Interrelationships among attitudes toward and practice of nutrition and health were determined from results of 335 responses to a survey mailed to members of a prepaid health plan in Portland, Oregon, in the Spring of 1981. The scales used to test attitudes included Subjective Index of General Well-Being, Health Locus of Control and the attitude "nutrition is important". Nutrition practices were determined from a one-day food record analyzed using Pennington's index nutrients. Health practices, including smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hours of sleep, body weight in relation to standards and meal frequency, were analyzed to form a health practice score. Demographic characteristics of the population, including sex, age, marital status, employment status, education and income, were determined and correlated with all attitudes and practices. Interrelationships were tested using Pearson r and Chi-square correlations and multiple regression analysis. The population studied was characterized as married, employed, well educated and middle income. They felt well and in control of their health. Approximately 52 percent practiced several desirable health practices, about 90 percent had a positive attitude toward nutrition and only 22 percent scored above at least 66 percent of Dietary Nutrient Score considered adequate for adults while 33 percent had diets which did not meet 50 percent of this score. This study using members of a prepaid health plan supports the existing literature. Nutrition attitude, "nutrition is important," is correlated to nutrient intake. Health attitudes, general well-being and health locus of control, were correlated to health practices. In this study correlations among general well-being, health locus of control, nutrition attitude, health practices and nutrition practices were noted, however the correlations were not large enough to be predictive. Further study is recommended to define and develop these relationships. / Graduation date: 1982

The incidence and duration of breast feeding were determined via telephone questionnaires from a sample of 95 women who delivered healthy infants during the month of September 1982, in the greater metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon. This sample was limited in that the women were married, predominately white, over 25 years of age, and well-educated. According to the literature, these factors have a positive correlation with the incidence and duration of breast feeding. Consequently, the reported values for the incidence of breast feeding in the hospital of 88 percent and the duration of breast feeding for six months of 44 percent is higher than reported values on a national level. However, the average duration of breast feeding by women who had weaned their babies at the time of this survey (6.2 weeks) is consistent with other studies. The information obtained from the questionnaires was used to measure the association between the incidence of breast feeding and the amount of information women received during their pregnancy; the duration of breast feeding and support system(s); and the relationship between the incidence and duration of breast feeding to the social factors of income, education, age, and race. Chi Square was the statistic used to compare the distribution, of responses among the three subgroups: women who breast fed only, formula fed only, or both breast and formula fed. Significant associations were not observed between the incidence of breast feeding and information or between the duration of breast feeding and support system(s). There was, however, an observed significant association between the incidence of breast feeding and the social factor of income. Additional findings revealed that women most likely to breast feed had themselves been breast fed as a baby, had breast fed their other children, and did not smoke cigarettes. Possible explanations for these results are discussed. / Graduation date: 1983

Graduation date: 1971

No other ethnic group enjoyed the level of success, defined in terms of economic status and social acceptance, attained by Portland Jews in the second half of the nineteenth century. Hailing predominantly from the German states of northern and central Europe, the Jewish pioneers transplanted middle class values and mercantile skills in their new home. From a small unstable population of single men in the 1850s, Portland Jewry grew into an affluent class conscious family oriented community by the mid-1880s. The center of Portland's Jewish life during the formative years was Congregation Beth Israel, the first congregation in the Pacific Northwest. It provided the spiritual and social cement the community needed to meet the challenges of the frontier environment. As the population increased, the institutional structure of the community expanded with a succession of organizations--Hebrew Benevolent Association, Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Society, B'nai B'rith, YMHA, to name the most prominent. As the population increased with the immigration of Polish and Prussian Jews in the 1870s, some internal struggle occurred. The more traditional Jews, primarily from eastern Prussia, formed a new congregation, rejecting the reforming, Americanized Beth Israel. In the 1880s the split became further institutionalized as the wealthy German Jews established the Concordia Club, a social club for the Jewish elite. Despite this division, Portland Jewry remained fairly homogenous through the 1880s. The outstanding distinguishing characteristic of the community was its adaptation to American society and its integration into city life. The pioneer Jews sought the same rewards as their gentile neighbors--economic success and community stability. They experienced little racial prejudice and moved with no apparent self consciousness in Portland society. Although they were excluded from the Arlington Club, the bastion of the gentile elite, Portland's Jews maintained close business and social ties with the non-Jewish community. This experience was similar to that in other frontier communities where Jews entered city life early irr its development. While becoming Americcnized, Portland Jewry clung to its cultural heritage. Its organizations and institutions which showed the effects of the frontier environment were still distinctively Jewish. And in business, success was fostered by intra-group and family networking and credit arrangements that were familiar in Europe. The use of "new social history" techniques provides a view of all levels of Jewish society. By using data gathered from federal and county census records, burial records, marriage records, and tax records,as well as institutional records and personal papers, the development of institutional structure, leadership roles, and class divisions can be understood.

Restrictive covenants (RCs) consist of legal language that is put in a land parcel deed by the subdivider of a subdivision at the time it is platted. The restrictions usually limit land use and require that the house constructed on the lot be of a certain cost. This thesis addresses four research questions: 1. Is the restrictive covenant (RC) minimum house cost amount directly related to the size of the housing? 2. Do differences in housing size translate into social status differences? 3. Do RCs create homogeneous areas of social status? 4. Are subdivisions with RCs less likely to decline in social status over time than subdivisions without RCs? The goal is to establish whether development limitations placed on residential land translate into a differentiated built environment and then into a differentiated social structure. I chose the area of SE Portland, Oregon from SE 20th-39th Avenues, SE Hawthorne Blvd to Harrison Street to test my hypothesis. First Multnomah County deed records were used to find out which subdivisions in the study area have Res and what their restrictions are. After that was completed I grouped the subdivisions or their respective blocks into five RC groups based on the range of minimum house costs found in their deeds. Data was collected once every ten years during the 1940- 80 period from the US Census was used to get the mean owner estimated value of houses and the percent owner occupied. The Polk Portland City Directory was also used to get the percent owner occupied as well as to get the occupation of each household sampled in the same years as the census. The occupation of each household head sampled was converted to a Duncan SES index score which was then compiled by RC group for every sample year. Finally data from the Multnomah County Assessor's office assessment roll was obtained for every house in the study area for such things as house size, year built, and the assessed value. Sales data from the study area over the last year was also analyzed to see how the different RC areas were priced. The results of the analysis of the study area support my basic hypothesis that RCs affect the built environment of residential areas which in turn influences social status. The size of the houses followed the anticipated pattern (the High RC group had the largest houses, the Low the smallest, etc.) as well as the assessed valuation, the estimated value from the census, and the sales data. The percent owner occupied was lower in the lower RC groups although the percentages stayed relatively constant over time. This indicates that, at least in this study area, RCs do not effect neighborhood decline by stabilizing owner occupancy rates. The final and most important indicator, social status, showed the same pattern as the other data did. Social status does indeed get less as the minimum cost requirements in the did so RCs influence the social structure of residential areas. Other residential areas need to be studied in Portland and other cities to see if these findings can be applied elsewhere. The methods I used in this thesis can provide, along with an examination of the actors involved in the subdivision process, important insights into the social differentiation of urban space.

Populations of diurnal tree squirrels in the Portland area were located by mail surveys, personal interviews, and field inspections. Pine squirrels were found to reside in thickly wooded residential areas with dense understories and running water nearby. Western gray squirrels occupied habitats in relatively quiet residential neighborhoods, in areas well supplied with mast crops. Western fox squirrels were found to coexist with gray squirrels in their preferred habitat, and also to thrive in park settings with few mast trees and high activity and noise levels. In areas occupied by both fox and gray squirrels, dominant-subordinate relationships were noted. Each species tolerated the others.

The professional social worker needs to understand, wide social issues, including the culture and cultural background of minority persons and groups in the United States. One mlnorlty group wlth whlch soclal work has not much contact, and thus has llttle knowledge about, ls the Chlnese. Regarding professional social work knowledge about minority groups, the Chinese could be considered a "silent minority."

Pluvial flooding is caused by rainfall events that overwhelm drainage systems and do not allow excess water to be absorbed by soils or water infrastructure. This type of flooding occurs frequently in urban systems and leads to public inconveniences and infrastructure deterioration, which could cost more than fluvial flooding over time. Increased rainfall intensity, which is projected to increase with climate change, could result in increased pluvial flooding. This study aims to examine the vulnerability of pluvial flooding in Portland, OR (2010-2017) by incorporating an interdisciplinary framework that examines the physical and socioeconomic vulnerability of flooding through citizen-reported flooding data. We use a spatially dense network of 5-minute interval rainfall measurement to examine 3-day storm events associated with flooding reports to correlate storm size with the frequency of reports. Additionally, we use a Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) to identify the hotspots of pluvial flooding over space and characterize the sociodemographic and building characteristics of hotspots by performing a spatial analysis using census tract and tax lot level data. We investigate how individual neighborhood characteristics (i.e. ethnicity, education, gender, age, income) and building characteristics (i.e. building type, building age) contribute to reported flooding. This research seeks to identify where pluvial flooding occurs across the city, and how flood management planning can better address flood vulnerability through the biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics that exists amongst communities in Portland.

In this study I explored the variety of educational opportunities available in museums. Next, I examined the museum education programs in the Portland, Oregon area and described what types of opportunities are available to teachers. Finally, I made suggestions for teachers on how to best access museum programs and for museum educators on how to best reach teachers. Interactions between schools and museums exist on a variety of levels. From limited interactions to collaborative programming, schools and museums have found ways to work together to accomplish their joint goal of education. Museums offer self-guided or guided tours, curriculum packets, teacher education programs, access to collections or informational programs related to special exhibits. Some museums and schools have developed deeper relationships in which each give and receive help carrying out their missions. I interviewed museum educators at nine museums in Portland and the surrounding areas. I asked questions regarding the types of programs available, especially focusing on programs suitable for school groups or those that might be helpful to teachers. The programs available in the Portland area vary by institution. Each museum, historic home or zoo offers unique programs on a variety of topics. While history predominates, science, math, social studies and art are readily available. Teachers should be able to supplement nearly any classroom topic. Teachers should take the time to get to know the educators in the institutions. Overall, the key for an individual teacher seeking museum education for students is to ask what is available. The programming at most institutions is flexible, especially when there are traveling or temporary exhibitions. Teachers should get onto mailing lists so they will be notified when special or new programs are available. Also, teachers need to keep in contact with the museum educators. Developing a personal relationship will prove invaluable for a teacher who is trying to fill a gap in a unit or supplement his or her curriculum. Museum educators will benefit from time spent analyzing where their current programs meet state guidelines or focusing planning on meeting specific state common curriculum goals (CCGs) when designing new programs. Schools are reorganizing their curriculum to meet state standards and museum personnel would be wise to do the same. / Graduation date: 2000

Evaluating the success or failure of work force training programs is most often accomplished through the reporting of "objective" data. Rarely are the students' views of their own success in such a training program formally solicited or applied in any useful way. But participant perceptions can be a critical barometer of quality and ought to be taken into account in any program which aims for continuous improvement. This research was undertaken to allow people to present their experiences and meanings in ways which can contribute to just such program improvement. The study was guided by the following research questions: 1. How do student participants define success? 2. How did their Skill Center training program meet their definition of success? It was expected that information gathered from the study would provide information that could: (a) provide and clarify student participant perspectives in work force training and employment programs, and (b) help program operators who run this and similar programs make informed decisions based on participants' definitions of success and their perceptions of what successes they experienced from the Skill Center program. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with fifteen graduates self-identified as successful. Grounded theory methodology was followed to develop the findings. Among all informants, the most often cited theme was that of "connecting" with instructors and fellow students. A second component of this central theme was a "cohort" feeling; a perception of warmth, support, and a sense of family that was common to all of the students interviewed. Many students were balancing feelings of anger, frustration, anxiety, and despair, and it was the human connections with the other members of the skill training center that enabled many, if not most, students to persist in training. For all of the interviewees, the affective value of their training was more intrinsic (e.g., helped them build their confidence and self-esteem) than extrinsic (e.g., helped them obtain and retain a job). This contributes to an inherent tension between individuals and agencies, since agency perspectives on success are based almost solely on extrinsic measures. / Graduation date: 1996