The purpose of the study was to investigate if a relationship exists between levels of combat experienced by Vietnam veterans and later perceptions of violence, violent attitudes, and violent participants: heavy combat Vietnam veterans; light combat Vietnam veterans; Vietnam era veterans; and non-veteran (civilian) friends of Vietnam veterans.Calvert's Brief Demographic Questionnaire (BDQ), Part 2, checked pre-military predisposition toward having later problems; Figley's Combat Experience Questionnaire (CEO) divided Vietnam combat veterans into heavy and light categories; Wilson's Vietnam Veteran Scenario and Questionnaire examined perceptions of violence by Vietnam veterans; Bardis' A Violence Scale investigated violent attitudes; and Straus' Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales (adapted) measured behavioral violence. The .05 level of statistical significance was used.Findings1. None of the four groups were predisposed to having later problems as measured by Calvert's BDO, Part 2.2. There were no significant differences among groups in perceiving the Vietnam veteran in Wilson's Scenario as being violent.3. Bardis' scale indicated no group differences in terms of having violent attitudes.4. Vietnam combat veterans did not score significantly higher on a majority <6 of 10) of CT Scale items measuring violent behavior.Conclusions1. Based upon the results of this study, any problems Vietnam combat veterans might have with violence seem unrelated to their pre-military experiences. Also, their experiences in Vietnam may or may not be related to later violent behavior.2. Previous combat may lower the threshold in perceiving violence.3. Levels of combat appear to be unrelated to later violent attitudes.4. Neither heavy nor light combat Vietnam veterans appear to engage in violent behavior more than their peers.Recommendations1. Future studies should continue to utilize Figley's Combat Experience Scale and Straus' Conflict Tactics Scales (adapted) as standard tools in Vietnam veteran research.2. Future research should include a check of pre-military predisposition.3. It is recommended that future research utilize a larger Vietnam veteran sample to see: (1) if heavy combat veterans will then score significantly higher on a behavioral violence measure; and (2) if Vietnam era veterans will outscore light combat vets, and, if so, why?

A lot of habitats have declined or disappeared as the old cultural landscape changed to the modern agricultural landscape of today. Places such as power line corridors, racing tracks, gravel pits and military training sites have become refuges for many species associated with the old cultural landscape. These sites have been exposed to ecological disturbances that create the same type of habitats that were found in the old cultural landscape. The military training sites in Sweden has an impressive diversity of species. Disturbances from the military exercises have created habitats that are important for a wide range of species. The purpose of this thesis is to study some of the ecological disturbances occurring in the military training sites of the Swedish Armed Forces and examine how they affect different types of habitats. The thesis explains through litterateur and field studies the reason to the rich biodiversity often found at military training sites. The training sites and firing ranges of Skövde garrison were used as an example to show how the disturbances affect the environment. The study shows that military exercises (e.g. with combat vehicles) creates habitats that previously existed in the old cultural landscape. Soil damage from combat vehicles benefits insects and creates pools for amphibians. Damages on trees create snags and woody debris which favors a large amount of species. The military exercises also keep an open landscape.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2001. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-96). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

This qualitative study seeks to extend the existing body of scholarly literature on returned veteran civilian reintegration by exploring "hero" and "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder" narratives. The character of the hero, as a social construct located within hegemonic notions of masculinity, is widely portrayed and believed to possess highly prized, extraordinary, almost superhuman personal qualities. However, this widely disseminated belief stands at odds with some of the stories returned veterans tell. This qualitative study explores and illuminates the enigmatic intersectionality of hero and PTSD narratives. Extant hero and PTSD narratives contain paradoxical implicit meanings embedded within them. The hero is understood to be fearless, strong, independent, and physically and emotionally tough. PTSD, on the other hand, implies personal deficiencies, enervation, dependence, diffidence, and other personal shortcomings. The apparent contradictions between these two cultural narratives elucidate how hero narrative are founded less in the lived reality as experienced by returned veterans and more in socially circulating stories about returned combat veterans as disembodied people. Most problematic is the tendency for widely circulating stories about them as the hero character to disguise the reality of day-to-day life as returned combat veterans live it. Through narrative analysis it is revealed that the popular cultural image of veterans as strong, independent, and courageous "warriors" may conflict with reality as lived by combat veterans. Paradoxically, however, returned combat veterans may employ the hero narrative in making sense of themselves. As a result, returned combat veterans may find it difficult to act in ways inconsistent with the hero narrative, such as asking for help, admitting a damaging personal problem, exacerbating the civilian reintegration experience and potentially significantly lowering returned combat veterans' quality of life. This problem may be especially salient for veterans experiencing symptoms of PTSD who may feel trapped between two the cultural narratives of hero and victim.

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) has impacted veterans of combat throughout history. With current advances in protective combat armor and in combat medical treatment, more and more of the soldiers who would have perished in the battlefield are being saved and returned home. While their physical wounds may heal, the traumatic events experienced on the battlefield continue to impact their personal, social, and vocational lives. This study explores the perceptions of veterans with respect to their vocational stability and the impact that PTSD has had on their vocational functioning. Eleven veterans were selected to participate in this qualitative study. These veterans were all veterans of combat actions ranging from the Vietnam War to the current military actions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Once selected, these veterans participated in interviews which explored their vocational history, their perceptions of their employment instability, and their perceptions of the impact that PTSD had on their vocational functioning and employment instability. Once the interviews were completed, they were transcribed and analyzed using open coding to identify common themes throughout the data. These themes included behavioral issues, perception of treatment, and their military experiences. Each theme was explored and interpreted to identify how PTSD impacted these participants in maintaining employment instability. Interpretations of the data lead to the conclusion that combat-related PTSD does, as the literature identifies, cause vocational instability. However, the data shows that while the participants did experience vocational instability, it was not because they were typically fired or dismissed from employment, but rather, they quit jobs prior to being fired. The participants were able to identify their triggers and stressors to the point that they simply quit their jobs when these triggers and stressors arose. Thus, much of their vocational instability may possibly have been prevented had they been able to effectively communicate their stressors and triggers to their employers and co-workers. Limitations of the study as well as implications for practice and future research are discussed. / text

Ten men participated in this study; all had fathers who served six months or more in active combat during World War II. Each son was asked about his relationship with his father specific to the father's combat experience. Each interview was audiotaped and transcribed. From each transcribed interview a narrative was developed representing the life story of growing up with a combat veteran father. Reading across all ten narratives, eight themes were extracted that were consistent for seven to ten of the participants. Two follow-up questions were later asked of each participant. These questions were also taped and transcribed and formulated into themes. The four most important themes were: avoiding the topic of combat, emotional distancing, father's perceived change in personality because of the war, and wanting to have more intimate time with their fathers growing up. Fifty-five years after the end of World War II there remains a residual effect on these sons. It is anticipated that this research will assist Canada's Peacekeepers in adjusting to their civilian life as they raise their families.

XX a. 3-iajame dešimtmetyje Lietuvos kariuomenės kovinio rengimo įgyvendinimui buvo naudojamas Varėnos poligonas, kurio buvo atsisakyta 1931 m. įsteigus Gaižiūnų poligoną. Pastarasis poligonas buvo įkurtas Vyriausiojo štabo viršininko gen. št. plk. P. Kubiliūno ir kariuomenės inspektoriaus plk. O. Urbono pastangomis. Netoli nuo Jonavos miesto steigiamam poligonui reikalingi žemės plotai buvo išperkami iš privačių savininkų pagal specialiai tam parengtus įstatymus, kurių įgyvendinimas buvo vykdomas per visą poligono funkcionavimo laikotarpį. Įkūrus Gaižiūnų poligoną buvo suformuota administracinė įstaiga – poligono komendantūra, užtikrinusi karinės teritorijos tinkamą funkcionavimą ir priežiūrą. Karinių pratybų laikotarpiu, kuris buvo skiriamas gegužės – rugsėjo mėnesiais, poligone veikė jo vadovybė ir štabas, atlikę organizacines pratybų funkcijas. Gaižiūnų poligono įrengimo darbai buvo orientuoti į teritorijos parengimą vadovaujančio personalo darbui ir karių gyvenimo sąlygų sudarymą bei pritaikymą karinių pratybų vykdymui. Atsižvelgiant į tai, poligono teritorijoje buvo atliekami medžių kirtimo ir žemės drenavimo darbai, susisiekimo infrastruktūros sutvarkymas, buvusių pastatų remontas bei naujų įvairios paskirties pastatų statyba buvo įrenginėjamos šaudyklos. Šie poligono įrengimo darbai buvo atliekami per visą Gaižiūnų poligono funkcionavimo laikotarpį, t. y. iki 1939 m. spalio 31 d., kuomet patvirtinus poligono perleidimą Sovietų Sąjungos kariams, buvo nurodyta poligono... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / “Gaižiūnai firing range of the first army of the Republic of Lithuania in 1930–1939” Varėna firing range was used to realization of combat training of Lithuanian army in the 3rd decade of XX century. It was refused in 1939 when Gaižiūnai firing range was established. It was founded by chief of staff general colonel P. Kubiliūnas and army inspector colonel O. Urbonas. The necessary territories for near Jonava city founded range were redeemed from private owners by special prepared law implementation of which was filled during whole period of working of firing range. Founding the Gaižiūnai firing range an administrative office – commandant headquarter of firing range vouchsafed the right working and supervision of military territory. In period of military exercises which was named in May – September, command and staff operated in range which performed functions of organizational exercises. Installation work of Gaižiūnai firing range was oriented to preparation of territory for work of managing staff, making of living conditions of soldiers and fitting of military exercises. In this context deforestation, land drainage works, transaction of transport infrastructure, repair of previous buildings and construction of new buildings of various purposes and shooting-ranges were made in the territory of range. The installation work was made during whole period of working of Gaižiūnai range until the 31st of October 1939, when transfer of range to Soviet soldiers was confirmed, it was... [to full text]

No description available.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har historisk sett haft till uppgift att vårda personer som skadats i strid. Ett arbetsområde för sjuksköterskor idag är att deltaga i insatser utomlands där de kan komma att vårda individer som skadats i strid. Att skadas i strid kan uppfattas som en traumatisk händelse som utmanar individens upplevelse av trygghet, tillit och hopp. Omvårdnadslitteratur belyser att det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor stärker upplevelsen av trygghet, tillit och hopp hos patienter. Syfte: Beskriva hur sjuksköterskor uppfattar att de stödjer en patients upplevelse av trygghet, tillit och hopp i det akuta omhändertagandet vid skada i strid. Metod: En empirisk studie med kvalitativ ansats. Datainsamlingen har genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och data har bearbetats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Upplevelsen av trygghet uppfattas av informanterna främjas av smärtlindring, information, säkerhet, kunskap, erfarenhet, strukturerat arbetssätt, lugn samt närhet och beröring. Tillit uppfattas av informanterna främjas av förståelse, empati, äkthet, förtroendefull relation och kontroll. Informanterna uppfattar att upplevelsen hopp hos patienten främjas genom delaktighet, ärlighet, information och behandling av livshotande tillstånd. Slutsats: De faktorer som upplevs främja trygghet, tillit och hopp kan identifieras som både sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt och dennes aktiva åtgärder. Resultatet indikerar att enskilda strategier uppfattas främja flera vitala behov samtidigt och kan därmed förstås som bundna till varandra. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie kan ha betydelse för sjuksköterskor som ämnar främja patienters upplevelser av trygghet, tillit och hopp. Studiens erfarenhetsredovisning kan inspirera och stödja andra sjuksköterskor i deras arbete inom vården. / Background: Nurses have historically cared for individuals injured in combat. One field of operations for nurses today is to participate in missions abroad where they may care for individuals injured in combat. To be injured in combat might be perceived as a traumatic event which challenges an individual's experience of comfort, trust and hope. Nursing literature emphasizes the importance of nurses’ ability to support a patient’s experience of comfort, trust and hope. Purpose: To describe how nurses perceive that they support a patient's experience of comfort, trust and hope during emergency care of injury in combat. Method: An empirical study with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured interviews and was processed using a qualitative content analysis. Results: The perception of comfort is perceived by the informants as supported by pain management, information, security, knowledge, experience, a structured course of action, calm, presence and physical contact. The perception of the informants is that trust is supported by understanding, empathy, authenticity, trusting relationship and control. Hope is perceived as supported by participation, honesty, information, and treatment of life-threatening conditions. Conclusion: Factors perceived to support comfort, trust and hope can be identified as the nurse´s approach and active measures. The result indicates that single actions are perceived supporting several vital needs simultaneously and can be understood as interlinked. Clinical significance: This study may be relevant to nurses who aim to support patients' experiences of comfort, trust and hope. This description of the lived experiences can inspire and support other nurses in health care.

In this study, we present the implementation and experimental analysis of a modeling approach for analyzing tactical level land combat to generate information for weapon and ammunition planning. The discrete-time stochastic model (DSM), which can handle small and moderately large force levels, is based on single shot kill probabilities. Forces are assumed to be heterogeneous on both sides, and both directed and area fire types are modeled by means of combinatorial analysis. DSM considers overkills and can handle noncombat loss and engagement processes, discrete reinforcements, force combinations and divisions. In addition to experimenting with DSM, we estimate attrition rate coefficients used in Lanchester combat models, such that the two models will yield similar figures for force levels throughout the combat.