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Modelo de razão de hedge ótima e percepção subjetiva de risco nos mercados futuros / Optimal hedge ratio model and subjective risk perception in the futures marketsJosé César Cruz Júnior 21 July 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar motivos pelos quais os produtores brasileiros de boi gordo e milho fazem relativamente pouco uso dos mercados futuros como ferramenta de gerenciamento de risco de preços. Duas abordagens diferentes foram apresentadas na pesquisa. Para o mercado de boi gordo, onde a presença de hedgers parece ser maior, um modelo de razão de hedge ótima alternativo ao tradicional modelo de mínima variância foi utilizado. O modelo alternativo faz uso de uma função de utilidade com aversão relativa ao risco constante para modelar as preferências dos indivíduos. Esta abordagem é considerada mais realista, por permitir que o nível absoluto de aversão ao risco se altere com a riqueza. Além disso, uma medida de downside risk e o relaxamento das hipóteses do modelo tradicional de mínima variância foram adicionados na análise. De acordo com os resultados, quando consideradas a possibilidade de se realizar investimento em um ativo alternativo ao mercado agropecuário, e a presença de custos de transação, o incentivo ao hedge se reduz acentuadamente. A utilização de uma medida alternativa de risco colaborou para esta redução, que foi mais acentuada para indivíduos menos aversos ao risco. Isto pode ser concluído observando-se que as razões de hedge ótimas, obtidas através da maximização da utilidade esperada dos indivíduos, foram, em grande parte, inferiores àquelas obtidas pelo modelo tradicional. Além disso, na maior parte dos casos, a utilização das razões de hedge ótimas alternativas mostrou-se mais eficiente que a obtida pelo modelo tradicional, pois possibilitou a obtenção de maiores razões retorno/risco no período selecionado para teste. Para o mercado de milho, um questionário foi aplicado a 90 produtores no sul e centro-oeste do Brasil. O questionário teve o objetivo de verificar se existem sinais de excesso de confiança nos preços por parte dos produtores de milho entrevistados. Adicionalmente, perguntas sobre o conhecimento do mercado futuro na BM&FBOVESPA foram também apresentadas. Em relação a este último tema, a maior parte dos produtores respondeu que conhece sobre o mercado futuro na bolsa brasileira, mas não fazem uso do mesmo. O principal motivo apontado pelos produtores foi não possuir informação suficiente sobre os mercados futuros. Associado a este resultado, descobriu-se que existe pouco incentivo para que os produtores realizem proteção de preços da produção, pois, para a maior parte dos entrevistados, as variâncias subjetivas de preços foram significativamente inferiores às variâncias dos preços históricos no mercado físico e futuro. Este resultado permitiu concluir que o excesso de confiança nos preços pode ser considerado uma explicação alternativa para o baixo uso dos mercados futuros como ferramenta de gestão de risco de preços. Como conclusões gerais, ações que visem promover reduções de custos de transação no mercado futuro e uma maior divulgação dos benefícios desta importante ferramenta na redução de risco de preços devem ser mais exploradas pela BM&FBOVESPA. Além disso, a promoção do maior conhecimento a respeito de como se negociar nesse mercado pode ser também uma boa estratégia para se fazer com que um maior número de produtores passe a negociar nesse mercado. / This research aimed to investigate the significant underuse of futures markets as a risk management tool by Brazilian live cattle and corn producers. To this end, the paper used two different approaches. In the live cattle market, where there appears a higher participation of hedgers trading, an alternative hedge ratio model was used instead of the standard minimum variance model. The alternative model uses a constant relative risk aversion utility function to model individual preferences. This approach is considered more realistic as use of the constant relative risk aversion utility function allows for the absolute level of risk aversion to change with wealth. In addition, a downside risk measure was introduced and certain restrictive assumptions to the minimum variance model were relaxed. According to the results, when the possibility of investment in an alternative asset and transaction costs are considered, the incentive to hedge is dramatically reduced. The use of an alternative risk measure also proved important to this reduction, which was higher for less risk averse individuals. This conclusion may be drawn after observing that the optimal hedge ratios obtained from the expected utility maximization are, in most cases, lower than those obtained by the standard model. Moreover, in most cases the use of alternative optimal hedge ratios provides higher return/risk ratios during the test period. For the corn market, a survey questionnaire was conducted of ninety producers in South and Central- West Brazil. The survey was conducted in order to verify the presence of overconfidence in prices among corn producers. The survey also asked questions regarding their knowledge of futures markets at BM&FBOVESPA. Most respondents answered that while they know about futures markets at the Brazilian board of trade, they do not trade on it because they do not have enough information about trading. The results also revealed that there is a low incentive for producers to hedge their production in futures markets because for most producers, subjective price variances are significantly lower than the variance of historical futures and spot prices. Given the results, one may conclude that the overconfidence effect in prices can be considered an alternative explanation to the low use of futures markets as a price risk management tool. Furthermore, actions which promote transaction costs reductions and promote the benefits to producers of using this important risk management tool while trading in the futures markets must be more carefully explored by the BM&FBOVESPA. Moreover, promoting knowledge of trading in futures markets may likely be a successful strategy for the wider adoption of futures trading among corn and live cattle producers.
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穩健型最適避險比率估計-以台灣市場為例 / Robust estimation of the optimal hedge ratio黃信凱, Huang, Hsin Kai Unknown Date (has links)
Because on the method of Harris and Shen (2003), we implement the robust estimator of optimal hedge ratio in Taiwan stock market. By using the Taiwan Stock Index and Taiwan Stock Index Futures, we used the robust estimation of optimal hedge ratio. We use two estimators, the rolling window model and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), to estimate the robust optimal hedge ratio. We also compare the hedging effectiveness of the robust hedge ratios and the traditional least- squared hedge ratios. We find that the volatility of the hedged portfolio using robust optimal hedge ratio is substantially lower than that of the portfolio using the traditional hedge ratios. With the less excessive volatility, the transaction cost decrease substantially, and the cost of rebalancing portfolio is lower as well. / Because on the method of Harris and Shen (2003), we implement the robust estimator of optimal hedge ratio in Taiwan stock market. By using the Taiwan Stock Index and Taiwan Stock Index Futures, we used the robust estimation of optimal hedge ratio. We use two estimators, the rolling window model and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), to estimate the robust optimal hedge ratio. We also compare the hedging effectiveness of the robust hedge ratios and the traditional least- squared hedge ratios. We find that the volatility of the hedged portfolio using robust optimal hedge ratio is substantially lower than that of the portfolio using the traditional hedge ratios. With the less excessive volatility, the transaction cost decrease substantially, and the cost of rebalancing portfolio is lower as well.
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期貨最適避險比率之實證研究-時間數列分析 / The optimal hedge ratio in future market - time series analysis王秀菁, Wang.Shiu Ching Unknown Date (has links)
在充滿不確定性之交易市場中,每位交易者會盡量利用所擁有之資訊,在
市場有干擾(如,風險性資產供給之不確定性、個人偏好不同、個人面對
之稅負環境不同等)之情形下,市場會顯露出部份私人訊息,故交易者亦
會經由對價格和交易量之觀察習得訊息;擁有私人訊息之交易者稱為消息
靈通者(Informed),未擁有私人訊息而只能經由觀察價格而習(learn )得
訊息之交易者稱為消息不靈通者(Uninformed),他們二者之差異在於他們
是否願花成本或資源以購買訊息。本文係在干擾理性預期模型下,利用所
設定之特殊效用函數--絕對風險規避效用函數及假設隨機變數為多元常態
分配,探討市場有干擾情形下,在第一期有私人訊息而在第二期有公開訊
息揭露之不對稱訊息模型中價格之資訊性,分別分析了公告訊息和私人訊
息之干擾程度、風險性資產供給之不確定及購買訊息人數對二期價格資訊
性之影響。在所設定的模型有解下,本文利用這些影響因素對公告訊息和
私人訊息在總合需求計劃部位 (Position)的彈性說明二期價格資訊性。
同時文中亦探討購買訊息人數之內生決定,顯示了公告訊息之揭露會修正
交易者之看法而減少私人蒐集訊息之誘因。
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Swedish Equity Sectors Risk Management with Commodities : Revisiting dynamic conditional correlations and hedge ratiosEngström, Daniel, Gustafsson, Niklas January 2017 (has links)
The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in dynamic conditional correlations between Swedish equity sector indices and commodities using oil, gold, copper and a general commodity index. Additionally the purpose is to evaluate which of the two methods, DCC- GARCH or GO-GARCH that is more efficient in estimating correlation for hedge ratio calculation. Daily data on the FTSE30 index of Sweden and its sector indices have been studied between the years 1994 and 2017. A DCC-GARCH (1,1) and GO-GARCH (1,1) model with one autoregressive term AR(1) using multivariate Student t- and Multivariate Affine Negative Inverse Gaussian distribution were used to estimate conditional correlations. Correlations between Swedish FTSE30, its sector indices and commodities are considerably lower than previous research has found American or emerging markets correlation with commodities to be. This suggests better diversification opportunities with commodities for the Swedish market. Optimal hedge ratios (OHR) was calculated and back tested using a rolling window analysis with 1000 days forecast length and 20 days re-estimation window and evaluated using a calculated hedge effectiveness index (HE). Determined by HE, copper is the best hedge for the Swedish composite FTSE30 and sector indices using conditional correlation from the GO-GARCH during the data period. Gold is considered as a semi-strong safe haven due to its negative correlation with all sectors. Additionally, this study identifies a temporarily large increase in the correlation between the Swedish equities sectors and composite index with commodities around the years 2015/2016. This study also emphasizes the difference between stressful and calm periods in the market.
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