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Maintaining large-scale legacy applications has been a major challenge for software producers. As the application evolves and gets more complicated, it becomes harder to understand, debug, or modify the code. Moreover, as new members are joining the development team, and others are leaving, the need for a well-documented code arises. Good documentation necessitates the visualization of the code in an easy to understand manner. The Unified Modeling Language (UML), an Object Management Group's (OMG) standard, is a graphical modeling language used for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting software intensive artifacts. UML, which has been accepted as an industry standard in November 1997, has aided the design and maintenance of object-oriented legacy applications. While the software developers were building UML models for their existing applications as part of a reverse-engineering process, development of next generation software applications started from the models (forward-engineering process). In the forward engineering process, the system's code is specified and constructed from the UML models, which evolve as the system evolves in order to maintain consistent documentation and visualization of the system. Moreover, UML has the power of hiding unnecessary details of the system by the ability to model its different views. This enables visualizing the system at different levels of hierarchy. This thesis documents how to use UML to model a software-intensive simulation for the combat systems of a fully automated naval "digital ship". This process started with building the use case diagrams based on the system requirements given by the domain experts. Then activity diagrams were used to describe the exact performance of the use cases. The logical view of the system was built using class, interaction, and activity diagrams. Then, the physical view of the system was built using component diagrams. Finally, an example of the code generation process from the UML models was carried out for one of the system components. These models are to be maintained as the application evolves. Using UML has aided in building a well-structured object-oriented application, validating the use cases of the application with the domain experts, visualizing and validating the structure of the source code before writing it, communicating between different members of the development team, and providing an easily understandable documentation of the system. / Master of Science

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Why do some soldiers racialize, and eventually dehumanize, both enemy combatants and non-combatant civilians during military conflicts? This project will trace the ways in which soldiers’ experiences in combat and the resultant trauma may lead to the development of racialized threat perceptions. Racialized threat perceptions are a belief system that teaches soldiers to view all members (combatants, noncombatants, and civilians) of a specific race as “the enemy” regardless their role in combat. This racialized threat perception leads to indiscriminate violence against all individuals in the militarized jurisdiction, including women, children, and the elderly, resulting in atrocities. Racism, racially motivated violence, and violent extremism all have a complex web of origins and drivers that this paper does not have the space to fully explore. Racism against the Asian American Pacific Islander community in the United States can point to institutionalized roots in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 or explicitly racist propaganda during the Second World War or individual prejudices that appear to manifest ex nihil. The goal of this paper, however, is to analyze an understudied source of racism and racially motivated violence in the United States: counterinsurgency warfare. By conducting process tracing through 100 years of U.S. military expeditions abroad, this paper will demonstrate an additional generative source of racism and violence that continues to shape our world. I present a novel theory that explains how combat generates racialized threat perceptions in the mind of a soldier, how those racialized threat perceptions erode the ethics of the soldier and eventually return home with him. These three mechanisms include: call to civilize, psychological insecurity, and inability to discriminate between friend and foe. I specifically look at three case studies to understand the mechanisms behind a racialized threat perception over the past century: the War in the Philippines, the Vietnam War, and the Forever Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The paper concludes by demonstrating how this racialized threat perception generated during combat “comes home” with soldiers and impacts American society after the war has ended.

At least one-quarter of service members who have returned from combat in Iraq and Afghanistan meet the criteria for a mental health diagnosis, of which Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most common. Social support provided by close relationships has been shown to be a buffer against PTSD symptoms. However, PTSD can also have devastating effects on couple relationships, hampering this form of social support. One promising intervention for PTSD has been the use of service dogs specially trained to perform tasks related to PTSD symptoms. Anecdotally, there are promising individual outcomes for veterans with PTSD who are partnered with service dogs; however, the effects of these service dogs on the couple relationship for veterans who are married or in long-term relationships has yet to be explored. Seven couples participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews related to their experiences of their relationship before, during, and after acquiring a service dog trained to respond to PTSD symptoms. Responses were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Themes derived were loss of self, living with the enemy, to hope or not to hope, running the gauntlet, pawsitive reinforcements, and turning the tide. Results are weighed against existing literature in the field, clinical and public policy considerations are offered, and directions for future research are proposed. / Master of Science

Fratricide is one of the most devastating consequences of any military conflict. Target identification failures have been identified as the last link in a chain of mistakes that can lead to fratricide. Other links include weapon and equipment malfunctions, command, control, and communication failures, navigation failures, fire discipline failures, and situation awareness failures. This research examined the effects of degraded vision and combat identification reliability on the time-stressed decision of a dismounted infantryman to engage friendly or threat targets. Twelve soldiers with the Military Occupational Specialty 95B (Military Police) participated in several live-fire scenarios while wearing goggles with various levels of transmissivity and shooting an M16A2 containing a combat identification system operating at 100% and 60% reliability. As expected, there was a significant main effect of Transmissivity Level [F(2, 22) = 8.168, p = 0.002] and Combat Identification Reliability [F(2, 22) = 38.467, p < 0.001] and a significant interaction effect of Transmissivity Level x Combat Identification Reliability [F(4, 44) = 3.111, p = 0.024] on the Number of Friendly Targets engaged. The main effects of Transmissivity Level and Combat Identification Reliability and their interaction effect on the Number of Missed Threat Targets were nonsignificant. An unexpected result was no practical increase in Mean Reaction Time using a combat identification system on the M16A2. As technology continues to improve the lethality of military weapon systems, a corresponding increase in target identification is required to avoid friendly fire causalities. Designers of future combat identification systems for the dismounted force will need to focus on operational reliability and ease of use to maximize the system benefits. / Master of Science

Autonoma markfarkoster är under utveckling och flera länder genomför prov och försök med autonoma stridsfordon, de som först utvecklar förmågan tros ha stora fördelar på stridsfältet. Dagens försörjningskedja inom den tekniska tjänsten är anpassad efter bemannade system och många delar inom kedjan är beroende av personalen.  Arbetet undersöker hur nuvarande försörjningskedja för teknisk tjänst inom Försvarsmakten kring Stridsfordon 90 kan appliceras på autonoma stridsfordon. Genom teori från försvarslogistik och försörjningskedjor identifieras framgångsfaktorer inom den tekniska tjänsten för Stridsfordon 90. Dessa framgångsfaktorer induceras på det autonoma systemet och undersöker hur väl tillämpad försörjningskedjan är för autonoma stridsfordon.  Framgångsfaktorerna som identifierats för teknisk tjänst är handlingsfrihet, närhet och resurstäthet. När de autonoma stridsfordonen undersöks utifrån framgångsfaktorerna framkommer resultatet att dagens försörjningskedja kring teknisk tjänst är dåligt tillämpad med fungerande tendenser för de autonoma stridsfordonen. Resultatet betyder att den tekniska tjänsten behöver förändras vid implementering av systemen för att försörjningskedjan bättre ska kunna omhänderta de nya förmågor och förutsättningar som systemen medför. Om den tekniska tjänsten för autonoma fordon utformas på liknande sätt som i dagens försörjningskedja kommer delar av den tekniska tjänsten försvåras alternativt omöjliggörs om inte anpassningar på systemet eller organisationen görs. De största förändringarna inom försörjningskedjan kan sammanfattas till personalens position i förhållande till systemen samt den tekniska utvecklingens utmaningar och möjligheter. Genom analys och diskussion av resultatet framkommer krav på organisationen och på det tekniska systemet som behöver tas hänsyn till och behandlas vid utvecklingen av de autonoma stridsfordonen. Görs detta kommer en effektiv försörjningskedja möjliggöra god teknisk tillgänglighet på de autonoma stridsfordonen och därmed öka handlingsalternativen för taktisk chef. / Unmanned ground vehicles are developing, and multiple counties are testing robotic combat vehicles. The nation who first can use the vehicles are believed to have great advantage on the battlefield. Today the supply chain regarding technical maintenance is adapted to manned vehicles and is often depending on the personnel within the chain. This essay investigates how the existing supply chain for technical maintenance in the Swedish Armed Forces regarding Combat Vehicle 90 can be applied to autonomous combat vehicles. Through the theory around defense logistics and supply chain management factors for success can be identified within the technical maintenance for Combat Vehicle 90. These factors for success are induced to the autonomous combat vehicles and investigates the effects of the autonomy on the supply chain.  The factors for success that is identified to be choices within the chain, the geographical distance between personnel and technical system, and available resources. When the autonomous combat vehicles are analyzed using these factors the result presents a supply chain that is badly adjusted with working tendencies for the autonomous vehicles. The result means that the technical maintenance needs to be changed when the autonomous vehicles are implemented to be able to handle the new system in a better way. If the technical maintenance remains in its current state the technical maintenance, in some aspects, becomes more difficult or impossible to manage.     The biggest changes on the supply chain can be summed up to the personnels position in relation to the technical system and the technical development and its challenges and possibilities. Analysis and discussion of the result presents demands on the organization and the technical system, which should be taken into consideration when the autonomous combat vehicle is developed. If this is implemented the supply chain will be more efficient and enable technical availability and make the autonomous combat vehicles usable for the tactical commander.

Ph. D.

Darbo objektas: Dvikovos sporto šakų įvaizdis. Tyrimo tikslas: ištirti Lietuvos dvikovos sporto šakų įvaizdžio ypatumus. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti įvaizdžio sampratą ir reikšmę šiuolaikiniuose vadybos moksluose ir praktikoje; 2. Nustatyti veiksnius, lemiančius dvikovos sporto įvaizdžio negatyvius ir pozityvius aspektus; 3. Nustatyti trenerių ir sportininkų įvaizdžio sampratos skirtumus. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Literatūros analizė: Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių literatūros analizė apie įvaizdį bei organizacijų įvaizdį – 32 šaltiniai; 2. Dokumentų analizė: Išanalizavome Lietuvos sporto statistikos metraštyje pateiktą informaciją apie dvikovos sporto šakas; 3. Apklausa. Atlikome sportininkų ir trenerių apklausą. Išvados: 1. Skirtingi autoriai skirtingai suvokia, pabrėždami vis kitas svarbias įvaizdžio detales. Dvikovos sporto organizacijos turėtų atkreipti dėmesį į šiuos esminius įvaizdžio aspektus: vartotojų nuomonės suformavimą, įspūdžio sukūrimą, reputacijos išlaikymą. Šie įvaizdžio aspektai turėtų tapti siekiamybe dvikovos sporto organizacijoms, norinčioms gerinti savo sporto šakos bei apskritai dvikovos sporto įvaizdį. 2. Tyrimas parodė, kad svarbiausi veiksniai, lemiantys pozityvų dvikovos sporto įvaizdį yra: geri rezultatai tarptautinėje arenoje, teigiami santykiai su žiniasklaidos atstovais, bei teigiamas sportininkų ir trenerių elgesys. Svarbiausi veiksniai, lemiantys negatyvų dvikovos sporto įvaizdį yra: neigiamas sportininkų ir trenerių elgesys ringe ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object: image of duels sports. The aim: to explore Lithuanian Combat Sports image and its features. Objectives of the study: 1. To overview the image concept and its importance in modern management science and practice. 2. To identify the factors that determine the positive and negative aspects of combat sport's image. 3. To set the differences between coaches and athletes image concept. Research methods 1. Literature Analysis : Analysis of Lithuanian and foreign literature about the image and the image of organizations - 32 source; 2. Analysis of Documents : We have analyzed the Lithuanian Statistical Yearbook of the sports regarding information about the duel sports; 3. Survey: We conducted a survey of athletes and coaches. Conclusion: 1. Different authors have different perceptions and are highlighting various important details of the image. Combat sports organizations should pay attention to these essential aspects of image: consumer opinion formation, the creation of the impression and the maintenance of the reputation. These aspects of the image should become the aim of combat sports organizations willing to improve their sports image. 2. The study showed that the most important factors in determining a positive image of the combat sports are the following: good results in the international competitions, the positive relationship with the media and positive behavior of the athletes and coaches. The most important factors determining negative image of... [to full text]