O mapeamento da vegetação urbana tem se restringido às áreas públicas ou a área total, não deixando de forma evidente a contribuição dos quintais privados para a vegetação urbana. Alguns trabalhos indicam que essas áreas teriam potencial para mitigar os impactos causados pela urbanização. Neste trabalho testaram-se diversos métodos para tentar mapear as áreas de quintais permeáveis com o intuito de desenvolver um método que possa auxiliar o planejamento urbano e na investigação da contribuição dessas áreas para a vegetação urbana. O trabalho conseguiu resultados com acurácia bastante elevada (Kappa = 0,9553) e apresentou técnicas inovadoras de filtragem e classificação, destacando-se o aplicativo desenvolvido para realizar a filtragem Kuwahara que demonstrou melhorar bastante os resultados de classificações por abordagem de pixels. As classificações de abordagem por pixel levaram a resultados estatisticamente até melhores que a classificação orientada a objetos, no entanto, a apresentação visual dos resultados da classificação orientada a objetos é superior pela redução do ruído. / Urban vegetation mapping has been restricted to the public areas or the total area, not showing the contribution of the private yards to the urban greening. Some studies indicate that these areas have potential to mitigate the impacts caused by the urbanization. In this work, many methods for mapping pervious gardens were tested aiming the development of a method that could aid urban planning and investigating the contribution of these areas to the urban greening. This work achieved highly accurate results (kappa = 0.9553) and presented novel techniques for filtering and classification. We highlight the development of a simple application to perform the Kuwahara filter, which improved the results of the classification by pixel approach. The classification algorithms by pixel approach resulted in statistically more accurate products, although visually the results presented by object-oriented approach is closer to landscape features.

O mapeamento da vegetação urbana tem se restringido às áreas públicas ou a área total, não deixando de forma evidente a contribuição dos quintais privados para a vegetação urbana. Alguns trabalhos indicam que essas áreas teriam potencial para mitigar os impactos causados pela urbanização. Neste trabalho testaram-se diversos métodos para tentar mapear as áreas de quintais permeáveis com o intuito de desenvolver um método que possa auxiliar o planejamento urbano e na investigação da contribuição dessas áreas para a vegetação urbana. O trabalho conseguiu resultados com acurácia bastante elevada (Kappa = 0,9553) e apresentou técnicas inovadoras de filtragem e classificação, destacando-se o aplicativo desenvolvido para realizar a filtragem Kuwahara que demonstrou melhorar bastante os resultados de classificações por abordagem de pixels. As classificações de abordagem por pixel levaram a resultados estatisticamente até melhores que a classificação orientada a objetos, no entanto, a apresentação visual dos resultados da classificação orientada a objetos é superior pela redução do ruído. / Urban vegetation mapping has been restricted to the public areas or the total area, not showing the contribution of the private yards to the urban greening. Some studies indicate that these areas have potential to mitigate the impacts caused by the urbanization. In this work, many methods for mapping pervious gardens were tested aiming the development of a method that could aid urban planning and investigating the contribution of these areas to the urban greening. This work achieved highly accurate results (kappa = 0.9553) and presented novel techniques for filtering and classification. We highlight the development of a simple application to perform the Kuwahara filter, which improved the results of the classification by pixel approach. The classification algorithms by pixel approach resulted in statistically more accurate products, although visually the results presented by object-oriented approach is closer to landscape features.

In the early days of computer graphics, research was mainly driven by the goal to create realistic synthetic imagery. By contrast, non-photorealistic computer graphics, established as its own branch of computer graphics in the early 1990s, is mainly motivated by concepts and principles found in traditional art forms, such as painting, illustration, and graphic design, and it investigates concepts and techniques that abstract from reality using expressive, stylized, or illustrative rendering techniques. This thesis focuses on the artistic stylization of two-dimensional content and presents several novel automatic techniques for the creation of simplified stylistic illustrations from color images, video, and 3D renderings. Primary innovation of these novel techniques is that they utilize the smooth structure tensor as a simple and efficient way to obtain information about the local structure of an image. More specifically, this thesis contributes to knowledge in this field in the following ways. First, a comprehensive review of the structure tensor is provided. In particular, different methods for integrating the minor eigenvector field of the smoothed structure tensor are developed, and the superiority of the smoothed structure tensor over the popular edge tangent flow is demonstrated. Second, separable implementations of the popular bilateral and difference of Gaussians filters that adapt to the local structure are presented. These filters avoid artifacts while being computationally highly efficient. Taken together, both provide an effective way to create a cartoon-style effect. Third, a generalization of the Kuwahara filter is presented that avoids artifacts by adapting the shape, scale, and orientation of the filter to the local structure. This causes directional image features to be better preserved and emphasized, resulting in overall sharper edges and a more feature-abiding painterly effect. In addition to the single-scale variant, a multi-scale variant is presented, which is capable of performing a highly aggressive abstraction. Fourth, a technique that builds upon the idea of combining flow-guided smoothing with shock filtering is presented, allowing for an aggressive exaggeration and an emphasis of directional image features. All presented techniques are suitable for temporally coherent per-frame filtering of video or dynamic 3D renderings, without requiring expensive extra processing, such as optical flow. Moreover, they can be efficiently implemented to process content in real-time on a GPU. / In den Anfängen der Computergrafik war die Forschung hauptsächlich von dem Anspruch getragen, realistisch aussehende synthetische Bilder zu erstellen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die nicht-photorealistische Computergraphik, ein Untergebiet der Computergrafik, welches in den frühen 1990er Jahren gegründet wurde, vor allem motiviert durch Konzepte und Prinzipien der traditionellen Kunst wie Malerei, Illustration und Grafikdesign. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der künstlerischen Verarbeitung von zweidimensionalen Bildinhalten und präsentiert mehrere neue automatische Verfahren für die Erstellung von vereinfachten künstlerischen Darstellungen von Farbbildern, Videos und 3D- Renderings. Wichtigste Neuerung dieser Techniken ist die Verwendung des Strukturtensors als eine einfache und effiziente Möglichkeit, Informationen über die lokale Struktur eines Bildes zu erhalten. Konkret werden die folgenden Beiträge gemacht. Erstens wird eine umfassende übersicht über den Strukturtensor gegeben. Insbesondere werden verschiedene Methoden für die Integration des kleineren Eigenvektorfeldes des geglätteten Strukturtensors entwickelt, und die Überlegenheit des geglätteten Strukturtensors gegenüber dem populären Edge-Tangent-Flow demonstriert. Zweitens werden separable Implementierungen des bilateralen Filters und des Difference of Gaussians Filters vorgestellt. Durch die Anpassung der Filter an die lokale Struktur des Bildes werden Bildfehler vermieden, wobei der Vorgang rechnerisch effizient bleibt. Zusammengenommen bieten beide Techniken eine effektive Möglichkeit, um einen Cartoon-ähnlichen Effekt zu erzielen. Drittens wird eine Verallgemeinerung des Kuwahara-Filters vorgestellt. Durch die Anpassung von Form, Umfang und Orientierung der Filter an die lokale Struktur werden Bildfehler verhindert. Außerdem werden direktionale Bildmerkmale besser berücksichtigt und betont, was zu schärferen Kanten und einem malerischen Effekt führt. Neben der single-scale Variante wird auch eine multi-scale Variante vorgestellt, welche im Stande ist, eine höhere Abstraktion zu erzielen. Viertens wird eine Technik vorgestellt, die auf der Kombination von flussgesteuerter Glättung und Schock-Filterung beruht, was zu einer intensiven Verstärkung und Betonung der direktionalen Bildmerkmale führt. Alle vorgestellten Techniken erlauben die zeitlich kohärente Verarbeitung von Einzelbildern eines Videos oder einer dynamischen 3D-Szene, ohne dass andere aufwendige Verfahren wie zum Beispiel die Berechnung des optischen Flusses, benötigt werden. Darüberhinaus können die Techniken effizient implementiert werden und ermöglichen die Verarbeitung in Echtzeit auf einem Grafikprozessor (GPU).