Esta tese de doutorado, intitulada “Edgar Allan Poe e Charles Baudelaire:trajetórias e maturidade estética e poética", teve por objetivo analisar e interpretar, dentro de uma perspectiva comparativa, o percurso feito por Poe e Baudelaire desde suas obras iniciais, até atingirem uma maturidade estética e poética. Tomando por base a visão de Antoine Compagnon em seu Le Démon de la Théorie (1998) obra que retoma algumas teorias críticas, como a do círculo hermenêutico proposto por Schleiermacher (2001) e Gadamer (1999), a dos polissistemas e, dentro dela, a da tradução como transcriação e ferramenta ideológica, a da intertextualidade proposta por Kristeva (apud ALLEN, 2000) a partir de suas leituras de Freud e Bakhtin, a da morte do autor único e conseqüente criação de pluralidade de autores-leitores de Barthes (apud ALLEN, 2000) e a de sincronia e diacronia de Saussure, esta tese procurou mostrar, ao longo da análise detalhada de poemas, contos, poemas em prosa, ensaios, resenhas, artigos, anotações, peças teatrais de Poe e Baudelaire, como os mesmos foram elaborando e re-elaborando suas teorias estéticas e poéticas. A comparação entre as obras de ambos permitiu estabelecer trajetórias, teorias críticas, temas, opções formais, posicionamentos semelhantes, portanto, um diálogo entre ambos e dentro da produção individual dos autores aqui estudados.Além disso, um olhar mais detalhado em termos diacrônicos e sincrônicos pôde demonstrar uma preocupação com uma liberação formal, com gradativa busca por um discurso fragmentário ( busca essa presente em Marginalia, A Chapter of Suggestions, Fifty Suggestions e Mon Coeur Mis à Nu, obras que constituem o corpus desta tese), que pudesse captar um pensamento igualmente fragmentário, precursor, talvez, da estética pós-moderna, em pleno século XIX. / This doctoral dissertation, entitled “Edgar Allan Poe e Charles Baudelaire: trajetórias e maturidade estética e poética", aimed at both analysing and interpreting, from a comparative point of view, the literary path taken by Poe and Baudelaire, a path initiated in their early works and pursued toward their aesthetic and poetic late works. This dissertation based itself on the view of Antoine Compagnon in his Le Démon de la Théorie (1998), a book reviewing some recent critical theories on literature, linguistics and art: Schleiermacher´s and Gadamer´s hermeneutic circle (2001 and 1999 respectively), the theory of polisystems, and within it, that of translation as transcriation and an ideological tool, Kristeva´s theory of intertextuality as a reinterpretation of Freud and Bakhtin (apud ALLEN, 2000), Barthes´ theory of the death of a unique author and consequent generation of a plurality of author-readers (apud ALLEN, 2000), and, finally, Saussure´s diachronic and synchronic readings of language. Therefore, this dissertation attempted at showing, through a detailed analysis of Poe´s and Baudelaire´s poems, tales, prose poems, essays, reviews, articles, notes, and theater plays, how these authors underwent the process of developing their aesthetic and poetic theories, never missing out on the perspective offered by all the theories above mentioned. The comparison of the works of both writers allowed for the perception of a similarity of paths, critical theories, themes, formal options, and perspectives; therefore, it permitted the understanding of the existence of a dialogue built among the works of both authors as well as another one found within the individual collected works of the authors studied in this dissertation. Furthermore, a deeper look into their works, both synchronically and diachronically, demonstrated a preoccupation with a formal liberation, with a progressive search for a fragmentary discourse (this search may be traced both in Marginalia, A Chapter of Suggestions, Fifty Suggestions and Mon Coeur Mis à Nu, works forming the corpus of this dissertation), capable of apprehending and expressing thoughts equally fragmentary; thus, this discourse may be regarded, perhaps, as the forerunner of the post-modern aesthetics, in the 19th century.

Na tentativa de oferecer um caminho para a abertura de outras hipóteses na criação cénica atual, a lógica poética ideogramática assume-se aqui como ampliadora e multiplicadora do espectro de relações compositivas possíveis na criação artística e cênica. Entendendo a lógica poética ideogramática como possibilidade para uma prática criativa de organização e consciência gramática para potenciar a natureza poética da linguagem, é feita uma pesquisa histórica, teórica, conceitual e referencial, culminando num exemplo prático e concretizado do que pode ser a aplicação dessa lógica poética à criação cênica. / In an attempt to open a pathway to other hypothesis in current performative creation, the ideogrammatic poetic logic takes on the role of an agent capable of magnifying and multiplying the spectrum of possible compositional relations in the artistic and performative creation. In assuming that the ideogrammatic poetic logic is a possibility for the creative process of organization and grammatical consciousness to enhance the poetic nature of language, this research took on a historical, theoretical, conceptual and referential approach which culminated in a practical and concrete example of how this poetic logic may be applied to performative creation.

Este trabalho trata de discursos quinhentistas em defesa e ilustração da língua portuguesa, movimento que surgiu no bojo do Humanismo e da Renascença, provocado por questões sociais, políticas, culturais e religiosas em razão das transformações pelas quais a Europa passava no século XVI. Diante desse contexto sócio-cultural e com as necessidades e oportunidades geradas pela cultura dos Descobrimentos, vários letrados interessaram-se pelo estudo da língua portuguesa. Neste sentido, surgiram as primeiras gramáticas como ferramenta de defesa e ilustração, bem como instrumentos de propagação do idioma materno. Algumas vieram acompanhadas de diálogos em defesa e louvor da língua portuguesa. Editores tomaram também parte neste processo e observaram nos prólogos das edições quinhentistas motivos que exaltavam a língua portuguesa. Poetas como Sá de Miranda, Diogo Bernardes e António Ferreira posicionaram-se ao lado da língua vernácula e participaram - cada um a seu modo, do movimento em defesa da língua portuguesa. Assim, a pesquisa desenvolve-se em torno de dois conjuntos de discursos: o filológico e o poético. O discurso filológico é abordado através de textos como as gramáticas, ortografias, diálogos em defesa e ilustração da língua portuguesa, prólogos e dedicatórias quinhentistas. O discurso poético está centrado na poética e na poesia de António Ferreira. / This dissertation is about the 16th Century discourses in defense and illustration of the Portuguese language, a movement that surfaced in the bulge of Humanism and Renascence, provoked by social, political and cultural matters. Before of this context and necessities and opportunities generated by the culture of Discoveries and the press advances, several scholars became aware of the need to defend and illustrate the vulgar languages in the presence of Latin. In Portugal this confrontation also took place before the Castilian language, which took pleasure in the cultural language in its court as much as in the population in a general matter. In this sense, the first grammars appeared as defense and illustration tools, as well as instruments of the mother language propagation. Some of them came along with dialogues in defense and praise of the Portuguese language. Editors also took part in this process and observed in the 16th Century editions prologues reasons that exalted the Portuguese language. Therefore, the research develops around two discourse groups: the philological and the poetical. The philological discourse is approached through texts such as grammars, orthographies, dialogues in the defense and illustration of the Portuguese language, prologues and dedication of the 16th Century. The poetical discourse is centered in the poetics and poetry of Antonio Ferreira.

Manuel Machado is known as one of the most innovative Spanish modernist poets of the twentieth century. Despite his recognition as a literary figure in Spain, the mimetic descriptions in Machado's poetics are interpreted as mere innovations in Spanish poetry. Those mimetic descriptions are examples of ekphrasis in Spanish literature. Ekphrasis is both a literary and representational art. The mimetic dimension in Machado's poetry is ignored or misinterpreted by the critics of his poetics. This study written in Spanish investigates the use of ekphrasis in terms of Machado's poetic style. An analysis of Manuel Machado's ekphrastic poems will determine: ekphrastic poetry is a representational art; how visual and acoustic aspects of Machado's poems create enargeia; and the manifestation of ekphrasis in Spanish verse. In using Machado's poems, this project will contribute to future explorations of ekphrasis in Spanish literature.

On n'en prend pas souvent la mesure, Albert Camus c'est à la fois une œuvre et une conduite. Dans la construction de l'identité de l'écrivain-polygraphe, la scène du périodique a été une expérience matricielle. Loin de se réduire au double paradigme de l'absurde et de la révolte, on voit ainsi poindre la figure d'un intellectuel écrivant, ancré dans la bataille des idées de son époque, et dont le jeu spéculaire postule un « agir par le dire.» Notre étude, charpentée en trois phases, tente d'abord de cerner les modèles auctoriaux qui nourrissent son engagement civique ainsi que ses chevaux de bataille au cœur du XX ème siècle en crise. Elle tente ensuite d'éclairer les modulations, les stratégies énonciatives par lesquelles se structure la poétique d'une écriture de combat intimement liée aux urgences du contexte, et en constant ajustement avec les contraintes génériques ; se profile ainsi en filigrane la manière dont l'écrivain-journaliste gère la tension constitutive à tout discours journalistique engagé : informer avec objectivité/impossibilité de dire sans prendre parti. Enfin, l'analyse s'attache à examiner par quelle scénographie auctoriale le journaliste-rhéteur, dont la parole, en prise sur un auditoire à la fois situé et virtuel, postule une efficacité rhétorique, trouve sa voie dans la polyphonie discursive du cotexte. En redécouvrant un auteur canonique par-delà le cadre contraint du « champ littéraire et intellectuel » des « années noires », on mesure non seulement ce que l'écrivain doit au journaliste, mais surtout en quoi son expérience du périodique concentre toute l’œuvre sous la plume, et éclaire du même coup la posture hétérodoxe et singulière d'un des derniers héritiers du « temps des prophètes ». / Ones does not take often measurement of it, Albert Camus is at the same time a work and a control. In the construction of the identity of the writer-polygraph, the scene of the periodical was a matric experiment. Far from being reduced to the double paradigm absurdity and revolt, one sees stinging the figure of a writing intellectual, anchored in the battle of the ideas of his time, and whose specular game applies one “to act by saying it.” Our study, constructed in three phases, initially tries to determine the auctorial models which nourish its civic commitment like its hobby horses in the middle of the XX ème century in crisis. Secondly tries to clarify the modulations, the enunciative strategies by which structure the poetic one of a writing of combat closely related to the urgencies of the context, and in constant adjustment with the generic constraints; is profiled who makes in filigree of it, the way in which the writer-journalist manages the constitutive tension with any committed journalistic speech: to inform with objectivity/impossibility of saying without coming out. Lastly, the analysis attempts to examine by which scenography auctorial the journalist-rhetor, whose word, in catch on an audience at the same time located and virtual, applies a rhetoric effectiveness, finds its way in the discursive polyphony of the cotexte. By rediscovering a canonical author beyond the constrained framework of the “literary and intellectual field” of the “black years”, one measures not only what the writer owes to the journalist, but especially in what its experiment of the periodical concentrates all work under the feather, and clarifies at the same time the heterodox and singular posture of one of the last heirs to the “time of the prophets”.

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta como objetivo analisar a transformação que ocorre, no período clássico e no moderno, das formas: balada, canção, ode e soneto, da poesia em Língua Portuguesa, considerando os conceitos estabelecidos pela tradição poética. Essa transformação é observada sob o aspecto fonoestilístico, com ênfase na sonoridade que compõe os poemas: traços fonológicos, rimas, ritmo e metro. Destaque-se ainda que o foco será o estudo dessas características sonoras, a sua expressividade e como se desenvolve a combinação desses elementos, na constituição do(s) sentido(s), no interior dos poemas. / The present PhD thesis aims at analyzing the changes that occur in the classical and modern periods on some forms such as: ballade, song, ode and sonnet of the poetry in Portuguese. For this it was taken into consideration the established concepts which guide the poetry tradition. The transformation mentioned above is seen from the phonostylistics point of view with emphasis in the following sonority features, which constitute the poems: phonological traces, rhymes, rhythm and meter. It is relevant to mention that the focus given will be the study of such sonority features, the expressiveness presented by them and how the combinations of these elements are developed so as to achieve the constitution of the meaning(s) within the poems.

Ce travail présente une édition et une traduction de l'ouvrage d’une des figures marquantes de l’humanisme italien de la Renaissance, Francesco Robortello, intitulé Francisci Robortelli Vtinensis in librum Aristotelis De arte poetice explicationes. Il s'agit du premier commentaire à être publié de la Poétique d'Aristote. L'ouvrage paraît à Florence en 1548, et fait l’objet d’une deuxième édition, révisée par ses soins, à Bâle en 1555 : le commentaire est précédé du texte grec de l’édition aldine des Rhetores Graeci de 1508, accompagné d'une traduction latine d’Alessandro Pazzi qui date de 1536. Robortello est à l'origine de la redécouverte, voire de la découverte en Italie des analyses aristotéliciennes sur l'art poétique, texte difficile qu'il cherche à rendre accessible aux lettrés de son époque. Cette étude a consisté à établir le texte par la confrontation des deux imprimés de Florence et de Bâle, et permet, en découvrant l’ensemble des analyses de l’auteur, de montrer que cecommentaire, loin d’être une interprétation erronée du texte d’Aristote, est une première lecture sur la voie de notre compréhension moderne des lois de la création poétique / This work is an edition and a translation in French of Robortello’s text untitled Francisci Robortelli Vtinensis in librum Aristotelis De arte poetice explicationes. It is the first published commentary on the Poetics, edited in 1548 in Florence, and revised for a second edition in Basel in 1555. The book contains an edition of the Greek text of the Poetics, based onthat of Aldine edition of 1508, but with several emendations, followed by Pazzi’s Latin translation dated from 1536, and his own commentary. This study, by discovering the whole of the author's analyzes, shows that this comment, far from being anerroneous interpretation of Aristotle's text, is a first reading on the path of our modern understanding of the laws of poetic creation.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o cômico e o riso no Quixote. Para tanto, deter-nos-emos em preceptivas dos séculos XVI e XVII, que trazem à baila discussões sobre o cômico, realizadas por tratadistas cujos trabalhos partiram de uma perspectiva poético-retórica. Os prólogos do Quixote evidenciam a preocupação de Miguel de Cervantes com o riso de seus leitores e revelam que a obra, de acordo com estudiosos como Russell e Close, estava ligada ao entretenimento do público. Assim, o debate que o prólogo de 1615 estabelece com Avellaneda, o dito autor apócrifo, também se converte numa importante leitura para a compreensão do cômico na obra cervantina. Nesse sentido, episódios nos quais a comicidade está presente, tais como o enfrentamento de Dom Quixote com um leão (Cap. XVII, DQ II), evidenciam a preocupação do escritor em compor sua obra a partir de uma mistura estilística, em que a admiração e o riso do leitor são componentes essenciais. Abordamos, ainda, o elemento cômico em Cervantes e em Avellaneda, com o intuito de compreender como os Quixotes de 1605 e 1614, no que tange à comicidade, obedecem a princípios distintos. / This paper aims at analyzing the comical and the laugh in Quixote. In doing so, we center ourselves on the 16th and 17th preceptives that bring up discussions around the comical, made by preceptists whose works were based on a poetic-rhetorical perspective. Quixotes prologues show how much Cervantes was worried about his readers laughing. It also reveals that his work, according to scholars such as Russell and Close, was related to the entertainment of his audience. Thus, the debate established by the prologue of the 1615 edition, by Avellaneda the so-called apocryphal author , also constitutes a relevant study for us to understand the comical in the work of Cervantes. In this sense, episodes such as the one in which Don Quixote defies a lion (Chapter XVII, DQ II) make evident that the writer is worried about composing his work based on a stylistic mixture, in which the readers admiration and laugh are its essential components. Finally, we approach the comic element in Cervantes and in Avellanedas works, as to understand how both Quixotes (the one published in 1605 and the one published in 1614) are bound to different principles of comicalness.

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta como objetivo analisar a transformação que ocorre, no período clássico e no moderno, das formas: balada, canção, ode e soneto, da poesia em Língua Portuguesa, considerando os conceitos estabelecidos pela tradição poética. Essa transformação é observada sob o aspecto fonoestilístico, com ênfase na sonoridade que compõe os poemas: traços fonológicos, rimas, ritmo e metro. Destaque-se ainda que o foco será o estudo dessas características sonoras, a sua expressividade e como se desenvolve a combinação desses elementos, na constituição do(s) sentido(s), no interior dos poemas. / The present PhD thesis aims at analyzing the changes that occur in the classical and modern periods on some forms such as: ballade, song, ode and sonnet of the poetry in Portuguese. For this it was taken into consideration the established concepts which guide the poetry tradition. The transformation mentioned above is seen from the phonostylistics point of view with emphasis in the following sonority features, which constitute the poems: phonological traces, rhymes, rhythm and meter. It is relevant to mention that the focus given will be the study of such sonority features, the expressiveness presented by them and how the combinations of these elements are developed so as to achieve the constitution of the meaning(s) within the poems.

Machinist in the Snow is a narrative long poem, much like a novel in verse that deals with the loss of memory and environmental rebirth. In the book, the narrator exiles himself into a frozen nature and attempts to return the frozen wasteland into its former, flourishing environment. The poems take on the memoric form of memory in a wide range of poetic forms from the traditional sonnet, haiku, or villanelle, to a scattered projective verse. In the center of these poems is an attempt to mimic the mind in the way that it shifts, in its moments of clarity, and in its attempt to dissect and understand the surrounding realities. Through logic patterning, deep image, and introspection, these poems are meant to give insight into what it means to be human in the digital age and to highlight the dwindling connection to the pastoral that is so deeply rooted in American society.