2010 e os seus respectivos professores. Analisando as entrevistas identifiquei os ascendentes judoísticos dos atletas, até a determinação dos seus respectivos genearcas. Assumiu-se que genearca é aquele que chegou ao Brasil com conhecimentos suficientes para ministrar aulas de judô/jiu-jitsu. A maioria dos genearcas do judô brasileiro são imigrantes japoneses. Fogem a essa regra o sensei Georges Mehdi, naturalizado brasileiro e o sensei João Graf Vassoux. Mitsuyo Maeda foi o primeiro a chegar e fazer demonstrações de judô no Brasil, em 1914. Em 1936 Ryuzo Ogawa fundou a Budokan. Ele é o genearca que influenciou o maior número destes atletas. Antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial (SGM) verifiquei a importância do trabalho de Yassuishi Ono, Sobei Tani, e Katsutoshi Naito, em SP, Sadai Ishihara no Paraná, Soishiro Satake em Manaus e Takeo Yano em vários estados. Após a SGM identifiquei a influência de Chiaki Ishii, Shuhei Okano e Onodera em SP, Teruo Obata e Naoshige Ushijima no RS e Michio Ninomiya no DF. O surgimento e a expansão do judô no Brasil está diretamente relacionado ao processo de imigração japonesa. Encontrei dois perfis de professores: os formadores e os treinadores. Destacam-se os professores: Massao Shinohara, Paulo Duarte, Orlando Hirakawa e Uichiro Umakakeba, formadores de nove judocas que conquistaram 18 das 38 medalhas brasileiras da história. Como treinador, destaca-se Floriano de Almeida que influenciou a carreira de sete medalhistas. Os locais de formação são distintos daqueles onde os atletas alcançaram as suas melhores performances. Entre os dojos formadores destaco as associações Vila Sônia em, Hirakawa e Paulo Duarte / Brazil won 38 medals at world championships (WC) from 1956 to 2010 and at Olympic Games (OG) from 1964 to 2008. Twenty three Brazilian athletes won those medals. Seven won medals on OG and WC. Aurélio Miguel (1988-1996), Tiago Camilo (2000-2008) and Leandro Grilheiro (2004-2008), won two medals at OG and at WC. This study searched for the judo roots from those athletes using oral histories of life as a methodology. All the 23 athletes, that won medals at world championship and/or Olympic Games until 2010 were interviewed as well as their coaches. The objective was to find the genearc from each athlete. Genearc is the sensei which had knowledge to teach judo/jiu-jitsu when they arrived in Brazil. Most of those genearcs are japanese immigrants, but we find two gaijins among them, sensei Georges Mehdi, who cames from France, and sensei João Graf Vassoux The first immigrants arrived in 1908 and Mitsuyo Maeda was the first figther to show jiu-jitsu/judô in Brasil, in 1914. Ryuzo Ogawa, who created the Budokan in 1936, is the genearc who had influence over most of those athletes. The Japanese play a very important role in the development of Brazilian judo. The teachers have two different profiles, professors or coaches. The judo clubs are also identified as places to begin and grow or place to train and win. Four professors were very important during this period, Massao Shinohara, Paulo Duarte, Orlando Hirakawa and Uichiro Umakakeba. They taught nine athletes which won 18 from 38 Brazilian medals. As a coach Floriano Almeida had great influence over seven Brazilian medalists. Before the II War Yassuishi Ono, Sobei Tani, Ryuzo Ogawa and Katsutoshi Naito were the most important names, in São Paulo; Sadai Ishihara, in Paraná; Ghengo Katayama and Yoshimasa Nagashima in Rio de Janeiro and Soishiro Satake, in Manaus. After the II War, Chiaki Ishii, Shuhei Okano and Onodera were important names in São Paulo, Teruo Obata and Naoshige Ushijima in Porto Alegre. and Michio Ninomiya in Brasília. Vila Sônia, Hirakawa and Paulo Duarte were the dojos which prepar more judo medalists from the begginig to the highest level

This paper explains how the Islamic State grew rapidly, answering a question of "what is" the Islamic State? A review of existing literature on simulation modeling of insurgencies identifies several gaps, as existing theories of non-state actors and insurgencies are inadequate to explain ISIS's performance. Additionally, there are few mathematical simulation models of insurgent behavior that can reproduce ISIS results. Finally, what models exist are not detailed enough either to conduct detailed experiments testing proposed explanations of ISIS, or evaluate policy responses aimed at containing or mitigating ISIS. The paper offers several contributions. First it proposes a dynamic hypothesis that the Islamic State (ISIS) is an emerging-state actor, a new form of actor that differs from traditional non- state actors and insurgencies. Propositions are constructed and presented as an overall theory of emerging-state actor behavior. These propositions are then simulated as experiments within a detailed model parameterized with conditions very similar to what ISIS faced in Iraq and Syria 2013. The model is then run from 2013-2020, and experiment results confirm evidence of emerging- state actor behavior and allow refinement of model boundary assumptions. Second, an initial set of intervention policies are tested in a variety of conditions: best case, operationally constrained, isolated, combined, and at different timing intervals. Analysis of the results yields key dynamic insights. These insights aid policy makers in understanding the challenges posed by emerging state actors. Finally, the detailed simulation model used to test the propositions and policy analysis, including a novel approach to combat simulation with endogenous geospatial feedback, is provided in full detail in two Appendices. Appendix A provides a sector-by-sector view of model structure and equations. Appendix B provides more discussion, analysis and sources used to develop model structure, establish parameter values and determine equations for the simulation. Due to length and other considerations, Appendix B is available only upon request. The detailed simulation model can be used to refine non-state actor theories (configured for insurgencies, emerging-state actors, or other scenarios). The model can be loaded with other scenarios to simulate other actors in other geospatial terrain: ISIS in Libya, Boko Haram in Nigeria, the returning Taliban in Afghanistan, etc. Keywords: ISIS, ISIL, DAESH, insurgency, conflict, security, stability, non-state actor, emerging- state actor, combat simulator, geospatial, national security.