ABSTRACT Many aspects of speculative multithreading have been under constant and crucial research in the recent times with the increased importance in exploiting parallelism in single thread applications. One of the important architectural optimizations that is very pertinent in this scenario is branch prediction. Branch Prediction assumes increased importance for multi-threading systems that execute threads speculatively, since wrong predictions can be much costlier here, in terms of threads, than a few instructions that occupy the pipeline in a uni-processor. Conventional branch prediction techniques have provided increasingly better prediction accuracies for uni-core processing. But the branch prediction itself takes on a whole new dimension when applied to multi-core architectures based on Speculative Multithreading. Dependence on global branch history has helped branch predictors to achieve high prediction accuracy in single thread applications. The discontinuity of global history created at the thread boundaries cripple the performance of branch predictors in a multi-threaded environment. Many studies in the past have tried to address the branch history problem to improve the prediction accuracy. Most of these have been found either to be architecture specific or complex in terms of the hardware needed to recreate or approximate the right history to be given to the threads when they start executing out of order. This hardware overhead increases as the number and size of threads increase thereby limiting the scalability of the algorithms proposed so far. The current thesis takes a different direction and proposes a simple and scalable solution to effectively reduce the misprediction rates in Speculative Multithreaded systems. This is accomplished by making use of a synergistic interaction between threads to boost the inherent biased nature of branches and using less complex hardware to reduce aliasing between branches in the threads. The study proposes a new scheme called the Global Broadcast Buffer scheme to effectively reduce branch mispredictions in Speculative Multithreaded architectures.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19291号 / 工博第4088号 / 新制||工||1630(附属図書館) / 32293 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 大津 宏康, 准教授 松島 格也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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While a large body of literature exists related to discrimination in schools and the school-to-prison pipeline, few studies connect this literature to perceptions of school climate. The purpose of this study is to examine middle and high school students’ perceptions of school climate using an intersectional theoretical framework. Participants include 812 middle and high school students across the United States. Exploratory principal axis factor analysis included four subscales: perceptions of attachment to school staff, perceptions of school environment, perceptions of school belonging, and perceptions of effective school staff. Linear regressions for each subscale were performed, and gender, racial, sexuality, and ability comparisons were established. Findings suggest that students diagnosed by a mental health professional, students placed in special education, and students that have been suspended and or expelled are more likely to perceive their school climate as unfavorable across the school climate subscales and school-to-prison pipeline demographic variables.

The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is a sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) obligate that depends on sagebrush habitats for food and cover throughout its life cycle. Invasive species, frequent fires, overgrazing, conversion of land to agriculture, energy development, and many other factors have contributed to recent declines in both quantity and quality of sagebrush-steppe habitats required by pygmy rabbits. Because of the many threats to these habitats and the believed decline of pygmy rabbit populations, there is a need to further understand habitat requirements for this species and how they respond to disturbance. This study evaluated habitat selection by pygmy rabbits in Utah and assessed response of this small lagomorph to construction of a large-scale pipeline (i.e. Ruby pipeline) in Utah. We collected habitat data across Utah at occupied sites (pygmy rabbit occupied burrows) and compared these data to similar measurements at unoccupied sites (random locations within sagebrush habitat where pygmy rabbits were not observed). Variables such as horizontal obscurity, elevation, percent understory composed of sagebrush and other shrubs, and sagebrush decadence best described between occupied (active burrow) and unoccupied (randomly selected) sites. Occupied sites had greater amounts of horizontal obscurity, were located at higher elevations, had greater percentage of understory comprised of sagebrush and shrubs, and had less decadent sagebrush. When considering habitat alterations or management these variables should be considered to enhance and protect existing habitat for pygmy rabbits. The Ruby pipeline was a large-scale pipeline project that required the removal of vegetation and the excavation of soil in a continuous linear path for the length of the pipeline. The area that was disturbed is referred to as the right of way (ROW). From our assessment of pygmy rabbit response to construction of the Ruby pipeline, we found evidence for habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of this disturbance. The size of pygmy rabbit space-use areas and home ranges decreased post construction, rabbits shifted core-use areas away from the ROW, and there were fewer movements of collared rabbits across the ROW. Mitigation efforts should consider any action which may reduce restoration time and facilitate movements of rabbits across disturbed areas.

[pt] Este trabalho aborda uma análise do problema de interação solo-duto através de modelagem em centrífuga da movimentação lateral e axial de dutos em modelos de areia submersa. Foi quantificada a resposta do solo ante a movimentação do duto em termos de mobilização das resistências pico (breakout), da evolução das forças resistentes durante a formação das bermas, e das trajetórias de forças vertical-lateral/axial combinadas que definem uma possível envoltória de fluência. Foi adotada uma simplificação básica dos cenários encontrados comumente na prática offshore. Para tanto, foram realizadas duas séries de ensaios em centrífuga geotécnica, aplicando deslocamentos laterais e axiais controlados em dutos com células de carga horizontal e vertical. Analisou-se históricos de carregamento plausíveis de acontecer no processo de lançamento do duto. Avaliou-se a influência do relaxamento das forças verticais decorrentes do enterramento do duto na mobilização das resistências lateral e axial. Resultados típicos dos ensaios são apresentados. Foi identificada a variação da resistência mobilizada, em termos de forças de breakout e forças máximas nas bermas, em função à relação entre as forças verticais de enterramento e as forças verticais no início da movimentação do duto. Os resultados revelam superfícies de fluência parabólicas em condições de carregamento vertical e lateral/axial combinado. Foi observado que as distâncias de mobilização das resistências axiais de breakout aumentaram em relação à porcentagem de enterramento do duto (w/D) divergindo de valores estimados na prática offshore que propõem distâncias constantes. / [en] This study concerns the analysis of soil-pipeline interaction through centrifuge modelling of cyclic lateral and axial of pipeline movement in submerged sand models. Soil response related to pipeline movement was quantified in terms of breakout, evolution of resistance forces during berm formation, combined vertical-lateral/axial trajectories of forces that define a possible yield envelope. A simplification of common offshore scenarios was adopted. Two series of geotechnical centrifuge tests were accomplished by applying controlled lateral and axial movements to assess load history possible to occur in the process of pipeline laying. The influence of vertical stress relaxation due to pipeline embedment was assessed relative to vertical forces in the instance of the movements. Typical assay results are related. The variation of the mobilized resistance was identified in terms of breakout forces and maximum forces in the berms relative to vertical force history due to pipeline embedment. The results revealed parabolic yield surface in combined vertical-lateral/axial loading conditions. The mobilized distances of the breakout axial resistance increased in relation to pipeline embedment percentage (w/D) diverging from values estimated in offshore practice that propose constant distances.