Syftet med studien är att förstå hur tjänstemän inom offentlig förvaltning kan möjliggöra organiserad brottslighet. Genom att analysera fyra svenska rättsfall undersöker studien på vilket sätt offentliga tjänstemän blir till möjliggörare för organiserad brottslighet, samt vilka organisatoriska och relationella aspekter kan underlätta att tjänstemän blir till möjliggörare. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metodik med abduktiv ansats för att undersöka möjliggörare av organiserad brottslighet inom offentlig förvaltning. Datainsamlingsmetoden är i form av dokumentanalys som har en tematisk analysansats. Studiens empiriska underlag baseras på juridiska aktbilagor, såsom domar- och förundersökningsprotokoll. Resultatet analyseras med teoretiska utgångspunkter av byråkrati, gräsrotsbyråkrati, tillitsnätverk och strukturella hål. Studiens resultat visar att offentliga tjänstemän blir möjliggörare genom att använda sitt handlingsutrymme för att ge tillgång till sekretessbelagda uppgifter till kriminellt belastade individer. Studien indikerar att tjänstemän utvecklar personliga relationer med kriminella, vilket leder till att de använder sitt handlingsutrymme på sätt som gynnar organiserad brottslighet, och därmed bortser organisatoriska riktlinjer. Studiens resultat tyder på att tjänstemän med stort handlingsutrymme och minimal övervakning är mer benägna att engagera sig i oetiska handlingar som gynnar organiserad brottslighet. Vidare framhävs det att bristande efterlevnad av organisatoriska regler och policies, kombinerat med starka personliga relationer till kriminellt belastade personer. / The purpose of the study is to understand how public officials within public administration can facilitate organized crime. By analyzing four Swedish legal cases, the study examines how public officials become enablers of organized crime, and which organizational and relational aspects facilitate this transformation. The study employs a qualitative methodology with an abductive approach to investigate enablers of organized crime within public administration. Data collection is performed through document analysis using a thematic analysis approach. The empirical basis of the study is built on legal appendices, such as court rulings and investigative protocols. The results are analyzed based on theoretical frameworks of bureaucracy, street-level bureaucracy, trust networks, and structural holes. The findings show that public officials become enablers by using their discretionary power to provide access to confidential information to criminally charged individuals. The study indicates that officials develop personal relationships with criminals, leading them to use their discretionary power in ways that benefit organized crime, thereby disregarding organizational guidelines. The results suggest that officials with extensive discretionary power and minimal oversight are more likely to engage in unethical actions that support organized crime. Additionally, it is highlighted that a lack of adherence to organizational rules and policies, combined with strong personal relationships with criminally charged individuals, facilitates this behavior.

Criminality related to organized crime and criminal networks, with gun violence, bombings, drug trafficking and money laundering, is a growing problem in Sweden. Many of these crimes are made possible through the network's links to legitimate businesses and the use of enablers - a field of research which has been historically underwhelming - but that is now starting to spark the interest of researchers and politicians alike. This thesis explores the phenomenon of these enablers in organized crime and criminal networks. The data consisted of a large sample of Swedish court documents that contain the verdicts derived from the encrypted chat services Anom, Encrochat and SkyECC. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the connections between individuals involved in organized crime and legitimate businesses. The results showed that 42 percent of the analysed cases contained enablers. A majority of the crimes that involved one or more enablers also involved narcotics, and that the legitimate businesses linked to the enablers were companies operating in professions such as the transportation sector, auto shops, exchange offices, law enforcement, storage or moving. Professional drivers were the most frequently prosecuted persons in the convictions, followed by business owners. Common themes for how the enablers presented in the material were related to the drug trafficking process and storing process. The results tell us that the use of enablers seem to be a relatively common aspect of organized crime operations and that it is, as previous research suggests, likely a problem that will only grow.

Since the advent of the new democratic order established under the 1996 Constitution, South Africa has been plagued with many new challenges .One of the facts that our new democratic state could not ignore was the rapid increase in both national and international, organized criminal activity .The South African Legislature realizing the desire to combat serious criminal activities, introduced into South African Law, the Prevention of Organized Crime Act 121 of 1998. The Act recognizes that conventional criminal penalties are inadequate as measures of deterrence when organized crime leaders are able to retain the considerable gains derived from organized crime, even on those occasions when they are brought to justice. It strives to strip sophisticated criminals of the proceeds of their criminal conduct. The Courts, in applying this legislation, has also created a new field of law that had until the advent of the Act, not existed in South African Law, namely organized crime law. A field, distinct from the ordinary principles of criminal law. The bulk of jurisprudence created over the past decade or more, however seems to be threatened to be undone by the recent judgment concerning the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Act. The confirmation of this judgment is being considered by the Constitutional Court and the purpose of this thesis is to argue against the confirmation of this judgment / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M.

A considerable amount of research has been done regarding the hijacking of passenger vehicles. Little however, has been written on the hijacking of trucks with freight. The purpose of the research was to describe the nature, occurrence and extent of the hijacking of trucks with freight, the persons involved (this includes the victims and the offenders) and the impact these crimes have on the crime scene in South Africa. The research also aimed to develop a criminological model for prevention, based on the modus operandi of the offenders. Based on the theories explaining violent and economic crimes (e.g. anomie, differential association and sub-culture), an attempt was also made to explain the hijacking of trucks with freight. / Criminology / M.A.

La collusion est une pratique anticoncurrentielle qui a pour but la coopération de personnes morales afin d’atteindre un but commun tel que le profit. Cette méthode se retrouve dans le milieu de la construction notamment par la rotation de contrat, par la fixation de prix ou le débalancement de bordereaux. Bien que la collusion dans la construction soit souvent associée au crime organisé, cette étude propose l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du marché par le crime organisant et non le crime organisé. Ainsi, l’industrie de la construction serait influencée par une organisation en mouvance et en développement constant pouvant s’organiser tout en organisant d’autres noyaux. En analysant le marché de l’industrie de la construction, cette étude a pu relever qu’il était possible à l’aide d’outils quantitatifs tels que l’analyse de classification d’identifier des irrégularités au sein du marché, au fil des années. Des entrevues passées auprès d’acteurs du domaine de la construction sont venues confirmer l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du marché par le crime organisant et non le crime organisé. L’analyse qualitative se penchait ainsi sur les motivations des acteurs à entreprendre des pratiques anticoncurrentielles et sur la compréhension de l’émergence de la collusion dans la construction. La discussion identifie les opportunités criminelles, de même que les problématiques survenant dans le milieu de la construction et pouvant influencer l’émergence de la collusion. Ces problématiques concernent les contributions aux partis politiques, le truquage des devis et bordereaux par les firmes de consultants, l’impunité des autorités, l’historicité des entrepreneurs, l’idéologie de marché et les problématiques liées au cautionnement. Enfin, des solutions adaptées à la réalité de l’industrie de la construction en tenant compte des facteurs de risque ont été identifiées. / In its definition, collusion is an uncompetitive practice where individuals cooperate for a specific goal, mainly for profit. Different methods have been documented in the construction industry such as rotation of contracts, fixing prices, or unbalanced payment slips. Collusion has often been associated with organised crime; however, this study will offer the idea that the market is not controlled by organised crime but rather an organising crime group. The construction industry would be influenced by a constant evolving and expanding organisation that can organise itself and other smaller groups. The analysis of the economic market in the industry sector, through the use of quantitative methods such as the classification analysis, permits this study to identify the influence of a particular group of recurring enterprises over the years. The interviews, done with actors of the industry, support the idea that the industry sector is controlled by organising crime and not organised crime. The qualitative analysis focuses on the motivational factors of these individuals in determining their participation in uncompetitive practices and their own comprehension of the emergence of collusion in the construction sector. The discussion identifies the different criminal opportunities and challenges that arise in construction and offers a correlation to the emergence of collusion. Specifically, these challenges are the problematic contributions to political parties, the rigging of cost estimates and payment slips by consulting firms, the impunity of authorities, the historicity of entrepreneurs, the ideology of the market and the problems linked to the use of bank guarantees. Lastly, solutions tailored to the reality of the construction industry and its risk factors are presented.

This thesis will study the Italian literary phenomenon Gomorra, viaggi nell'impero economico e nel sogno di dominio della Camorra. First, the focus will be on the text's hybrid nature and implications and also on its literary and intellectual inspirations (such as Truman Capote, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Leonardo Sciascia). Secondly, we will take a closer look at the structure of the novel's narrative and its literary details, in order to reveal the different processes used by Roberto Saviano to convince the reader. Interwoven in this book's central plot, we will find a main obsession: the need to understand. Lastly, we will discuss the question of the great power treated in this novel, the one of a criminal organisation transformed by the revelations made throughout the story. These revelations will allow us to draw interesting comparisons between organized crime and merchant capitalism. For this part, we will refer to Guy Debord's La société du spectacle, and to Hannah Arendt's work on the question of totalitarianism. All of these elements will allow us to discuss the different perspectives within the narrative's framework, and more precisely, the figure of the narrator/author/character that gives Saviano's novel anthropological qualities, in the form of an ethnofiction (Augé). / Ce Mémoire cherchera a étudier le phénomène littéraire italien Gomorra, viaggio nell’impero economico e nel sogno di dominio della Camorra. Au fil de l’analyse il sera évoqué autant son caractère hybride et les implications que cela représente que les influences littéraires et intellectuelles, auquel un tel texte fait écho ( Truman Capote, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Leonardo Sciascia…). Par la suite nous nous attacherons aux structures narratives et aux particularités littéraires du roman, afin de faire ressortir les différents procédés utilisés par Roberto Saviano dans son intention de convaincre. Une obsession qui s’inscrit dans la dynamique centrale du livre, celle de comprendre. Enfin, il sera question de la grande force qui entoure ce roman, celle d’un crime organisé rendu différent de par les révélations faites au sein du roman. De cela nous tirerons une étude comparative entre le crime organisé et le capitalisme marchand, faisant appel autant à Guy Debord et son œuvre La société du spectacle, qu’à Hannah Arendt pour ses nombreux travaux entourant la problématique du totalitarisme. Tous ces éléments nous permettront de conclure sur la particularité des points de vue, notamment avec la figure du narrateur/auteur/personnage qui nous permettra de rapprocher le roman de Roberto Saviano au travail anthropologique, dans la dynamique d’une forme d’ethno- fiction (Augé)

While research increasingly recognizes the importance of civilian agency and strategies in influencing conflict dynamics and reducing civilian victimization in the context of armed conflict, research has until now not investigated whether civilians also have the capacity to limit organized criminal violence. This study thus aims to answer under which conditions civilians can protect themselves from and influence levels of organized criminal violence and draws on the literatures on civilian self-protection and autonomy strategies in the context of armed conflict, as well as on organized criminal governance and violence. I argue that civilian communities with high levels of social organization will experience lower levels of violence, as they are more likely to mount successful collective strategies that influence costs and benefits for organized crime groups to use violence. Using the method of structured focused comparison, this hypothesis is tested on the Colombian municipalities San Juan de Arama, Vistahermosa and Granada. The results show some support for the theorized relationship. In general, municipalities with higher levels of social organization experienced lower levels of organized criminal violence, but this relationship appears to be moderated by levels of civil war violence. Due to the explorative character of this study, more research is warranted.

O presente trabalho objetiva o estudo dos aspectos legais pertinentes à entrega vigiada, vista como meio de investigação. A escolha do tema surgiu da preocupação com o avanço do crime organizado, que ganhou contornos transnacionais, e a necessidade de adoção de novos métodos de investigação, capazes de refrear este tipo de criminalidade. Cada vez mais os Estados percebem que os meios ordinários de investigação tornaram-se obsoletos e ineficazes para fazer frente ao avanço das operações desenvolvidas pelas organizações criminosas, porquanto se utilizam de modernos artifícios para perpetrar suas práticas delitivas. Tratar-se-á da entrega vigiada propriamente dita, técnica que permite que remessas ilícitas ou suspeitas circulem de forma monitorada, sob controle das autoridades competentes, conceituando-a e apresentando suas características e peculiaridades, bem como procurando delimitar sua natureza jurídica. Também será examinado o tratamento conferido à entrega vigiada na legislação alienígena. Ademais, como instrumento de cooperação internacional, a entrega vigiada tende a ser adotada paulatinamente entre os diversos países signatários das convenções internacionais nas quais previstas este meio investigativo. Para completa análise do instituto, indispensável enfrentar a árdua tarefa de ponderação da entrega vigiada à luz da eficiência e garantismo. Pretende-se apontar as possíveis ofensas aos princípios constitucionais e processuais penais que o meio investigatório da entrega vigiada pode acarretar, especificando os requisitos acreditados como indispensáveis para a regulamentação da entrega vigiada, de modo a delimitar sua atuação e, por conseguinte, evitar o cometimento de odiosos abusos por parte dos envolvidos no emprego desta técnica de investigação. Serão expostos aspectos positivos, falhas e críticas ao instituto em exame. Almeja-se, como contribuição desta dissertação, a apresentação de algumas sugestões para o escorreito e eficaz emprego da técnica da entrega vigiada, de modo a resguardar, obrigatoriamente, os direitos do investigado. / The present work aims the study of pertinent legal aspects of monitored delivery, as a means of investigation. The choice of the subject came from the concern of the organized crime increase, that reached international levels and the necessity of adoption of new methods of inquiry, enabling to reprimand this type of crime. The State has acknowledged that the usual inquiry has become obsolete and inefficient in face of the advance of the operations developed by the criminal organizations, which make use of advanced techniques to perpetrate illegal practices. It concerns the monitored delivery, a technique that allows illicit or suspicious packages to circulate freely, under control of the competent authorities, appraising them and presenting their characteristics and peculiarities, as well as their legal nature. Also the treatment to the monitored delivery in the foreign legislation will be examined. Furthermore, as an instrument of international cooperation, the monitored delivery tends to be adopted gradually entering the diverse signatory countries of the international conventions foreseen in this institute. For complete analysis of the institute, indispensable to face the arduous task of balance of the monitored delivery to efficiency and warranty. It is intended to point the possible offences of the constitutional principles of penal law that the inquiry of the monitored delivery can result in, specifying the requirements as indispensable with respect to the regulation of the monitored delivery, in order to delimit its performance and, therefore, to prevent hateful abuses involving the inquiry technique. Positive aspects, imperfections and criticism to the institute in examination will be exposed. It is intended, as a contribution of this dissertation, the presentation of some suggestions for the proper and efficient job of the technique of the monitored delivery, in order to protect, obligatorily, the rights of the investigated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pimentel_dissertacao.pdf: 916452 bytes, checksum: 5bb94023932cba1620c6001ba685b3f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-22 / Criminal procedure has two functions, which are equally relevant in the Democratic State under the Rule of Law. The first one, is to ensure the dignity of those accused determining that, to exercise its right to punish [jus puniendi], the State must conduct its actions based on the full respect for the rights of the individual. The second one, is to meet the social interest that the purpose of criminal procedure be the full and accurate enforcement of the law in order to accomplish the mission of securing peace and order in society. The identification of organized crime and rising violent crime rates among us have contributed for the creation of specific laws in the field of Brazilian criminal procedure, thus adding new operational means of investigation and proof in order to improve effectiveness. Such criminal instruments are highly incisive and endanger the rights of the individual and the procedural principles. In view of this new social and regulatory scenario, the constitutional legitimacy of these mechanisms is analyzed in the light of the principle of reasonability. It is finally suggested that the protective purpose of criminal procedure be sought, as closely as possible, by reasserting the accusation pattern and redefining the roles of the criminal judge and the Ministério Público [the Public Prosecutor s Office ], with emphasis on the investigation. / O processo penal cumpre duas funções igualmente relevantes no Estado Democrático de Direito. Uma garante a dignidade do acusado, estabelecendo que, para o exercício do jus puniendi, a intervenção estatal se realize com respeito aos direitos individuais. A outra tem em vista a satisfação do interesse social de que o processo penal sirva à escorreita aplicação da lei e cumpra a sua missão de pacificar a comunidade. A detecção entre nós do crime organizado e o recrudescimento da criminalidade violenta têm contribuído para proficiente produção legislativa no campo do processo penal brasileiro, nele se inserindo novos meios operacionais de investigação e prova, na busca de maior efetividade. Tais instrumentos são bastante incisivos e desafiam direitos individuais e princípios processuais. Nesses novos panoramas social e normativo, analisamos a legitimidade constitucional desses mecanismos à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade. Sugere-se, ao final, a reaproximação possível ao escopo garantista do processo penal pela reafirmação do modelo acusatório e redefinição dos papéis do juiz criminal e do Ministério Público, com ênfase na fase de investigação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Orlando Junior.pdf: 11923636 bytes, checksum: c5cc1938a11761ebd833d8f1ff2c5c36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research work has the purpose of stimulating the understanding of a musical movement that has been gaining space in the communication media, whether due to its content, connected to organized crime, whether for its theme of extreme sexual content. The funk music is a typical carioca phenomenon currently passing through a process of decriminalization and nationalization, and tries to establish itself as an artistic and cultural movement of Brazil. The corpora of the research are composed by about 300 lyrics of funk, of which 4 were selected for analysis, considering the following criteria: variation of the theme and likelihood, in case of the proibidão funk (forbidden gang funk from Rio de Janeiro). Our observations are led in the sense of examining the texts, making it feasible the introduction of an analysis model whose fundamental theory is the Analysis of the Speech. We will use, above all, the analysis instruments developed by Dominique Maingueneau, besides the recent contributions of Patrick Charaudeau and other theoreticians who enhance the studies on Speech and the linguistic variation. The results of our analysis demonstrated the presence of a discursive variation and a specificity also varied, not due to the theme, but to the diverse modes of enunciative subjectivities diffused in the discursive practices of the funk music / Este trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo estimular a compreensão de um movimento musical que vem ganhando espaço nos meios de comunicação, seja por seu conteúdo ligado ao crime organizado, seja pela temática de extremo teor sexual. A música funk é um fenômeno típico carioca que passa hoje por um processo de descriminalização e nacionalização e tenta se firmar como movimento artístico e cultural do Brasil. Os corpora da pesquisa são compostos por cerca de 300 letras de funk, das quais 4 foram selecionadas para análise, considerando os seguintes critérios: variação do tema e verossimilhança, no caso do funk proibidão. As nossas observações caminham no sentido de examinar os textos, viabilizando a introdução de um modelo de análise cuja teoria fundamental é a Análise do Discurso. Utilizaremos sobretudo os instrumentos de análise desenvolvidos por Dominique Maingueneau, além das recentes contribuições de Patrick Charaudeau e outros teóricos que enriquecem os estudos sobre o Discurso e a variação lingüística. Os resultados de nossa análise demonstraram a presença de uma variação discursiva e uma especificidade também variada não devido à temática, mas sim pelos diversos modos de subjetividades enunciativas veiculados nas práticas discursivas da música funk