Depuis les attentats du World Trade Center, il ne se passe pas une journée sans que les médias relatent les exploits des différentes bandes organisées existant dans le Monde. Souffrant d’une absence de définition large en raison de leur diversité, la notion de bandes organisées suscite une étude sérieuse. En effet, reposant sur une adhésion sélective, constante et définitive, résumée par la formule « blood in, blood out », le non-respect des règles établies par la bande est sanctionné par la mort. Exerçant sa domination dans la rue, le gang n’hésite pas à user de la violence et exerce leurs activités criminelles tout en s’armant pour se faire respecter. Ce phénomène, si dangereux et très présent au début en Amérique du Nord, tend à s’étendre très rapidement dans d’autres pays pour ensuite atteindre un caractère mondial. Afin de lutter contre ces bandes, les États les plus touchés ont été amenés à réagir en mettant en place de nouvelles méthodes de lutte et en s’organisant au niveau multilatéral. Se divisant en deux parties, cette thèse montre, dans une première partie, comment la présence de bandes organisées est devenue un problème social et dans une seconde partie, les réactions étatiques dans la lutte contre les bandes organisées. / Since the attempts of the World Trade Center, it does not happen one day that the media tell the exploits of the various organized strips existing in the World. Suffering from an absence of wide definition because of their variety, the notion of gangs arouses a serious study. Indeed, resting on a selective, constant and definitive membership, summarized by the formula "blood in, blood out", the disregard of rules workbenches by the strip is punished by the death. Exercising its domination in the street, the gang does not hesitate to use the violence and exercises their criminal activities while arming itself to be respected. This phenomenon, so dangerous and very present at the beginning in North America, tends to extend very quickly in the other countries to affect then a world character. To fight against these strips, the most affected States were brought to react by setting up new methods of fight and by getting organized at the multilateral level. Dividing into two parts, this thesis shows, in a first part, how the presence of gangs became a social problem and in a second part, state reactions in the fight against the organized strips.

Aujourd'hui, bien que la mafia russe soit officiellement démantelée, elle continue à influencer et à transformer l’identité de son «fidèle» spectateur par la voie cinématographique. Dans ce cas comme dans sans doute beaucoup d’autres, comme le rappelle à juste titre Valérie Pozner, « le cinéma doit être replacé au sein d’un vaste réseau de pratiques spectaculaires et de stratégies éducatives, politiques et informatives hétérogènes ».1Cette thèse revient en premier lieu sur les participants et les engagements de cette coopération entre la mafia et le cinéma. Avant de retracer les principaux traits de ce mariage ciné-mafia-politique, nous allons aborder les formes nouvelles qui apparaissent dans ce nouveau style de cinéma criminel très populaire et répandu dans la société russe. Pour cela faire, dans un premier temps, la recherche donnera certaines détaillées nécessaires pour illustrer les principaux acteurs et principaux événements de la véritable guerre sanglante des groupement criminelles pendant la Grande Révolution Criminelle Russe de 1988-1994. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analyserons les mécanismes de propagande, véhiculés par le cinéma du genre mafieux et criminel russe dont une partie appartient à l’héritage soviétique. Ces mécanismes de propagande, explicites ou masqués, mais surtout ayant un rôle de promotion pour la toute-puissance Russie, accompagnent cette brutalité d’un style de vie que les occidentaux étudient, afin de le comprendre, depuis des siècles. Un Etat « à part » ainsi que son cinéma, que l'on peut aimer ou détester, mais face auquel on ne peut rester indiffèrent !Ce travail de doctorat s'appuiera sur trois hypothèses :Hypothèse 1 : L'arrivée de la Mafia russe dans les circuits de financement du cinéma est aussi une médiation, une communication entre la vie de l'Organisation et le grand public. Elle s'exprime notamment par la mise en place de ce que nous pourrions appeler une « esthétique mafieuse ».Hypothèse 2 : Les attributs de cette esthétique mafieuse profitent des attributs de l'esthétique à laquelle elle succède : l’esthétique soviétique, le socialisme. La question de la conscientisation de ces transformations est une question cruciale.Hypothèse 3 : Cette esthétique mafieuse, cinématographique opère une communication publique et, donc, une évolution des représentations sociales des spectateurs. Nous allons faire l'évaluation de ces valeurs par le public. / Today, although the Russian mafia and organized crime community is officially defeated, it continues to influence, transform the identity of his « faithful » viewers through by the way of cinema. It's necessary to understand the exchanges between the cinema said « criminal fiction » and its influence on the public reality. On the one hand the Russian mafia identity of cinema was built across the international market and international audiovisual film.The originality of Russian fictional crime genre, in particular, that it was in some cases produced, directed and performed by former criminals, who also faced historical changes, and were influenced by Hollywood mafia movies lived a period of transformation in « cinema professionals », as also the professionals in the field of other arts such as literature, publication, music, television. Such was the case of Vitaly Demochka 1, the former criminal, who became director, producer, actor and writer. The particularity of his case, that he directed and performed his own « life story » on the screen, as well the members of his former criminal team became the fictional heroes of his film « Spets ».In parallel, our work is focused on the study of “communicating objects”, such as a music, behavior, language, dress code, tattoos. Which have become representative as the 'weapon' of mafia propaganda, projected in the cinema and widely recycled in reality, and vice versa. It operates not only the mythification of public communication but therefore, the evolution of the social representations and even transformation of the spectators.

<p>This paper aims to give a comprehensive view in which extent Swedish legislation concerning trafficking in human beings (Brottsbalken 4 kap. 1a §) is efficient. Qualitative interviews have been carried out with professionals within the judicial system in order to comprehend various aspects of efficiency relating to legislative validation of trafficking regarded human beings. Consent, coercion and control brings up miscellaneous issues. Personal observations by authorized people within the area was therefore viewed and found to be highly essential. In order to understand court reasoning in cases concerning human trafficking, various verdicts have been examined from the district court and the court of appeal. Theories of legal science have therefore been used. Results from this study shows that current legislation against trafficking in human beings is in some extent inefficient and that some adversity does appear while interpreting the concepts of consent, coercion and control. The study also implies that these are difficult to prove and that the collecting of evidence regarding this matter is complex and resource demanding. A social construction perspective and penal theories was found to be useful while analyzing and discussing the result.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to find out if the use of the concepts ‘terrorism' and ‘organized crime' has changed after the event on 11 September, 2001 when terrorists attacked World Trade Center and Pentagon. In this study I make use of discourse theory in a way which is inspired by the writings of Winther Jorgensen and Phillips. Knowledge acquired through this research has been primarily generated from two Swedish Government Official Reports concerning questions arising from introducing secret police surveillance. In these reports, there are many opinions from authorities whom have given their thoughts on introducing new ways of policing which are very interesting to analyze. The results shows that the ways the concepts have been used have changed after the terrorists attacks. The same holds true for how the authorities describe their will to combat crime. Terrorism has been described as something that pose a near none existent problem before the terrorist attack, afterwards it is described as a risk that poses a major threat to the whole society. The organized crime has been described as something which has been going from a relatively controllable problem to one that undermines the judicial system and the democratic state.</p>

The aim of this study was to find out if the use of the concepts ‘terrorism' and ‘organized crime' has changed after the event on 11 September, 2001 when terrorists attacked World Trade Center and Pentagon. In this study I make use of discourse theory in a way which is inspired by the writings of Winther Jorgensen and Phillips. Knowledge acquired through this research has been primarily generated from two Swedish Government Official Reports concerning questions arising from introducing secret police surveillance. In these reports, there are many opinions from authorities whom have given their thoughts on introducing new ways of policing which are very interesting to analyze. The results shows that the ways the concepts have been used have changed after the terrorists attacks. The same holds true for how the authorities describe their will to combat crime. Terrorism has been described as something that pose a near none existent problem before the terrorist attack, afterwards it is described as a risk that poses a major threat to the whole society. The organized crime has been described as something which has been going from a relatively controllable problem to one that undermines the judicial system and the democratic state.

This paper aims to give a comprehensive view in which extent Swedish legislation concerning trafficking in human beings (Brottsbalken 4 kap. 1a §) is efficient. Qualitative interviews have been carried out with professionals within the judicial system in order to comprehend various aspects of efficiency relating to legislative validation of trafficking regarded human beings. Consent, coercion and control brings up miscellaneous issues. Personal observations by authorized people within the area was therefore viewed and found to be highly essential. In order to understand court reasoning in cases concerning human trafficking, various verdicts have been examined from the district court and the court of appeal. Theories of legal science have therefore been used. Results from this study shows that current legislation against trafficking in human beings is in some extent inefficient and that some adversity does appear while interpreting the concepts of consent, coercion and control. The study also implies that these are difficult to prove and that the collecting of evidence regarding this matter is complex and resource demanding. A social construction perspective and penal theories was found to be useful while analyzing and discussing the result.

According to the firsthand account of James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak, it appears that piracy in the state of British Malaya in the mid-1800s was community-driven and egalitarian, led by the interests of heroic figures like the Malayan pirate Si Rahman. These heroic figures share traits with Eric Hobsbawm’s social bandit, and in this case may be ascribed as social pirates. In contrast, late 20th-century and early 21st-century pirates in the region operate in loosely structured, hierarchical groups beholden to transnational criminal syndicates. Evidence suggests that contemporary pirates do not form the egalitarian communities of their colonial counterparts or play the role of ‘Robin Hood’ in their societies. Firsthand accounts of pirates from the modern-day pirate community on Batam Island suggest that the contemporary Southeast Asian pirate is an operative in the increasingly corporate interest of modern-day criminal organizations.

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Abstract Since the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have separately admitted to join WTO (World Trade organization ), the diversity and complexity of economy and trade between Taiwan and mainland china will constantly developing, its influence not only changed the economic structure but bring the series debates and problems, crime is not except. Due to the existence of extremely high dark figure of crime in the cross strait, the characters of transnational crime: low visibility, high complexity can be easily observed but hard to control in Taiwan and china. The cross strait relationship still can¡¦t be advanced for long due to ¡§One China Policy¡¨, but the derivative problems of intercommunion, like guns, drugs, gangs, stow-away, smuggling, marine piracy, newly technical economy crime and transnational organized crime become more and more dangerous ,indeed post a threat to both sides of the Taiwan strait, even begin spreading to the global world. Though the cross strait sign ¡§kin-men degree¡¨ in 1990,the sovereignty dispute and re-president,Teng-hui Lee¡¦s cornell universal-trip in America still obstruct the cross strait to construct the related Matual Legal Assistancein Criminal Matters, in other way, duo to the constantly blockading in diplomacy from China, it become difficult for Taiwan joining the International Matual organism and Matual legal criminal Matters mechanism, undoubtedly, effectively controlling the variable types of transnational crime will be more difficult than before. The researcher team, with the cooperation method, refer the ¡§increasingly develop Kaohsiung and policy after cross strait joining to WTO¡¨ as our theme, another research theme will be aimed on the criminal problem prevention mechanism about the economy and trade intercommunion between the cross strait, combined the different kinds of area(tourism, policy ministry, commerce, building industry¡K. ) the team members used the NGT(Nominal Group Technique) for researching; Beginning present the conference on time since January2002,our team officially invite fourteen experts in industry, authority concerns, studios, populace and media presenting twice NGT interactive studying via interactive management then choosing the ten strategies, producing strengthen construction relation geography in November twenty-sixth and December third 2002 and trying to gain ¡§joining the international police organism & signing the legal assistance criminal matters with China¡¨ specific strategy, elaborating with document analysis and conclusion for interactive proving with NGT result.

No description available.