Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'un diélectrique de type ferroélectrique pour une application aux transistors organiques. La configuration adoptée est de type bottom-gate top- contact. Le matériau semi-conducteur utilisé est un transporteur d'électrons. Dans la première partie de ce projet, nous avons réalisé des transistors organiques à effet de champ (OFETs) avec une couche de PMMA comme diélectrique de grille. Ce matériau, très étudié et connu, permet d'avoir un composant servant de référence. Nous avons également mené une étude sur la longueur de canal, la vitesse de dépôt du semi-conducteur organique et l'épaisseur du diélectrique, en vue d'en déduire l'influence de ces grandeurs sur les performances électriques des OFETs. Après l'optimisation de ces paramètres, nous avons démontré une amélioration de la mobilité des porteurs, une augmentation du rapport Ion/Ioff, une amélioration de la capacité et une diminution des tensions d'alimentation et de seuil. Ces résultats ont été interprétés à l'aide de caractérisations électriques. Dans un second temps, le diélectrique ferroélectrique poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) a été ajouté au composant, afin de réaliser un diélectrique hybride avec le PMMA. Ce dernier permet de combiner les avantages de la haute permittivité relative du P(VDF-TrFE), et de la faible rugosité du film de PMMA en contact avec le semiconducteur. Une étude comparative a été effectuée avec les transistors de référence. Il en ressort, pour une épaisseur identique de diélectrique, une diminution des tensions d'alimentation et de seuil, et une amélioration de la mobilité des charges avec l'OFET implémentant le matériau ferroélectrique. La discussion de ces résultats est appuyée par des caractérisations électriques et morphologiques. / This thesis deals with the study of a ferroelectric material as gate dielectric for organic transistor applications. The configuration adopted is bottom-gate top-contact. The semiconductor used is an electron transport material. In a first part, we made organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with a layer of PMMA as a gate dielectric. This material, very studied and well known, serves as reference. We also carried out a study on the channel length, the organic semiconductor deposition rate and the dielectric thickness, in order to deduce the impact of these parameters on OFETs performances. After optimization, we have demonstrated an improvement of the mobility, on/off current ratio, capacitance and a reduction of supply and threshold voltages. These results have been interpreted using electrical characterizations. In a second step, the poly (vinylidenefluoride-co- trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) ferroelectric material was added to provide a hybrid dielectric with PMMA. This OFET combine the advantages of high permittivity of P(VDF-TrFE) and low roughness of PMMA. A comparative study was carried out with reference transistors. For same dielectric thickness, a reduction of the supply and threshold voltages and an improvement of the mobility is obtained for the OFET implementing ferroelectric material. The discussion of these results is supported by electrical and morphological characterizations.

Sub-surface modification using a frequency doubled Ti: Sapphire femtosecond (fs) laser at 1kHz repetition rate, producing 100-fs pulse duration at 400nm, is studied in order to fabricate optical components within non-photosensitised polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This thesis explores the feasibility of producing three-dimensional optical devices in bulk polymers and polymer optical fibre (POF) using fs laser direct-writing techniques. For effective and optimal structuring, the laser writing parameters and focusing conditions, such as focusing depth, translation speed, and accumulated fluence are investigated by means of photo-modification thresholds; structural changes in dimensions and morphologies; and the magnitude of the refractive index modulation. The highest refractive index change is 3.2x10^(-3) achieved by using a dry (non-immersion) 0.45-NA objective for a single laser scan. Variations in damage threshold with focusing depths are attributed to a combination of material absorption or surface scattering of light due to contamination or surface imperfections, as well as oxygen diffusion and spherical aberration. Distortion of the laser-induced feature size and shape due to spherical aberrations is controlled and compensated by adjusting the laser power near the damage threshold. Permanent refractive index structures with cross-sectional dimensions of 2μm by 0.9μm and 3μm by 1.4μm are demonstrated at depths of 300μm and 500μm below the surface, resulting in the axial/ lateral ratio of 2.2 and 2.1, respectively. A novel phenomenon relevant to effects of translation speed on the fs laser modification is observed for the first time. As translation speeds reduce from 1.2 to 0.6mm/s, the optical damage threshold power decreases by 6μW, whilst other writing conditions remain constant. However, the damage threshold increases by 74μW with decreasing speeds from 0.6 to 0.35mm/s. This significant increase in threshold power enables inscription of refractive index gratings <5μm below the surface, because irradiation on the surface or near the surface initiates ablation rather than refractive index changes, and this forms a limit for writing useful structures. Compensating for this limit by using appropriate writing parameters highlights the potential of fabricating three-dimensional integrated optical circuits in thin (100μm) polymer substrates. Finally, highly localised fabrication of long period gratings into step-index single mode polymer fibres is demonstrated by removing distortion effects due to the curved surface. The distortion is compensated by sandwiching the fibre with two flat PMMA sheets, between which index-matching oil (n=1.5) is injected. This arrangement enables precise laser micro-structuring with flat interfaces and continuous inner material. The first demonstration of a 250-μm-period fibre grating, resulting in attenuation bands in the visible spectral region at 613, 633, 728, 816, 853, 877 and 900nm, is presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04674.pdf: 2960498 bytes, checksum: 31da12ce5904c3db2729e9982663d7fe (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A calorimetria vem a ser uma importante técnica para análise dos processos de polimerização. Dado os benefícios que proporciona seu uso não deve estar limitado somente a grandes empresas, mas também nas micro e pequenas empresas, apoiando-as nas melhorias de seus processos e produtos, motivo este que norteia o desenvolvimento do presente estudo. A validação do sistema proposto baseou-se em comparar seu desempenho frente a um calorímetro tradicional, visando identificar sua capacidade de fornecer informações compatíveis, a um grau de confiança adequado, mesmo com as diferenças existentes. Realizou-se então um ANOVA, que permitiu identificar a existência de outras diferenças importantes entre os sistemas. Porém mesmo frente as diferenças, os resultados quanto à entalpia de reação obtidos em ambos os equipamentos, são considerados estatisticamente similares. As diferenças existentes somente impactaram a variável tempo de pico de reação. Desta forma, foi possível confirmar a capacidade do equipamento proposto em prover resultados confiáveis quando mantidas as mesmas condições de ensaio, porém a um menor custo. No caso de se respeitar as diferenças entre os equipamentos quando da realização dos testes, torna-se possível obter uma eficiência global em torno de 61,21%, quanto a ensaios de polimerização por iniciação térmica. No caso de ensaios envolvendo mecanismos de oxi-redução, pode-se aqui obter um percentual de 40,82%. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04674.pdf: 2960498 bytes, checksum: 31da12ce5904c3db2729e9982663d7fe (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-23T11:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T11:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O processamento por radiação gama para beneficiamento de produtos tem se tornado uma tecnologia aceita mundialmente. Tem como aplicações a esterilização de produtos médicos, a irradiação de alimentos e produtos agrícolas, a modificação de materiais poliméricos e biomateriais, a preservação de objetos de patrimônio cultural, a esterilização de tecidos humanos para transplante, a mudança de cor em gemas, dentre outros. Desde 2004, o Irradiador Multipropósito de Cobalto-60 do Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações do IPEN tem sido utilizado no estudo e aperfeiçoamento dessas aplicações com objetivos de pesquisa e no estabelecimento de aplicações rotineiras. Este, embora concebido para trabalhar no modo contínuo de irradiação, é utilizado no modo estacionário mais indicado para irradiações de materiais delicados ou de pesquisa. Neste trabalho foram validadas e verificadas experimentalmente as adequações dos métodos à irradiação estacionária; bem como as interrupções para medição de doses em dosímetros de polimetilmetacrilato em processos fracionados, onde seu uso se mostrou adequado para taxas de dose maiores que 2kGy·h-1. A descrição do processo de carga das fontes mostra a importância do seu planejamento e seu impacto na distribuição de taxas de dose. Os mapeamentos das doses e taxas de dose permitiram localizar regiões de valores homogêneos e máximos. Foi estabelecido um procedimento de irradiação de tecidos para aloenxertia utilizando monitoração dosimétrica externa. Foram levantados os custos e despesas de irradiação, aplicáveis a instalações governamentais. O balanço energético da piscina de armazenamento das fontes permitiu calcular o fluxo de calor do sistema e definir as condições máximas de operação sem trocador de calor. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Indentation hardness, H, has been widely used to characterize the mechanical properties of materials for more than a century because of the following advantages of this technique; (1) it requires small sample and (2) the test is non destructive in nature. Recent technological advances helped in the development of instrumented indentation machines which can record the load, P, vs. displacement, h, data continuously during indentation with excellent load and displacement resolutions. From these, H and the elastic modulus, E, of the indented material can be obtained on the basis of the ‘contact area’ of the indentation at the maximum load. The estimation of true contact area becomes difficult during ‘pile-up’ and ‘sink-in’, commonly observed phenomena while indentation of a low and high strain hardened materials. In order for the better understanding of these phenomena it is important to understand the plastic flow distribution under indenters. It is also important for the prediction of elastic-plastic properties from the P-h data. Recently, there have been considerable theoretical and simulation efforts on this front with a combination of dimensional analysis and finite element simulations. One of the important input parameter for the dimensional analysis is the ‘representative strain’ under the indenter, which is a strong function of the indenter geometry. However there is no comprehensive understanding of the representative strain under the indenter despite several studies till date. One objective of the present thesis is to conduct an experimental analysis of the plastic flow during the sharp indentation. The plastic zone size and shape under conical indenters of different apex angles in a pure and annealed copper were examined by employing the subsurface indentation technique to generate the hardness map. From these isostrain contours are constructed joining the data having similar strain values. The following are the key observations. (1) The plastic strain contours are elliptical in nature, spreading more along the direction of the indenter axis than the lateral direction. (2) The magnitude of the plastic strain in the contact region decreases with increasing the indenter angle. (3) The strain decay in the indentation direction follow a power-law relation with the distance. The estimated representative strains under the indenters, computed as the volume average strain within the elastic-plastic boundary, decreases with increasing indenter angle. We also performed finite element simulations to generate plastic flow distribution under the indenter geometries and compared with the experimental results. The results suggest that the experimental and computed average strains match well. However, the plastic strain contours do not, suggesting that further detailed understanding of the elasto-plastic deformation underneath the sharp indenter is essential before reliable estimates of plastic properties from the P-h curves can be made routinely. The second objective of this thesis is to understand plastic flow in amorphous alloys. It is now well established that plastic deformation in metallic glasses is pressure sensitive, owing to the fundamentally different mechanisms vis-à-vis the dislocation mediated plastic flow in crystalline metals alloys. Early work has shown that the pressure sensitivity of amorphous alloys gets reflected as high constraint factor, C (hardness to yield stress ratio), which sometimes exceed 3.0. In this thesis, we study the temperature dependence of pressure sensitive plastic flow in bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) using C as the proxy for the pressure sensitivity. Experiments on three different BMGs show that C increases with temperature hence the pressure sensitivity. In addition we have carried out finite element simulations to generate P-h curves for different levels of pressure sensitivities and match them with the experimental curves that are obtained at different temperatures. Simulations predict that higher pressure sensitivity index values are required to match the experimental curves at high temperatures confirming that the pressure sensitivity increases with increasing temperature. The fundamental mechanisms responsible for the increase in pressure sensitivity are discussed in detail. Finally we pose a question, is the increase in pressure sensitivity with temperature is common to other amorphous materials such as strong amorphous polymers? In order to answer this question we have chosen PMMA, a strong amorphous polymer. In this study also we have taken C as a proxy to index the pressure sensitivity. Indentation stress-strain curves are constructed at different temperature using spherical indentation experiments. The C values corresponding to different temperatures are determined and plotted as a function of temperature. It is found that C increases with temperature implying that the pressure sensitivity of amorphous polymers also increases with temperature. The micro-mechanisms responsible for the increase in pressure sensitivity are sought.

The aim of the thesis is to put a transparent scaled PMMA model of the pressure swirl nozzle into operation, which includes, the selection of working fluids and the preparation of a test set to allow measurements using optical methods (LDA, PDA, PIV, high-speed visualization). The theoretical part describes the basic theory of atomization, optical measurement methods and deals with the problems of optical transition in optically complex systems. It also includes an extensive search for transparent liquids and materials of enlarged models that have been used in experiments, which often aim to match light refractive indices between these materials. In the practical part, attention is paid to the preparation of the test set and tests of chemical effects of several selected liquids on PMMA material are conducted, including a summary of experience with their use, as there was a permanent damage to the material. Several LDA measurements followed, using kerosene, p-cymene, 1-bromonaphthalene and water, evaluated the effect of the refractive index difference on the results. It turned out that no observable influence occurred if the refractive index difference between the nozzle material and the liquid was small. In addition, a visualization of internal flow through a high-speed camera was made. The practical part closes the static pressure measurement in the nozzle chamber, where the pressure ratio was measured on the walls of the chamber as well as on its axis. The measurement confirmed that the pressure on the chamber walls is constant and varies with the distance from the chamber axis.

This work is dealing with usage of external magnetic field for controlled orientation of structures assembled from magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in PMMA matrix processed via solvent casting method and further study of these created anisotropic structures and their influence on mechanical properties of composite material.