No description available.

No description available.

The EU waste hierarchy includes energy recovery facilities where waste is used as fuel in combined heat- and powerplants. When waste is incinerated can the thermal energy be used in for example, district heating networks and or electricity generation. The purpose of the degree project is to make a pre-study of Heat Management's system solution HISS, optimization of steam soot blowing at Mälarenergi's waste boiler. Waste is a heterogeneous fuel that typically contains a variety of substances such as alkali, chlorine and heavy metals that often contribute to fouling on heat transfer surfaces. These coatings reduce the efficiency of heat transferring surfaces such as superheaters. Cleaning by soot blowing using steam is done at regular intervals to maintain efficiency. Superheater cleaning on the Block 6 is done by retractable rotating soot blowers equipped with a nozzle from where steam is sprayed out at pressure of 25 bar. The blowers are inserted one at a time in a sequence, which means that they wait for the previous blower before the next one can enter. Steam is taken from the main process, which leads to reduction in load on the turbine and causes wear during the sweeping process due to the high impact force. This can lead to erosive damage and thinning of the material on the tubes, thus shortening the lifespan of the superheaters. The optimisation adjusts the soot sequence so that full steam pressure is used only in one direction of travel of the lance, this allows an overlapping soot sequence to be used and thus halves the time required for sooting. Analysis of shorter sooting time and reduced steam consumption based on production data and case studies has led to the following results. The energy consumption of the auxiliary power is reduced by 14.25 MWh per sweeping sequence and 7 115.5 MWh annually. The turbine can produce 2.51 MWh more electricity per sweeping as the time it runs at reduced load is reduced, totalling 1 254.39 MWh in one year. 24.03 tonnes of steam are saved per sweeping and 12 003 tonnes in one year. Payback time for the optimisation is 1.01 years based on an average spot price from Mälarenergi's budgeting from last year. Considering current electricity prices could the payback time be further reduced. The conclusion from the pre-study is that the optimisation as the investment is economically viable and has other positive benefits such as: steadier steam flow and reduced pressure surges. Wear and tear on superheaters are reduced as they are only sprayed with high pressure once instead of twice per sweeping sequence. / I EU:s avfallshierarki ingår energiåtervinningsanläggningar där avfall används som bränsle i förbränningsanläggningar. Vid förbränning utav avfall så kan den utvunna termiska energin användas exempelvis i fjärrvärmenät och- eller generering utav el. Examensarbetets syfte är att göra en förstudie på Heat managements systemlösning HISS, optimering utav ångsotning på Block 6 som är Mälarenergis avfallspanna. Avfall är ett heterogent bränsle som typiskt innehåller en mängd olika ämnen som alkali, klor och tungmetaller som ofta bidrar till att beläggningar bildas på värmeöverförningsytor. Dessa beläggningar försämrar ytors värmeöverförningsverkningsgrad på till exempel överhettare. Rengöring i form av ångsotning görs i jämna intervall för att hålla verkningsgraden uppe. Sotning av överhettare på Block 6 skes av en utdragbar, roterande sotlans utrustad med en dysa där ånga sprutas ut med 25 bars tryck. Lansarna körs in en åt gången i en sekvens vilket innebär att dem väntar på föregående lans innan nästa kan köras. Ångan som används tas från huvudprocessen vilket medför reducerad last på turbinen och dessutom uppstår slitage vid sotningen ty den höga anslagskraften. Detta kan leda till erosiva skador och förtunning utav godset på tuberna och således förkortas livslängden på överhettarna. Optimeringen justerar sot sekvensen så att fullt ångtryck används bara i ena färdriktningen av lansen, detta möjliggör att en överlappande sotsekvens kan användas och på så vis halveras tidsåtgången för sotningen. Analysen utav kortare sottidsåtgång samt minskad ångförbrukning baserat på produktionsdata hämtad från styrsystemet 800xA samt fallstudier har mynnat ut i följande resultat. Hjälpkraftens energianvändning minskas med 14,25 MWh per sotningssekvens och årligen 7 115,5 MWh. Turbinen kan producera 2,51 MWh mer el vid varje sotning då tiden som den körs med reducerad last blir kortare, totalt på ett år blir det 1 254,39 MWh. Vid varje sotning sparas 24,03 ton ånga och på ett år 12 003 ton. Återbetalningstiden för optimeringen blir 1,01 år baserat på ett medelspotpris från Mälarenergis budgetering från förra året. Med hänsyn till dagens elpriser förkortas återbetalningstiden ytterligare.   Förstudien rekommenderar optimeringen då dels är investeringen lönsam rent ekonomiskt, dels medför den andra positiva fördelar. Optimeringen med överlappande sotning skapar ett jämnare ångflöde, det reducerar tryckstötar som är skadliga. Slitage på överhettartuber minskas då dem bara besprutas med högt tryck en gång i stället för två gånger per sotningssekvens. Behovsstyrd sotning skulle kunna implementeras upp till 3 gånger per dygn utan att det skulle kosta mer mot dagsläget där man stora 1,5 gånger per dygn.

Os Sistemas de Distribuição (SDs), devido as suas topologias e configurações, dentre outros fatores, apresentam um desafio para a localização física das situações de faltas passíveis de ocorrência. Como fato, tem-se que uma localização de faltas, rápida e precisa, possibilita atenuar os transtornos que os usuários finais dos SDs viriam a ter em relação à qualidade do serviço prestado pelas distribuidoras. No contexto das redes elétricas inteligentes, e considerando medidores de qualidade da energia elétrica previamente alocados de forma otimizada, esta pesquisa propõe uma metodologia baseada em árvores de decisão e redes neurais artificiais para a localização de faltas em SDs radiais e aéreos. Foram realizados testes da metodologia proposta considerando variações no tipo, na impedância e no ângulo de incidência da falta aplicadas sobre o SD de 34 barras do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Para os testes de sensibilidade da metodologia desenvolvida, foram consideradas variações no carregamento do sistema, os erros inerentes ao sistema de medição, a variação no número de medidores disponível, o impacto de uma alocação não otimizada dos medidores e uma redução na taxa amostral. Os resultados encontrados foram promissores e indicam que a metodologia como desenvolvida poderá ser aplicada para SDs diferentes do caso teste utilizado. / Due to the distribution systems (DS) topologies, configurations and among other factors, it is a challenge to physically locate situations of faults. As a matter of fact, a fast and accurate fault location will make it possible to mitigate the inconvenience that the end users of DS would have due to the quality of the service provided by the distributors. In the context of intelligent electric grids, and considering the electric power quality meters optimally alocated, this research proposes a methodology based in decision trees and artificial neural networks for a fault location in radial and aerial DS. The proposed methodology was tested considering variations on the type, impedance and angle of incidence of the fault applied on the DS of 34 bars of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers). For a sensitivity test of the developed methodology, it were considered the variations in system loading, the errors inherent to the measurement system, a variation in number of meters available, the impact of the non-optimized allocation of the meters and a redution on the sampling rate. The results were promising and indicated that the methodology developed can be applied to different DS from the test case used.

O monitoramento e diagnóstico, com a consequente localização dos curtos-circuitos em Sistemas de Distribuição (SD), fazem parte de um processo complexo, exigindo esforços e agilidade das equipes técnicas de manutenção das concessionárias de energia elétrica. Quando se trata de um SD Subterrâneo (SDS), a complexidade de localização das faltas aumenta, pois não é possível realizar a inspeção visual. Por este motivo, desenvolver e aprimorar métodos para monitorar, classificar e localizar as situações de faltas em SD tem sido de relevante interesse para a comunidade técnico-científica nos últimos anos. Neste contexto, apresenta-se nesta pesquisa um método para processar as informações necessárias para classificar e localizar a ocorrência de um curto-circuito (monofásico, bifásico e/ou trifásico, com e/ou sem o envolvimento da terra) em um SDS. O processamento das informações foi realizado por meio da observação da propagação dos afundamentos de tensão, decorrentes de curtos-circuitos passíveis de ocorrência no SDS, e pela alocação de um número reduzido de medidores, permitindo a classificação e localização precisa da falta. Um dos diferenciais da metodologia proposta é que esta utiliza somente os valores eficazes das tensões trifásicas, registradas em medidores estrategicamente alocados, para indicação da área afetada e classificação das fases envolvidas. A metodologia é baseada no emprego de redes neurais artificiais. Os resultados encontrados são promissores, indicando a aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta. / The monitoring and diagnostics, with the consequent localization of short circuits in Distribution Systems (DS), are part of a complex process, requiring efforts and agility of the technical teams of maintenance of electric utilities. In the case of an underground DS (UDS), the location of faults complexity increases, because it is not possible to perform visual inspection. For this reason, develop and improve methods to monitor, sort and locate the fault situations in DS has been of relevant interest to the technical-scientific community in recent years. In this context, this study presents a method for processing the information required to classify and locate the occurrence of a short circuit (single phase, biphasic and / or phase with and / or without the involvement of the earth) on a UDS. The information processing was carried out by observing the propagation of voltage sags, caused by short circuits that may occur in the UDS, and the allocation of a few meters, allowing classification and precise location of the fault. One of the proposed methodology differentials is that it uses only the RMS values of the three-phase voltages, registered in strategically located meters, for indicating the affected area and classification of the phases involved. The methodology is based on the use of artificial neural networks. The results found are promising, indicating the applicability of the proposed methodology.

O monitoramento e diagnóstico, com a consequente localização dos curtos-circuitos em Sistemas de Distribuição (SD), fazem parte de um processo complexo, exigindo esforços e agilidade das equipes técnicas de manutenção das concessionárias de energia elétrica. Quando se trata de um SD Subterrâneo (SDS), a complexidade de localização das faltas aumenta, pois não é possível realizar a inspeção visual. Por este motivo, desenvolver e aprimorar métodos para monitorar, classificar e localizar as situações de faltas em SD tem sido de relevante interesse para a comunidade técnico-científica nos últimos anos. Neste contexto, apresenta-se nesta pesquisa um método para processar as informações necessárias para classificar e localizar a ocorrência de um curto-circuito (monofásico, bifásico e/ou trifásico, com e/ou sem o envolvimento da terra) em um SDS. O processamento das informações foi realizado por meio da observação da propagação dos afundamentos de tensão, decorrentes de curtos-circuitos passíveis de ocorrência no SDS, e pela alocação de um número reduzido de medidores, permitindo a classificação e localização precisa da falta. Um dos diferenciais da metodologia proposta é que esta utiliza somente os valores eficazes das tensões trifásicas, registradas em medidores estrategicamente alocados, para indicação da área afetada e classificação das fases envolvidas. A metodologia é baseada no emprego de redes neurais artificiais. Os resultados encontrados são promissores, indicando a aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta. / The monitoring and diagnostics, with the consequent localization of short circuits in Distribution Systems (DS), are part of a complex process, requiring efforts and agility of the technical teams of maintenance of electric utilities. In the case of an underground DS (UDS), the location of faults complexity increases, because it is not possible to perform visual inspection. For this reason, develop and improve methods to monitor, sort and locate the fault situations in DS has been of relevant interest to the technical-scientific community in recent years. In this context, this study presents a method for processing the information required to classify and locate the occurrence of a short circuit (single phase, biphasic and / or phase with and / or without the involvement of the earth) on a UDS. The information processing was carried out by observing the propagation of voltage sags, caused by short circuits that may occur in the UDS, and the allocation of a few meters, allowing classification and precise location of the fault. One of the proposed methodology differentials is that it uses only the RMS values of the three-phase voltages, registered in strategically located meters, for indicating the affected area and classification of the phases involved. The methodology is based on the use of artificial neural networks. The results found are promising, indicating the applicability of the proposed methodology.

Os Sistemas de Distribuição (SDs), devido as suas topologias e configurações, dentre outros fatores, apresentam um desafio para a localização física das situações de faltas passíveis de ocorrência. Como fato, tem-se que uma localização de faltas, rápida e precisa, possibilita atenuar os transtornos que os usuários finais dos SDs viriam a ter em relação à qualidade do serviço prestado pelas distribuidoras. No contexto das redes elétricas inteligentes, e considerando medidores de qualidade da energia elétrica previamente alocados de forma otimizada, esta pesquisa propõe uma metodologia baseada em árvores de decisão e redes neurais artificiais para a localização de faltas em SDs radiais e aéreos. Foram realizados testes da metodologia proposta considerando variações no tipo, na impedância e no ângulo de incidência da falta aplicadas sobre o SD de 34 barras do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Para os testes de sensibilidade da metodologia desenvolvida, foram consideradas variações no carregamento do sistema, os erros inerentes ao sistema de medição, a variação no número de medidores disponível, o impacto de uma alocação não otimizada dos medidores e uma redução na taxa amostral. Os resultados encontrados foram promissores e indicam que a metodologia como desenvolvida poderá ser aplicada para SDs diferentes do caso teste utilizado. / Due to the distribution systems (DS) topologies, configurations and among other factors, it is a challenge to physically locate situations of faults. As a matter of fact, a fast and accurate fault location will make it possible to mitigate the inconvenience that the end users of DS would have due to the quality of the service provided by the distributors. In the context of intelligent electric grids, and considering the electric power quality meters optimally alocated, this research proposes a methodology based in decision trees and artificial neural networks for a fault location in radial and aerial DS. The proposed methodology was tested considering variations on the type, impedance and angle of incidence of the fault applied on the DS of 34 bars of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers). For a sensitivity test of the developed methodology, it were considered the variations in system loading, the errors inherent to the measurement system, a variation in number of meters available, the impact of the non-optimized allocation of the meters and a redution on the sampling rate. The results were promising and indicated that the methodology developed can be applied to different DS from the test case used.

L'approche de simulation numérique directe est utilisée pour la simulation d'un écoulement en canal pleinement turbulent afin d'étudier l'influence des grandes échelles de l'écoulement ainsi que la dynamique du transport des contraintes de Reynolds et de la vorticité. Les simulations sont réalisées sur un domaine de calcul de grande taille afin de pouvoir capturer l'intégralité des grandes structures de l'écoulement, et portent sur une gamme relativement étendue de nombres de Reynolds (Reτ =180, 395, 590 et 1100) allant des écoulements faiblement turbulents à des écoulements modérément turbulents. L'invariance remarquable des fluctuations de vorticité normale est expliquée à travers une analyse spectrale de la vorticité. L'étude des différents termes du transport de l'intensité turbulente de la vorticité révèle par ailleurs que le pic de production de la vorticité transverse est situé à proximité immédiate de la paroi et pourrait ouvrir la voie à des stratégies de réduction de la traînée basées sur la réduction de la vorticité transverse. Le transport des contraintes de Reynolds dans la couche interne et dans la couche de recouvrement est également étudié. A proximité des parois, la dépendance des termes de transport avec le nombre de Reynolds dans les échelles internes montre que ces dernières ne suffisent pas à caractériser la dynamique des contraintes de Reynolds dans cette zone. Cette insuffisance des échelles internes nous a amenés à nous intéresser plus particulièrement au processus de production à travers les statistiques de la production conditionnées par le passage par niveau des fluctuations de la vitesse normale ou longitudinale. Cette étude nous a permis d'identifier les fluctuations qui contribuent le plus à la production et celles qui sont à l'origine de la dépendance avec le nombre de Reynolds. / The direct numerical simulations of a fully turbulent channel flow are investigated to study the large scales effects on the flow quantities such as the Reynolds stresses and vorticity transport processes. Large computational domains are used so as to cover the largest scales of the flow. The simulations are performed in a wide range of Reynolds numbers (Reτ=180, 395, 590 and 1100) going from weakly to moderately high Reynolds number turbulent flows. The invariance of the wall-normal vorticity fluctuations scaled in wall variables in the inner layer versus the Reynolds number is analyzed using a spectral analysis. The vorticity transport equations are investigated in detail, presumably for the first time. The transport mechanism of the Reynolds shear stresses are subsequently analyzed in the inner layer and the overlapping zone. In the wall layer, different terms of the Reynolds stresses transport expressed in inner scales depend on the Reynolds number. This scaling failure lead us to focus on the statistics of the production when the streamwise or normal velocity fluctuations cross a given level, through the conditional Palm statistics. The main aim is to identify those amplitudes of the fluctuations that contribute more to the production and those which are responsible for the production Reynolds dependence.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’élaboration de cellules photovoltaïques hybrides solides sensibilisées à colorant, composées d’une couche dense de germes de ZnO recouverte de nanobâtonnets de ZnO sensibilisés par un colorant et infiltrés par du spiro-OMeTAD. La couche dense de germes de ZnO a été optimisée, afin qu’elle soit compacte, homogène et bien orientée. Les nanobâtonnets sont synthétisés par voie hydrothermale. L’influence de différents paramètres de synthèse sur la morphologie des nanobâtonnets a été testée. Deux méthodes permettant de modifier l’écart entre les nanobâtonnets ont également été mises au point. Les performances des cellules photovoltaïques varient en fonction de la longueur des nanobâtonnets, du colorant utilisé, de la durée de vieillissement des cellules à l’air, l’atmosphère, la température… Enfin, nous avons réussi à obtenir un rendement dépassant 1%, ce qui est supérieur à la meilleure performance publiée actuellement (0,25%) pour le même type de dispositif. / This thesis deals with solid state dye sensitized solar cells in which dye sensitized ZnO nanorods are associated with spiro-OMeTAD (solid hole conductor). Nanorods are grown on the top of a dense ZnO seed layer. The growth of a dense, homogeneous and well oriented layer is achieved after optimization of the deposition procedure. ZnO nanorods are obtained after submitting the dense ZnO layer to an hydrothermal treatment. The nanorods morphology evolution with reactants concentration, reaction temperature and time,… was determined. The solar cells performances depend also on the nanorods length, the type of dye, the cell ageing time in air, the atmosphere and the cell temperature…The best performance published nowadays (0.25%) for our type of photovoltaic devices is really inferior to the 1% efficiency we obtained.

A l’heure où la distribution de l’énergie électrique reste encore en discussion pour les nouvelles générations d’avions de transports civils ou militaires, une remise en cause du niveau des tensions continues disponibles pourrait porter les bus de tension de 270Vdc à 540Vdc. De fait, les équipementiers devront proposer des produits facilement adaptables à ces deux niveaux de tension. Par ailleurs, la course au rendement nécessite de revoir les systèmes actuels en proposant des versions plus compactes, fonctionnant à des meilleurs niveaux de rendement. L’atteinte de ces objectifs peut passer par une rupture technologique qui devrait s’opérer dans le domaine de la conversion d’énergie avec l’avènement, d’une part, des composants « grand gap », d’autre part, l’exploitation de structures innovantes de convertisseurs de puissance autore configurables. Les systèmes associant plusieurs convertisseurs et plusieurs machines, appelés communément Systèmes Multi-Convertisseurs Multi-Machines (SMCMM), jouent également un rôle prépondérant grâce aux avantages qu’ils présentent tels que, la modularité, la sûreté et l’accroissement de puissance. Néanmoins, si a priori, l’innovation technologique porte sur le convertisseur statique, le rendement d’un système électromécanique alliant convertisseur et machine ne correspond pas en général au produit des rendements de chacun des composants qui le constituent. En effet, le fonctionnement global fait apparaître de nouvelles problématiques. Dans ce contexte, la ligne directrice de ces travaux de recherche porte sur une méthodologie générale et le développement d’outils qui permettent d’étudier ces systèmes dans leur globalité. L’enjeu scientifique de cette étude consiste à adapter au mieux la machine à son convertisseur, optimiser la qualité du couple (amplitude et ondulations), donc à dimensionner et optimiser une machine qui réponde non seulement à la fonction principale visée par l’application, produire un couple mécanique à une vitesse donnée, mais qui satisfasse aussi une, voire plusieurs fonctionnalités requises pour l’utilisation d’onduleurs reconfigurables en tension. Afin de constituer une palette d’outils qui permettra de développer une méthodologie générale d’analyse des SMCMM, un outil de génération et de caractérisation systématique des bobinages et des aimants permanents est développé. Ce premier outil couplé à un modèle de type champ, basé sur la résolution analytique des équations du champ magnétique, est capable de fournir les performances électromagnétiques de la machine en fonction des critères du concepteur. Ensuite, un second outil qui permet d’appliquer la théorie d’une vision de conception par l’adéquation des sources du champ dans une machine, est développé. Nous pouvons alors rechercher la possibilité de maximiser le couple en adaptant, soit les bobinages, soit les aimants permanents. Pour étendre les précédents résultats à un cas général, un problème d’optimisation est formulé. Pour cela, un problème inverse à variables mixtes, relations complexes et non linéaires, est résolu avec un algorithme de type « boîte noire ». Les travaux se focalisent ensuite sur l’intégration de la fonction coupleur magnétique, puis sur la mise en évidence des conditions de fonctionnement optimal d’une machine synchrone à aimants permanents montés en surface et à double étoile (MSAPDE), alimentée par deux convertisseurs en parallèle reconfigurables en tension à commande entrelacée. Cette démarche est une première approche concrète de l’intégration machine convertisseur. Les courants induits dans les parties conductrices de la machine en mouvement sont modélisés afin de vérifier en fonction de la fréquence, leurs effets sur la fonction de coupleur magnétique. Finalement, après des simulations numériques qui permettent d’analyser et de classifier les avantages et les inconvénients de plusieurs solutions de machines, la réalisation de deux démonstrateurs de MSAPDE à coupleur intégré est initiée. / At the moment, distribution of electrical power is still being discussed for the new generations of civil and military aircraft. Level of DC voltage available is challenging and could take voltage from 270Vdc to 540Vdc. Hence, equipment suppliers must propose products easily adaptable to these two voltage levels. Otherwise, the race for better performances requires the revision existing systems by offering more compact versions functioning at better efficiency levels. Achieving these goals may be through a technological breakthrough that should be operated in the field of energy conversion with advent of both components "high band gap", and the use of innovative structures of self-reconfigurable power converters. Systems that combine several converters and several machines, commonly called Multi-Converters Multi-Machines Systems (SMCMM), also play a prominent part thanks to their advantages such as, modularity, safety and increased power. Nevertheless, if in principle, technical innovation concerns with the static converter, the efficiency of an electromechanical system which combines machine and converter does not correspond generally to the efficiency product of each constituent component. Indeed, overall functioning reveals new problems. In this context, the guidelines for this research work focus on a general methodology and the development of tools in order to study these systems as a whole. The scientific challenge of this study consists in adapting a machine to its converter, optimizing the torque quality (amplitude and ripples), so to size and to optimize a machine that meets not only the main function covered by the application, i.e. to produce a mechanical torque at a given speed, but also satisfies one or several functionalities required for using reconfigurable voltage inverters. In order to provide a range of tools that will allow the development of a general methodology for SMCMM analysis, a tool for automatic generating and characterizing windings and permanent magnets has been developed. This first tool coupled with an analytical model of field type, based on solving equations of magnetic field, is able to provide electromagnetic performances of the machine according to the designer's criteria. A second tool which allows us to apply theory of a design vision by the field sources adequacy in a machine has been developed. Consequently, we can look for possibility to maximize torque by adapting either windings or permanent magnets. To extend previous results to a general case, an optimization problem is formulated. For this purpose, an inverse problem with mixed variables, complex and non-linear relations, is solved with a "black box" algorithm. The work focus on magnetic coupler function integration, on the identification of optimal operating conditions of a synchronous machine with surface-mounted permanent magnets (AP) and double star (MSAPDE), supplied by two reconfigurable parallel interleaved inverters. This approach is a first practical step into machineconverter integration. Eddy currents in the moving conductive parts of the machine are modeled in order to check their effects on the magnetic coupler function according to frequency. Finally, after numerical simulations which allow us to analyze and classify pros and cons of several machine solutions, the fulfillment of two MSAPDE demonstrators integrating magnetic coupler is initiated.