This paper examined the inter-rater reliability of psychological assessments in practical field with 42 inmates’ PCL-R scores. As results, this study showed similar ICC and SEM values to those from PCL-manual. Concerning PCL-R structure, factor 2 showed higher ICC value than factor 1, and facet 4 showed higher ICC value than facet 1, 2, or 3. Especially, facet 2 showed low ICC value. Those are consistent with previous studies. However, ICC yielded by factor 2 only and both factor 1 and 2 showed similar ICC values. Considering theoretical and clinical aspects, it was recommendable to use PCL-R total score as risk assessment, though interpreting facet 2 requires cautions. Concerning to rater’s characteristics, the most influential factor to keep the PCL-R reliability was conducting it on regular basis, rather than licensed status. It was difficult to examine whether or not singed-off contribute to maintain sufficient reliability due to small sample size. In regression model, all rater related variables were not significantly correlated to PCL-R score change between two assessment occasions. PCL-R scores at Time 1 was moderately and negatively correlated to PCL-R score change. This indicated natural regression toward the mean. It is desirable to conduct additional study after obtaining more sample and rater related information, such as clinical experience. Additionally, it requires a consideration to apply findings in this study to female psychopathic subjects. As a policy implication, it is recommendable for personnel division to have psychologists to remain in their psychological work.

Although their numbers are in the minority in the general offender population, psychopathic offenders are responsible for a significant proportion of the most serious offenses committed (Hare, 1993, 2003). A particularly serious concern is that they are a notoriously challenging population to work with clinically and effectively treat (Polaschek, 2014; Salekin, 2002). Recent findings suggest, however, that psychopathic offenders are able to demonstrate treatment changes that translate into reduced recidivism (Olver & Wong, 2009). A greater understanding of the etiology and treatment responses of psychopathic offenders is needed (Salekin, 2002). Consequently, the present archival dissertation program of research aimed to explore the etiological and treatment response variables of psychopathic and nonpsychopathic sexual offenders in a sample of 302 federal inmates. The influence of psychopathy, risk, and treatment change as it pertained to rates of long-term recidivism was explored. Further, to add to the growing body of literature suggesting that psychopathy may be best conceptualized as different subtypes, cluster analysis was utilized to examine the potential of subtypes of psychopathic offenders who respond differently to treatment. Finally, it has been proposed that psychopathic traits may be adaptive and thus, treatment resistant (Harris & Rice, 2006). Therefore, the relationship between treatment response and evolutionarily relevant variables was explored. Phase one results were consistent with past findings (Olver & Wong, 2009; Olver, Stockdale, & Wormith, 2011) where psychopathic offenders demonstrated higher rates of treatment drop out, but the majority did complete treatment in the current sample. Furthermore, although psychopathic offenders amassed fewer risk relevant treatment gains than their nonpsychopathic counterparts on the whole, there was a group of psychopathic individuals whose therapeutic gains were high and resulted in similar recidivism rates to the nonpsychopathic offenders. Finally, after controlling for comprehensive baseline risk level and treatment change, the PCL-R no longer significantly predicted violent or sexual recidivism. Moreover, treatment change was associated with reduced recidivism, regardless of risk level or psychopathy. This provided support for Wong and colleagues (2012) two component model for the treatment of psychopathy, wherein if service providers can manage and respond to the specific responsivity issues with psychopathic individuals and increase their engagement in treatment, then risk relevant changes that result in lower recidivism are possible. In phase two, two subtypes of psychopathic offenders were found using PCL-R facet scores that were consistent with the primary and secondary distinction. The primary subtype demonstrated a high degree of the classic psychopathic personality traits, whereas the secondary type had more behavioral and lifestyle traits and to a lesser degree, the callous personality. In terms of external variables, the secondary group had slightly higher risk levels, treatment change, and rates of violent reoffending, but the differences failed to reach statistical significance. Finally, in phase three, there was evidence for psychopathy’s relationship with proxies for adaptation, but the evidence for adaptation had little bearing on treatment response. Furthermore, the adaptive markers were largely accounted for by the general antisociality of psychopathy, rather than the psychopathic personality itself. The results were then integrated and implications for the future treatment of psychopathic offenders were discussed.

Föreliggande studie har undersökt psykopati som begrepp i populärkulturen och i relation till film. Psykopaten i film framställs som alltifrån en sadistisk våldtäktsman, en charmig gentleman till en våldsam seriemördare. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur väl bilden av filmpsykopaten stämmer överens med den kliniska definitionen och Hares Psykopatichecklista, PCL-R. Nitton filmer valdes ut som underlag där minst en karaktär beskrevs som psykopat. Vid analys noterades huruvida en specifik bedömningspunkt på PCL-R förekom hos en filmkaraktär eller inte. Således jämfördes karaktärerna med den kliniska psykologins bedömning av psykopati. Resultatet antydde att endast 6 av 20 filmkaraktärer kunde klassas som psykopater. Detta på grund av att filmskapare eftertraktar en intressant karaktär, och kan då överdriva vissa drag samt utnyttja de rådande stereotyperna av psykopati för att skapa spänning. Konsekvensen av detta kan bli att allmänheten får en förvrängd bild av psykopati på grund av hur det porträtteras i populärkulturen.

The purpose of this systematic review was to characterize further the structural differences in the prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic regions and amygdala alone in psychopaths. Psychopathy is a multifaceted personality disorder characterized by interpersonal and affective traits like lack of empathy, guilt or remorse, shallow affect, and carelessness, as well as behavioral traits such as impulsivity, and poor behavioral control. In recent years, the interest in the neuroanatomical differences in psychopaths has grown. This review aims to understand the prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic areas, and how these regions differ between psychopathic patients and healthy controls. By systematically screening articles that used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel based morphometry (VBM) the studies in this review examined people with psychopathic traits. To assess for psychopathy, the most used assessment tool, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was used. Results show that the higher the PCL-R scores of the offenders, the less gray matter volume was found in the superior parts of the prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic areas. Additionally, amygdala deficits in individuals with psychopathy were found. This systematic review may benefit in the way that if we increase our understanding of psychopathy and pave the way forthe creation of effective psychopathic treatments it could prevent future acts of violence. The link between a structural brain anomaly and psychopathy may have a profound clinical, legal, and scientific impact. A psychopathy diagnosis may serve as a precursor to severe societal violence.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-06-20T17:56:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Julia Nunes de Souza Teixeira.pdf: 1102437 bytes, checksum: ba92bf6daf45c58fbe96e7ba4c524dab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-20T17:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julia Nunes de Souza Teixeira.pdf: 1102437 bytes, checksum: ba92bf6daf45c58fbe96e7ba4c524dab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / This dissertation is organized into two articles that aim to to understand psychopathic traits in sex offender against children and adolescents, as well as their relationship with the experience of victimization throughout life. The first article aims to systematically explore and synthesize the knowledge produced about the use of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised - PCLR in sex offender against children and adolescents. It was found a total of 19 articles through which it was possible to verify that PCL-R, in most cases, can be considered a useful and valid instrument to assess the psychopathy in SVA in the cultural contexts in which the instrument was applied, as well as as to predict criminal recidivism in this specific sample. The second article is an empirical study, whose main objective was to investigate the personality traits of SVA through PCL-R and the victimizations suffered by them through the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire - JVQ. Thirty SVA, male volunteers, serving a prison sentence in a state penitentiary in the state of Goiás, were divided into two groups: G1 AVS considered psychopathic (PCL-R≥30 points) and G2 (SVA (PCL-R <30) not considered psychopathics .The results indicated that 33.3% of the sample met the criteria for psychopathy (score> 30 in PCL-R). The results showed significant differences between groups: the younger the SVA, the greater the PCL-R score; the higher the PCL-R score, the greater the variety of crimes committed, the greater the number of victims, the more escapes and rebellions, the greater the number of cases responding and the longer the total time of punishment. The results also indicated a positive correlation between the PCL-R score and G1 malpractice, revealing that the higher the PCL-R score, the greater the number of victimizations suffered in the maltreatment screening. / A presente dissertação de mestrado está organizada em dois artigos que têm como objetivo compreender os traços de psicopatia em autores de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes (AVS), assim como a relação desses traços com a vivência de vitimização ao longo da vida. O primeiro artigo tem como objetivo explorar e sintetizar o conhecimento produzido sobre o uso do Psychopathy Checklist-Revised - PCL-R em autores de violência sexual. Foi encontrado um total de 19 artigos por meio dos quais foi possível constatar que o PCL-R, na maioria dos casos, pode ser considerado um instrumento útil e válido para avaliar a psicopatia em AVS nos contextos culturais em que o instrumento foi aplicado, bem como para prever a reincidência criminal nessa amostra específica. O segundo artigo trata de um estudo empírico, cujo objetivo principal foi investigar os traços de personalidade de AVS por meio do PCL-R e as vitimizações sofridas por eles por meio do Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire - JVQ. Participaram do estudo 30 AVS, voluntários, do sexo masculino, cumprindo pena em regime fechado em uma penitenciária do estado de Goiás, que foram subdivididos em dois grupos: G1 AVS considerados psicopatas (PCL-R³ 30 pontos) e o G2 (AVS não considerados psicopatas (PCL-R< 30). Os resultados indicaram que 33,3% da amostra preenchiam os critérios para psicopatia (pontuação > 30 no PCL-R). Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos: quanto mais jovem o AVS maior foi a pontuação no PCL-R; quanto mais elevada a pontuação no PCL-R, maior a variedade de crimes cometidos, maior o número de vítimas, mais fugas e rebeliões, maior o número de processos que respondiam e maior o tempo total de pena. Os resultados apontaram também correlação positiva entre a pontuação no PCL-R e maus tratos para o G1, revelando que quanto maior a pontuação no PCL-R, maior o número de vitimizações sofridas no crivo maus tratos.

MORANA, HCP. Identificação do ponto de corte para a escala PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist Revised) em população forense brasileira : caracterização de dois subtipos de personalidade ; transtorno global e parcial. São Paulo, 2003. 178p. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. No Brasil, não existem até o momento, na esfera jurídico-penal, instrumentos padronizados que permitam a identificação de sujeitos que possam vir a reincidir em crimes, principalmente os de natureza violenta e cruel. O PCL-R, já amplamente utilizado e institucionalizado em diversos países, preenche esta lacuna. Este estudo visa discriminar, através da análise da personalidade, sujeitos considerados psicopatas e não psicopatas, correlacionados neste estudo como transtorno global (TG) e parcial (TP) da personalidade, respectivamente. O grupo de estudo é composto por 56 sujeitos denominados de POPULAÇÃO FORENSE, sendo: 33 sujeitos identificados como TG e 23 sujeitos identificados como TP. Todos os 56 sujeitos foram analisados através dos dados clínicos, institucionais, da Prova de Rorschach e do PCL-R. Esta população foi comparada a 30 sujeitos denominados de POPULAÇÃO CONTROLE, e que também foram avaliados pelos mesmos instrumentos do grupo de estudo. A personalidade, de ambos os grupos da população forense, se relaciona a condutas anti-sociais, mas apresenta diferenças quanto à dinâmica psíquica e às repercussões sobre o comportamento. A correta identificação de tais sujeitos apresenta implicações diversas para o sistema forense e penitenciário e pode vir a contribuir para diminuir os índices de reincidência criminal e de violência no país. A validação do instrumento (PCL-R) e identificação do ponto de corte para a condição de psicopatia (TG em nossa notação) foi realizada através do uso concorrente entre ambos os instrumentos e resultou no valor de 23 (IC=21,61 a 24,05). A média encontrada foi de 28,63 (IC=26,78 a 30,48). O valor da medida da sensibilidade foi de 84,8% e a confiabilidade entre ambos os instrumentos, medida através do índice Kappa, foi considerada elevada, resultando no valor de 0,8735. / MORANA, HCP. Identifying the Brazilian PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist Revised) cut-off score for forensic population : characterizing two personality subtypes; global personality disorder (GPD) and Partial personality disorder (PPD). São Paulo, 2003. 178p. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. In Brazil, there have been no standardized instruments in the legal and penal field so far that enable-identifying subjects who may relapse into crime, mainly those crimes of violent and cruel nature. The PCL-R, broadly used and institutionalized in several countries, fills such gap. The goal of the present study is to discriminate, through in-depth personality assessment, subjects considered psychopathic and non-psychopathic, correlated in this study to individuals specified as having global personality disorder (GPD) and partial personality disorder (PPD), respectively. The sample is composed of a random sample of 56 male subjects referred to as forensic population, these being: 33 subjects identified as GPD and 23 subjects identified as PPD. All 56 subjects have been assessed on the light of clinical data, judicial records, the Rorschach Test and the PCL-R. This population was compared to 30 subjects referred to as non-criminal population, and who have also been assessed via the same instruments as the sample. The personality of both forensic population groups fulfills ICD-10 criteria for antisocial personality disorder, but differences in terms of their psychic dynamics and personality determinants can be clearly identified, which impacts upon their social behavior in different ways. The accurate identification of such subjects presents multiple implications to the forensic and penitentiary system, and may contribute to reduce recidivism rates as well as violence levels in the country. Validation of the instrument (PCL-R) and identification of the cut-off score for the psychopathic condition (GPD in our notation), for the sample drawn from the Brazilian forensic population has been conducted through the concurrent analysis of both instruments of assessment, resulting in a 23 cut-off score (CI = 21.61 to 24,05). The average value is 28,63 (CI= 26,78 to 30, 48). Sensitivity outcome is 84,8%. Specificity is 100%. The reliability rates found for both instruments were high (Kappa = 0.8735).

MORANA, HCP. Identificação do ponto de corte para a escala PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist Revised) em população forense brasileira : caracterização de dois subtipos de personalidade ; transtorno global e parcial. São Paulo, 2003. 178p. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. No Brasil, não existem até o momento, na esfera jurídico-penal, instrumentos padronizados que permitam a identificação de sujeitos que possam vir a reincidir em crimes, principalmente os de natureza violenta e cruel. O PCL-R, já amplamente utilizado e institucionalizado em diversos países, preenche esta lacuna. Este estudo visa discriminar, através da análise da personalidade, sujeitos considerados psicopatas e não psicopatas, correlacionados neste estudo como transtorno global (TG) e parcial (TP) da personalidade, respectivamente. O grupo de estudo é composto por 56 sujeitos denominados de POPULAÇÃO FORENSE, sendo: 33 sujeitos identificados como TG e 23 sujeitos identificados como TP. Todos os 56 sujeitos foram analisados através dos dados clínicos, institucionais, da Prova de Rorschach e do PCL-R. Esta população foi comparada a 30 sujeitos denominados de POPULAÇÃO CONTROLE, e que também foram avaliados pelos mesmos instrumentos do grupo de estudo. A personalidade, de ambos os grupos da população forense, se relaciona a condutas anti-sociais, mas apresenta diferenças quanto à dinâmica psíquica e às repercussões sobre o comportamento. A correta identificação de tais sujeitos apresenta implicações diversas para o sistema forense e penitenciário e pode vir a contribuir para diminuir os índices de reincidência criminal e de violência no país. A validação do instrumento (PCL-R) e identificação do ponto de corte para a condição de psicopatia (TG em nossa notação) foi realizada através do uso concorrente entre ambos os instrumentos e resultou no valor de 23 (IC=21,61 a 24,05). A média encontrada foi de 28,63 (IC=26,78 a 30,48). O valor da medida da sensibilidade foi de 84,8% e a confiabilidade entre ambos os instrumentos, medida através do índice Kappa, foi considerada elevada, resultando no valor de 0,8735. / MORANA, HCP. Identifying the Brazilian PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist Revised) cut-off score for forensic population : characterizing two personality subtypes; global personality disorder (GPD) and Partial personality disorder (PPD). São Paulo, 2003. 178p. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. In Brazil, there have been no standardized instruments in the legal and penal field so far that enable-identifying subjects who may relapse into crime, mainly those crimes of violent and cruel nature. The PCL-R, broadly used and institutionalized in several countries, fills such gap. The goal of the present study is to discriminate, through in-depth personality assessment, subjects considered psychopathic and non-psychopathic, correlated in this study to individuals specified as having global personality disorder (GPD) and partial personality disorder (PPD), respectively. The sample is composed of a random sample of 56 male subjects referred to as forensic population, these being: 33 subjects identified as GPD and 23 subjects identified as PPD. All 56 subjects have been assessed on the light of clinical data, judicial records, the Rorschach Test and the PCL-R. This population was compared to 30 subjects referred to as non-criminal population, and who have also been assessed via the same instruments as the sample. The personality of both forensic population groups fulfills ICD-10 criteria for antisocial personality disorder, but differences in terms of their psychic dynamics and personality determinants can be clearly identified, which impacts upon their social behavior in different ways. The accurate identification of such subjects presents multiple implications to the forensic and penitentiary system, and may contribute to reduce recidivism rates as well as violence levels in the country. Validation of the instrument (PCL-R) and identification of the cut-off score for the psychopathic condition (GPD in our notation), for the sample drawn from the Brazilian forensic population has been conducted through the concurrent analysis of both instruments of assessment, resulting in a 23 cut-off score (CI = 21.61 to 24,05). The average value is 28,63 (CI= 26,78 to 30, 48). Sensitivity outcome is 84,8%. Specificity is 100%. The reliability rates found for both instruments were high (Kappa = 0.8735).

Psychopaths constitute only an estimated 1% of the population, yet they are responsible for a disproportionately large number of violent and nonviolent crimes. The literature addressing this syndrome among male offenders is quite extensive. In contrast, psychopathy and its underlying factor structure remains understudied among female offenders. Research has suggested marked gender differences in the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and underlying dimensions of psychopathy. This study examined the dimensions of psychopathy in a female offender sample. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and the Self Report Psychopathy-II (SRP-II) were administered to 119 female inmates at Tarrant County Jail in Fort Worth, TX. Confirmatory factor analyses of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) did not support the use of the traditional two factor male model or a recently proposed two- factor female model. This thesis also addressed females' self-appraisal of PCL-R Factor 1 characteristics as well as the usefulness of the self-administered Self-Report Psychopathy-II as a screen for psychopathy.

El objetivo general era estudiar el patrón de relaciones de la psicopatía, entendida como un constructo jerárquico subdividido en dos factores y cuatro facetas (interpersonal, afectiva, estilo impulsivo/irresponsable y antisocial), con variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas, criminológicas y diversos indicadores de la experiencia emocional, utilizando el paradigma de la visión de imágenes. El estudio se realizó en un centro penitenciario con 75 internos penados, evaluados mediante el Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) de R. D. Hare (2003). Las medidas registradas en un contexto de laboratorio incluían indicadores de: a) la experiencia emocional ante distintos estímulos afectivos, evaluada directa (estimaciones en valencia afectiva, arousal y dominancia) e indirectamente (tiempo de reacción de discriminación afectiva); b) la reactividad fisiológica ante esos estímulos, a nivel autonómico (conductancia de la piel y tasa cardíaca) y somático (actividad electromiográfica de los músculos faciales corrugador, cigomático y orbicular del ojo); y c) la reactividad defensiva, mediante la modulación del reflejo de sobresalto. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos respaldan empíricamente la utilidad del modelo de las cuatro facetas de la psicopatía de Hare en población penitenciaria y, en particular, la asociación exclusiva de las características afectivas del síndrome (crueldad, ausencia de empatía.) con una anomalía emocional de carácter básico y, quizá derivado de lo anterior, con un patrón de comportamiento antisocial y violento.

Varje dag utförs riskbedömningar inom rättspsykiatri och kriminalvård. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka det vetenskapliga underlaget för riskbedömningar. Uppsatsen inleds med en kort beskrivning av i vilka sammanhang riskbedömningar används och den traditionella uppfattningen av hur området och instrumenten har utvecklats. Sedan följer en genomgång av olika studier som behandlar bedömningarnas träffsäkerhet generellt samt mellan olika generationer av bedömningar. Därnäst redovisas och framförs kritik mot validiteten i Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R, Hare, 1991) och dess tillämpning inom riskbedömningar. Avslutningsvis analyseras psykopatibegreppet utifrån Ian Hackings teorier om ”human kinds” och ”loopingeffekter” och det förs en kort diskussion av tänkbara konsekvenser av och farhågor kring användningen av PCL-R och psykopatibegreppet generellt. / Every day, forensic risk assessments are carried out. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate their scientific grounds. Initially, a short description of the contexts in which risk assesments are carried out, as well as a description of the historical development of risk assesment instruments are provided. A summary of evaluations of different types of risk assessments and their predictive validity is presented, followed by a critique on the validity of the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R, Hare, 1991) and its use in risk assesments. The psychopathy construct is analysed in relation to Ian Hacking’s theories of human kinds and looping effects and potential risks and consequences of the application of PCL-R and the psychopathy construct are discussed.