Thesis (MEd (Educational Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / According to literature, children who live in Children’s Homes are of the most damaged children in society. The contextual circumstances from which these children come, together with the trauma of removal, result in these children feeling rejected. The characteristic needs of these children are the need for love and attention, to be of value and to belong somewhere. The satisfying of these needs at school is therefore very important for the child’s development. The inclusive culture of a school is the creation of a school community where everyone feels safe, is accepted and regarded as worthy. This will be reflected in policy and practice. To belong, be accepted and acknowledged, is the nucleus of social inclusion. The purpose of the research was, therefore, to acquire understanding for the experience of six children from a Children’s Home concerning social inclusion in a local main stream school. Five dimensions of social inclusion, as found in the literature, formed the framework of this research. They are: acknowledgement of worth, human development, involvement and participation in decision making, sharing of social spaces and material prosperity. The research takes the form of a qualitative study. In order to obtain understanding for the experience of the children, a basic interpretative research design was decided on. A purposeful sample was selected. For the production of data use was made of individual semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and observation. Data was processed by doing qualitative content analysis. Significant units were coded and categorised. Each child has his/her own construction of reality, but an experience which was expressed throughout, is their experience that they are regarded and treated as an inferior group. This is a harmful situation for the children and recommendations were made to pay attention to this within the school context.

<p>This study aimed to explore the gender imbalances that exist in access to education and participation in schooling of the female orphans and vulnerable children, and also how this relates to the continuing feminisation of the HIV and AIDS pandemic in Zambia. The study was based on the premise that the girl child is disadvantaged in this area, and the HIV and AIDS pandemic in worsening the situation for female orphans and vulnerable children.</p>

D.Ed. (Psychology of Education) / Although the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still very much a silent issue in South Africa, the AIDS pandemic has become a public problem which is threatening to a significant proportion of the population of South Africa (Heartbeat 2002:1; Kaseke and Gumbo 2001:53). HIV infections are on the rise and people are dying every day of AIDS related diseases (Msomi, 2000:8). Thus, the overall aim of this research was to determine how the HIV/AIDS orphans’/vulnerable children’ psychosocial status is affected by the HIV/AIDS disease. The study was conducted in the Bojanala Region of the North West Province. A purposeful sampling was used because four (4) schools were suggested by the Department of Social Services in the Rustenburg Area due to their high populace with HIV/AIDS orphans. The other four (4) schools were suggested by the Auxiliary Services Division in the Bojanala Region of Education. The literature revealed that failure on part of the parent, guardian and/or teachers to meet the psychological needs of the child at a certain stage in his/her development may result in personality disorders, which can become a potential danger and a source of unhappiness to the individual him/herself (cf. 2.5). Furthermore, it was evident from the literature that chronic parental illness may have a traumatic effect on young children because both parents may neglect a child (cf. 4.2). The literature also revealed that children should not be viewed as passive recipients of assistance, but as active participants who play a key role in the development of responses to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Receiving quality services is a right and a need not only of AIDS orphans, but also of all children (cf. 4.6). From the quantitative data analysis, the following findings emerged, that HIV/AIDS orphans/vulnerable children are optimistic about their future. Children do not blame themselves for their parents’ death. Arising from this research certain conclusions were drawn, recommendations were made and areas for possible future research were suggested. / Teacher Education

Cette étude cherche à saisir les articulations entre les politiques de santé publique et les processus de changement politique au Cameroun, à partir d’une analyse centrée sur l’action publique de lutte contre le VIH/sida.La manière dont un problème parvient à l’Etat est révélatrice des rapports que cet Etat entretient avec sa société. Dans le cadre de la lutte contre le VIH/sida au Cameroun, l’émergence et la multiplication de nouveaux acteurs n’ont pas réussi à rendre plus participatifs les choix des priorités gouvernementales. C’est ce que révèlent les politiques de prise en charge et de soutien aux enfants de moins de 15 ans rendus vulnérables du fait du VIH/sida. Les conditions et les modalités par lesquels l’ordre politique établi s’est saisi de cette question montrent la portée limitée des dynamiques locales qui animent la lutte contre le VIH/sida sur les reconfigurations autoritaires du pouvoir politique. Bien qu’elle ne fasse pas l’objet de « controverse » ou de « scandale », la mise à l’agenda de la question de la prise en charge des enfants confrontés au VIH et au sida constitue un terrain propice pour comprendre les mutations politiques de la société camerounaise à l’heure de la globalisation des normes et des pratiques de santé. / This research seeks to analyze the links between shaping public health policies and the influence of political dynamics in Cameroon, with a particular focus on how these dynamics affect the country’s public health agenda of HIV/AIDS prevention. The ways in which a State takes action to address a national issue can be revealing of the type of relationship between that State and its population. In Cameroon, despite the emergence of new strategies and the increasing role of key actors engaged in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the government has failed to make the policy-making process of public health an inclusive process This is well illustrated by the national policies to address the health needs of vulnerable children and youth under the age of 15. The terms and conditions under which these policies were elected illustrate how the residues of a once authoritarian political system still impact decision-making processes at both local and national levels. Although they are not subject to "controversy" or "scandal", the issues of support to children facing AIDS is a fertile ground to understand political changes in the Cameroonian society at the time of globalization of standards and health practices.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-15T10:33:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA SILVA CARDOZO_.pdf: 3897863 bytes, checksum: 6181d90a8193cc1db9a964e819188843 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T10:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA SILVA CARDOZO_.pdf: 3897863 bytes, checksum: 6181d90a8193cc1db9a964e819188843 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar não somente a situação dos menores de idade e de suas famílias que, na cidade de Porto Alegre da segunda metade do século XIX (então capital da Província/Estado mais meridional do Brasil), recorreram ao instituto legal da tutela para dirimir, por meio legal, algum infortúnio que tenha sobrevindo a eles ou a suas famílias, mas também a instituição que era responsável por julgar os processos judiciais – o Juízo dos Órfãos de Porto Alegre. Essa instituição zelava pelos direitos das crianças que se encontrassem em situação de dissolução familiar decorrente de maus-tratos, doenças, incapacidade – ou morte – dos pais, encarregando-se de designar um adulto legalmente constituído como responsável para cada criança que necessitasse de um tutor. Para realizar este estudo, utilizamos a História Social como fundamentação teórico-metodológica, com o propósito de refletir sobre determinados aspectos relacionados à instituição, como aqueles que operavam o Direito, os agentes sociais que recorriam a ela apresentando um menor de idade que necessitasse de um responsável legal sobre si e, principalmente, as crianças, adolescentes e jovens que tiveram suas histórias preservadas pelas folhas dos autos judiciais de tutela. Dessa forma, conseguimos compreender as dinâmicas familiares nas quais as estruturas político-econômico-sociais acabaram por intervir por meio do Juízo Distrital da Vara de Órfãos de Porto Alegre. / This study aims to analyze not only the situation of minors and their families that, in the city of Porto Alegre in the last half of XIX century (then the capital city of the province/ the southernmost Brazilian state), called on the legal guardianship mechanism to settle, through legal means, any misfortune that has happened to them or their families, but also the institution that was responsible for trying the judicial proceedings - The Orphans Court of Porto Alegre. That institution protected the rights of children living without a family because of parents’ maltreatment, diseases, incapability – or death - , being in charge of designating an adult to be responsible for each child who needed a guardian. This paper used Social History as theoretical methodological framework in order to reflect on given aspects related to the institution, as those who enforce the law, the social agents who appealed to it introducing a minor in need of a legal guardian and, mainly, the children, adolescent and the young who had their history preserved in the Guardianship Court records. Therefore, we were able to comprehend the family dynamics in which the social political and economic structure ended up interceding through the District Court of Orphans of Porto Alegre.

The purpose of this research was to highlight the benefits of a Memory Box Programme on the social and emotional developmental functioning of orphaned children. The study focused on the memory box approach used by Sinomlando Centre with orphaned children. The Sinomlando Memory Box Programme has been in existence since 2000. The overall objective of this Memory Box Programme is to enhance resilience in vulnerable children and orphans affected by HIV and AIDS through the methodology of memory boxes In contributing to the discourse on memory work, an interpretive method of data collection and analysis in the form of a focus group discussion and thematic analysis was utilized in this study. Three focus groups were conducted with 26 orphaned children between the ages of 12 years to 15 years. Sampling of the children was based on a purposive sample, targeting children orphaned by AIDS who attended a 5-day camp conducted through a local NGO. The results of the study indicate that children who attended the Sinomlando Memory Box Programme had benefited from their involvement in the programme in diverse ways. They felt that being involved in a Memory Box Programme equipped them with better coping mechanisms and skills. These included the appropriate expression of feelings, the ability to talk about their parent’s death, and overcoming their sense of alienation so they could better cope with their difficult circumstances. / Thesis (M.A.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

This dissertation studies poverty and the economics of child-headed and grandmother-headed households in Sebokeng. The study takes interest in five main areas, namely, poverty, unemployment, child and grandmother-headed households, the state of poverty and unemployment in Sebokeng as well as the living conditions of child and grandmother-headed households in Sebokeng. The approach in this dissertation was to define and measure poverty and unemployment and to determine the poor population of Sebokeng. This was done by making use of household level indicators. Poverty was measured by employing the following indicators: the Household Subsistence level (HSL) as poverty line, the head count index, the poverty gap and the dependency ratio. A comparison was done between Sebokeng and Bophelong. Sebokeng has a higher level of poverty (85%) than that of Bophelong (67%) while the unemployment rates (27%) is lower than that of Bophelong (31%). Most indicators (level of education, income, expenditure) prove that Bophelong is better off compared to Sebokeng. This dissertation takes further interest in comparing child and grandmother-headed households to “normal” households in Sebokeng. The study found that the main source of income for child-headed households is foster and child support grants (54%) while pension grants serve as the main source of income for both grandmother-headed households and “normal” households (65%).The study therefore proves that child-headed households are worse off financially and otherwise in comparison to grandmother-headed and “normal” households. If more social worker assistance was available to these orphans in the form of assistance with the application for identity documents and birth certificates at the Department of Home Affairs, these orphans would not be as worse-off as was found in this study. The dissertation concludes that the depth of poverty in child-headed households is thus greater than that of grandmother-headed and “normal” households, and it recommends that government should take further steps to reduce the unemployment rate by paying attention to the preferred skills of the population of Poverty and the economics of child and grandmother-headed households in Sebokeng. Sebokeng by offering training to enhance those skills. Food gardening projects should be organised so that the poor can sustain themselves and earn an income in the process. The dissertation also recommends that government should take more interest in improving the lives of these orphans by encouraging them to go to school and in obtaining identity documents. This can be possible through the assistance of social workers as these two elements can open many doors to a better life for these orphans. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

This dissertation studies poverty and the economics of child-headed and grandmother-headed households in Sebokeng. The study takes interest in five main areas, namely, poverty, unemployment, child and grandmother-headed households, the state of poverty and unemployment in Sebokeng as well as the living conditions of child and grandmother-headed households in Sebokeng. The approach in this dissertation was to define and measure poverty and unemployment and to determine the poor population of Sebokeng. This was done by making use of household level indicators. Poverty was measured by employing the following indicators: the Household Subsistence level (HSL) as poverty line, the head count index, the poverty gap and the dependency ratio. A comparison was done between Sebokeng and Bophelong. Sebokeng has a higher level of poverty (85%) than that of Bophelong (67%) while the unemployment rates (27%) is lower than that of Bophelong (31%). Most indicators (level of education, income, expenditure) prove that Bophelong is better off compared to Sebokeng. This dissertation takes further interest in comparing child and grandmother-headed households to “normal” households in Sebokeng. The study found that the main source of income for child-headed households is foster and child support grants (54%) while pension grants serve as the main source of income for both grandmother-headed households and “normal” households (65%).The study therefore proves that child-headed households are worse off financially and otherwise in comparison to grandmother-headed and “normal” households. If more social worker assistance was available to these orphans in the form of assistance with the application for identity documents and birth certificates at the Department of Home Affairs, these orphans would not be as worse-off as was found in this study. The dissertation concludes that the depth of poverty in child-headed households is thus greater than that of grandmother-headed and “normal” households, and it recommends that government should take further steps to reduce the unemployment rate by paying attention to the preferred skills of the population of Poverty and the economics of child and grandmother-headed households in Sebokeng. Sebokeng by offering training to enhance those skills. Food gardening projects should be organised so that the poor can sustain themselves and earn an income in the process. The dissertation also recommends that government should take more interest in improving the lives of these orphans by encouraging them to go to school and in obtaining identity documents. This can be possible through the assistance of social workers as these two elements can open many doors to a better life for these orphans. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

Les deux personnages dont nous faisons l'analyse sont Gavroche dans Les Misérables de Victor Hugo (1862) et Jacquou dans Jacquou le Croquant d'Eugène Le Roy (1899). Gavroche, scion l'expression de Jacques Neefs, est considéré comme un "bâtard" de la société et Jacquou comme le pauvre fils d'un paysan criminel. Tous deux ont en commun le fait qu'ils incarnent une représentation d'un esprit révolutionnaire et de rébellion contre l'ordre établi. Nous considérons la situation de ces deux jeunes enfants face à la fatalité et aux injustices sociales tout en rappelant le fait que leur sort est lié aux conditions politiques, économiques et sociales du début du XIXe siècle. Notre problématique principale est de savoir si, selon qu'un enfant grandissait à la ville ou la campagne, son sort était différent et s'il avait plus de chance de "s'en sortir" sachant qu'à la base nos deux jeunes héros ont un point commun : ils grandissent sans parent.

This thesis focuses on the perceptions and experiences of Rwandan children living in rural child headed households regarding malaria, and how these perceptions and experiences compare to their other health concerns. Despite the attention given to malaria by the international community and the Rwandan government, and the numerous studies that have documented the material and socioeconomic poverty that characterizes the lives of child headed households, Rwandan children’s perspectives regarding their health have rarely been elicited. Through the use of drawing activities and semi-structured interviews with 37 children between the ages of six to eighteen years, living in 14 child headed households, I explore how poverty shapes their understandings, experiences and responses to malaria, and the variation in these perceptions and experiences based on age and gender. Malaria, although a concern for the children, is simply one of many challenges they face in a context characterised by poverty, and structured risk to poor health outcomes. These barriers, along with the other health concerns expressed by the children, receive little attention from informal and organised networks of support, which results in the children bearing a disproportionate burden of social suffering. Insight into structural violence is gained through interviews with NGOs who have or are currently working with child headed households. These interviews illustrate how larger socio-political and economic forces shape the lived reality of the children. Additionally, interviews with community members who offer support to the children illustrate how social ideologies affect local level perceptions and responses to child headed households.