Class of 2009 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work is to explore the correlations between demographics, knowledge, and attitudes that student pharmacists have in regards to oral emergency contraception (OEC) and their dispensing. METHODS: University of Arizona pre-rotation student pharmacists were asked to complete a questionnaire during a regularly scheduled required class. The questionnaire had three sections consisting of general OEC knowledge, specific attitudes regarding OEC, and demographic data. RESULTS: Students who stated moral and/or ethical objections to dispensing OEC had significantly lower knowledge scores. They also showed a response pattern to attitude and belief questions opposite to that of students who stated feeling comfortable dispensing OEC in most situations. There were no significant differences in total correct scores on the knowledge questions between gender or year in school, however, there were significant differences in some specific questions. CONCLUSIONS: Students who did not feel comfortable dispensing OEC or had moral and/or religious objections to dispensing OEC were found to have lower knowledge scores. With the exception of two knowledge questions, total correct scores on OEC knowledge questions increased with year in school. Lack of knowledge about OEC may in part contribute to unease and objections to dispensing them.

No description available.

Tandhygienistyrket etablerades i slutet på 1960-talet. Sedan dess har utbildningen till tandhygienist förändrats och arbetsuppgifterna utökats. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka arbetsuppgifter yrkesverksamma, legitimerade tandhygienister utför, inom ramen för formell kompetens. En enkätstudie skickades till 200 tandhygienister, slumpmässigt utvalda av Sveriges tandhygienistförening. Enkäten bestod av bakgrundsfrågor om ålder, kön, omfattning av tandhygienistutbildning, examensår, yrkesverksamma år som tandhygienist, omfattning av arbetstid, arbetsgivare samt frågor om arbetsuppgifter och vilka patientkategorier man arbetade med.173 enkäter (86 %) inkluderades i studiens resultat. Den vanligaste arbetsuppgiften som tandhygienister utför dagligen är att diagnosticera parodontit kliniskt (78 %). Slutsatsen av studien blev att yrkesverksamma tandhygienister i Sverige utför alla arbetsuppgifter inom ramen för formell kompetens, dock i varierande utsträckning. Dagliga arbetsuppgifter som tandhygienister vanligen utför är att diagnosticera, risk/prognosbedöma och profylaxbehandla karies och parodontit på vuxna och barn.

La elaboración de la presente Tesis, nace de las inquietudes planteadas en las aulas sanmarquinas, específicamente a partir del curso de Literatura Quechua, y más específicamente en el Seminario de Literatura Quechua (ambas cátedras dictadas por el Maestro Manuel Larrú), desde donde planteábamos -entendíamos o intentábamos entender- nuestro acercamiento al texto, no como un documento histórico, sino de rescate al discurso donde se de prioridad a lo ficcional-estético-literario (sin dejar de lado, claro está, su configuración social al ser recurrente su representación desde los niveles primarios de la cultura que le dio origen), antes que lo estático y de reseña. Para el caso estudiábamos la escritura y especialmente los modos de escribir literarios, centrándonos en las convenciones que guiaban en el juego de las diferencias y el proceso de la construcción de significados. Por ello expresamos, como expresaba Mijail Bajtín, que: La actividad estética no crea una realidad totalmente nueva. La actividad estética crea su propia realidad, en la que la realidad del conocimiento y del hecho es aceptada y transformada de modo positivo (1989, 48). Asimismo, podemos deducir que el imaginario andino, costeño u occidental, recrea su propia realidad a partir de los elementos que lo reseñan (en su factor mítico, cosmogónico o meramente social geográfico), y de los cuales aceptamos como un documento pseudo social ligado a lo estrictamente literario, justamente por ser este tipo de discurso el único elemento que se poseía como documento de conocimiento después de la conquista, en el proceso de aprehensión de la escritura occidental, donde se escribía ya no como andinos sino como criollos o mestizos. Es más, según la generalizada concepción occidental, la literatura existe como tal por convención social de la colectividad a la que pertenecen. Por lo tanto nuestra intención, en función a estas dos cátedras, era despojar algunas objetividades históricas al texto (que bien nos servían para facilitarnos un contexto), y enfrentarnos al discurso ficcional, nutrida de la estética que planteaba el autor (o transmisor, según los relatos orales), y de los propios elementos históricos que nos servían para darle una carga “realista” a la lectura.

O cuidado oral em pacientes intubados internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva é uma atividade da Enfermagem que se constitui num conjunto de competências fundamentadas em evidências científicas. A saúde oral refere-se ao ótimo estado da cavidade oral e o bom funcionamento de suas estruturas, obtido por meio da higiene oral adequada, estratégia crucial de prevenção para excluir o risco de problemas bucais e promover o conforto físico e psicológico dos pacientes. A higiene oral inadequada traz vulnerabilidade a cavidade oral potencializando focos de infecções propícias à pneumonia nosocomial. Objetiva identificar e analisar na literatura as melhores evidências disponíveis referentes ao produto, dispositivo e frequência do cuidado oral para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em pacientes intubados e em ventilação mecânica internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, na qual foi realizada buscas de estudos primários nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, EMBASE e CINAHL, utilizando descritores controlados e os respectivos vocabulários destas bases de dados: MeSh, EMTREE e TÍTULOS. Das 184 referências identificadas, 52 foram selecionados após leitura de título e resumo para serem lidos na íntegra, 18 constituíram a amostra final. A extração e análise dos dados foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes. As publicações dos 18 estudos ocorreram no período de 2009 a 2017. O controle do biofilme e prevenção de lesões na cavidade oral constituem ações importantes para a obtenção da boa saúde oral. Para esse controle, são necessárias intervenções que promovam a remoção mecânica e/ou farmacológica do mesmo. Essas intervenções constituem a combinação de produtos, dispositivos e frequência do cuidado oral. As melhores evidências indicaram a combinação dos seguintes produtos, dispositivos e frequência: creme dental Biotene® combinado com a escovação dentária e também Biotene® enxaguante bucal, para promover a hidratação da cavidade oral, reduzindo a xerostomia; clorexidina 0,12%, melhor evidência como antisséptico; lubrificantes a base de água e hidrossolúveis para mucosa oral e lábios; escova de dentes elétrica de cabeça pequena e cerdas macias, como melhor evidência de dispositivo, porém seu custo pode ser um fator que pode impedir sua larga utilização, em sua indisponibilidade, as evidências apontam para a escova de dentes pediátrica com cerdas macias; raspadores de língua para a remoção do biofilme local; frequência a cada oito horas. Citadas as escalas de avaliação da cavidade oral, sustentando a verificação da saúde oral e como fator determinante da frequência da intervenção, respeitando assim a individualidade do paciente. Recomenda-se implementar o uso de escalas de avaliação da saúde oral para a determinação segura da frequência da intervenção; sugere-se novos estudos que abordem esta temática para comparar as escalas de avaliação da cavidade oral, os produtos, dispositivos e frequência; capacitar os profissionais para que a assistência seja realizada com qualidade e segurança, mitigando eventos adversos aos pacientes / Oral care in intubated patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit is a nursing activity that is a set of competencies based on scientific evidence. Oral health refers to the excellent state of the oral cavity and the proper functioning of its structures, obtained through proper oral hygiene, a crucial prevention strategy to exclude the risk of oral problems and to promote the physical and psychological comfort of patients. Inadequate oral hygiene brings vulnerability to the oral cavity potentiating foci of infections conducive to nosocomial pneumonia. Aims to identify and analyze, in the literature, the best available evidence regarding the product, device and frequency of oral care for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in intubated patients and mechanical ventilation admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. It is an integrative review of the literature, in which searches of primary studies in the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL were carried out using controlled descriptors and the respective vocabularies of these databases: MeSh, EMTREE and TITLES. Of the 184 references identified, 52 were selected after reading the title and abstract to be read in their entirety, 18 constituted the final sample. Data extraction and analysis were carried out by two independent reviewers. The publications of the 18 studies occurred between 2009 and 2017. Biofilm control and prevention of oral cavity lesions are important actions to achieve good oral health. For this control, interventions that promote the mechanical and / or pharmacological removal of the same are necessary. These interventions are the combination of products, devices and frequency of oral care.The best evidences indicated the combination of the following products, devices and frequency: Biotene® toothpaste combined with toothbrushing and also Biotene® mouthwash, to promote hydration of the oral cavity, reducing xerostomia; chlorhexidine 0.12%, better evidence as an antiseptic; water-based and water-soluble lubricants for oral mucosa and lips; small electric toothbrush and soft bristles, as best evidence of device, however its cost may be a factor that may prevent its wide use, in its unavailability, the evidence points to the pediatric toothbrush with soft bristles; tongue scrapers for local biofilm removal; every eight hours. Cited scales of assessment of the oral cavity, supported the verification of oral health and as a determinant factor of the frequency of intervention, thus respecting the individuality of the patient. It is recommended that the use of oral health assessment scales for the safe determination of the frequency of intervention be implemented; new studies that address this theme are suggest to compare oral cavity evaluation scales, products, devices and frequency; to enable professionals to carry out quality and safe care, mitigating adverse events to patients

Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de cáncer en mucosa oral en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de Estomatología Quirúrgica en el Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza en el periodo 2008 al 2012. Para la muestra se utilizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con posible diagnóstico clínico de cáncer en mucosa oral que fueron atendidos en dicho servicio, y los cuales fueron confirmados mediante el análisis anatomopatológico. Los resultados muestran que del total de pacientes atendidos en ese período, 42 obtuvieron diagnóstico definitivo de cáncer en mucosa oral y de los cuales 20 resultaron carcinomas epidermoides. También se obtuvo como resultado que en su variedad histológica se obtuvo el 33.3%, los cuales fueron evidenciados en sus distintas variedades histológicas a través de estudios biópsicos en igual proporción (bien, moderadamente y no diferenciados). En cuanto a su localización la encía presentó el 26.2%, así como el grupo etáreo de 70 años a mas obtuvo el 23.8% y el sexo femenino el 61.9%. Las conclusiones del estudio fueron que del total de pacientes atendidos en dicho período, el carcinoma epidermoide se considera el más prevalente. Así como también en la variedad histológica no hubo predominio alguno entre ellos. En cuanto a su localización la encía fue la más predominante, así como el grupo etáreo de 70 años a más y el sexo femenino. Palabras claves: cáncer, mucosa oral, carcinoma epidermoide, variedad histológica. / *** A descriptive study, retrospective and cross-sectional was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence of cancer in oral mucosa in patients treated in the surgical stomatology in the Archbishop Loayza National Hospital in the period 2008 to 2012. To sign the medical records of patients were used with possible clinical diagnosis of oral mucosal cancer were treated at the service, and which were confirmed by pathological analysis. The results show that of all patients seen in this period, 42 had definitive diagnosis of cancer in oral mucosa and 20 which were squamous cell carcinomas. Was also obtained as a result in histological variety 33.3 % for each was obtained. In terms of location the gum obtained 26.2% and the age group 70 years to more earned 23.8 % and 61.9 % female. The findings were that of all patients seen in this period, squamous cell carcinoma is considered the most prevalent. As well as the histologic type there was no predominant among them. In terms of location the gum was the most predominant and the age group 70 years and more females. Keyword: cancer, oral mucosa, squamous cell carcinoma, histological variety. / Tesis

The study explores the intricate relationship between Acoli song performance, gender identity construction and gender power relations. The investigation is guided by the understanding that gender identity construction does not only influence gender power relations but it is also part and parcel of the contextual performance of power relations. The study involves a contextual socio-cultural discussion of the gender situation in Acoli society, and with it the role of the performing arts in the gender identity construction and power relations. Gender performativity theory is revisited in light of the genre-based performance of one’s gender, as manifested in the Acoli song performances. The analysis is guided by the argument that to understand gender one needs to pay attention to the genres through which it is expressed. Despite over a century of gender theorisation, gender theorists are still not agreed on what constitutes power, neither has any offered an irreproachable and convincing conception of power. Given current debates in gender theorisation, the study attempts to make fresh empirical investigation to make valid and concrete entry into gender debates by deriving a situated gender concept of “power” based on field research evidence. By analysing Acoli song performances, the major sites of power in the society are elucidated and the positions of the two genders vis-àvis these sites of power are examined to determine the nature of the gender power relations matrix. Song performance does not only act as a catalyst in gender performativity but it is an integral part of it, as the study reveals; and through song performance the Acoli females have particularly invested in the differential gender notions to make themselves visible and achieve their aspirations as ‘women’.

Higher Education is influenced by society and workplace demands, which affects the structure of curricula. The literature review exposed a lack of understanding of knowledge in the Oral Hygiene occupational field. This led to a call to understand which knowledge is most valued by the Oral Hygienist and how it affects professional development. This necessitated the examination of knowledge located in curricula. The aim of this study was to study the perceptions of South African Oral Hygiene lecturers and the organisation of knowledge in curricula, in order to learn about current attempts to professionalise the field. The study makes use of a qualitative descriptive design. The study population is based at two universities, consisted of full-time lecturers teaching Oral Hygiene. Data collection and analysis comprised three methods: semi-structured questionnaires to examine the lecturers’ perceptions about knowledge; curriculum analysis gathering information about the curricula making use of a knowledge type analysis tool developed from the conceptual framework; and examination question analysis to assess the recontextualisation of knowledge from concepts or everyday knowledge of practice. The results show a comparison of lecturers’ perceptions and the organisation of knowledge in the curriculum suggest that although it is clear that the lecturers aspire to professionalise the field, the curricula and their own research identities promote the preparation of practitioners with technical skills. This is shown (inter alia) in the following findings about both curricula: ‘clinical applied knowledge’ is highly valued (UNIV1-73% and UNIV2-53%) with a small amount of time spent on ‘pure’ knowledge (UNIV1-8% and UNIV2-12%). The point to be made here is, that an emphasis on ‘Clinical Applied knowledge’ suggests that a large amount of time is spent on covering procedures for practice, which in turn is an indication that the two curricula are inclined towards preparing students for an occupational model of practice. The lecturers’ research identity focuses on knowledge borrowed from clinical practice. Lecturers use a unifying concept for practice and believe they are experts in clinical teaching. In conclusion, examining South African lecturers’ current views of the Oral Hygiene knowledge base and studying its organisation within different curricula reveal that the knowledge most valued in the field is Clinical Applied knowledge with less emphasis on pure knowledge and knowledge applied from the sciences. This study highlights that lecturers aspire to professionalise the field, even though curricula promote the preparation of practitioners with technical skills.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Dentist University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master Dentistry in the Branch of Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgery. / Pain, swelling and trismus are common features after oral surgery, particularly after the surgical removal of impacted third molar teeth. The Maxillo-Facial and Oral Surgeon has a vast array of drugs at his disposal to combat post-operative pain, but none of these are perfect in terms of efficacy and side effects. Recently, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been receiving much attention as post-operative analgesics. / IT2018

MSc, Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / The characterisation of oral and maxillofacial histopathology found in children has been reported from developed countries of the west and in some developing countries in Africa but as yet not from South Africa. A retrospective study was designed to evaluate the epidemiological features of paediatric oral and maxillofacial histopathology seen at the University of the Witwatersrand’s Division of Oral Pathology from January 1987 to December 2007. A total of 1,258 children ≤ 16 years of age with histologically confirmed disease in the oral and/or maxillofacial region were recorded, with a male to female ratio of 1:1,05. A progressive increase in the frequency of oral and maxillofacial lesions was seen with increase in the age of the patient. Most lesions were concentrated in the 13-16 year age group (41,5%). Pathology involving the jaw bones formed the largest category of all oral and maxillofacial pathologies (40% of the total number of cases) and was predominated by odontogenic cysts and tumours (61,8%). Odontogenic tumours showed a significantly higher frequency in children over 12-years of age (P=0,006). A higher frequency of unicystic ameloblastoma than in the literature was noted. The remaining pathology, in decreasing order of frequency, involved the oral and perioral soft tissues (31,6%), the salivary glands (18%), oral mucosa (8,9%) and dental hard tissues (1,7%). Most lesions of soft tissue and salivary gland were reactive / inflammatory in nature and were outweighed by fibro-epithelial polyps and extravasation mucoceles respectively. Nearly two-thirds of the oral mucosal lesions were benign Human Papilloma Virus-induced lesions. Malignant neoplasms comprised 4,1% of the total number of cases with Burkitt’s lymphoma emerging as the most common malignancy. Although the smallest number of biopsy specimens was obtained from children younger than 5-years of age, the likelihood of a malignant diagnosis in the latter age group was substantially higher than in older children.