The objective of this research work is to develop an efficient methodology for chip-package cosimulation. In the traditional design flow, the integrated circuit (IC) is first designed followed by the package design. The disadvantage of the conventional sequential design flow is that if there are problems with signal and power integrity after the integration of the IC and the package, it is expensive and time consuming to go back and change the IC layout for a different input/output (IO) pad assignment. To overcome this limitation, a concurrent design flow, where both the IC and the package are designed together, has been recommended by researchers to obtain a fast design closure. The techniques from this research work will enable multiscale cosimulation of the chip and the package making the concurrent design flow paradigm possible. Traditional time-domain techniques, such as the finite-difference time-domain method, are limited by the Courant condition and are not suitable for chip-package cosimulation. The Courant condition gives an upper bound on the time step that can be used to obtain stable simulation results. The smaller the mesh dimension the smaller is the Courant time step. In the case of chip-package cosimulation the on-chip structures require a fine mesh, which can make the time step prohibitively small. An unconditionally stable scheme using Laguerre polynomials has been recommended for chip-package cosimulation. Prior limitations in this method have been overcome in this research work. The enhanced transient simulation scheme using Laguerre polynomials has been named SLeEC, which stands for simulation using Laguerre equivalent circuit. A full-wave EM simulator has been developed using the SLeEC methodology. A scheme for efficient use of full-wave solver for chip-package cosimulation has been proposed. Simulation of the entire chip-package structure using a full-wave solver could be a memory and time-intensive operation. A more efficient way is to separate the chip-package structure into the chip, the package signal-delivery network, and the package power-delivery network; use a full-wave solver to simulate each of these smaller subblocks and integrate them together in the following step, before a final simulation is done on the integrated network. Examples have been presented that illustrate the technique.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 botta_va_me_sjrp.pdf: 571155 bytes, checksum: 6e200c838e03e019c93da99a37b1515f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O principal objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo sobre polinômios algébricos e trigonométricos que possuem somente zeros reais. O Teorema de Hermite nos dá condições necessárias e su cientes para que isto aconteça. São discutidas questões relacionadas à localização dos zeros, onde a Regra de Sinais de Descartes teve grande importância. Além disso, alguns teoremas clássicos sobre zeros de polinômios algébricos e trigonométricos são apresentados. / The main purpose of this work is to study algebraic and trigonometric poly- nomials that have only real zeros. The Hermite Theorem gives necessary and su cient conditions for this to be true. Questions concerning the locations of the zeros are discussed, where the Descarte's Rule of Signs is of great impor- tance. Furthermore, some classical theorems concerning zeros of algebraic and trigonometric polynomials are presented.

O presente trabalho trata basicamente do conteúdo expressões algébricas no ensino fundamental. Motivados pela crença de que a ausência do método de argumentação matemática e do pensamento genérico no atual ensino de Matemática têm se apresentado muito nociva ao estudo de expressões algébricas, desenvolvemos, em uma turma de sétima série, uma proposta didática onde apresentamos uma sequência de atividades que enfatizam estes dois aspectos. Tais atividades servem de pré-requisitos para o estudo de expressões algébricas. Inclui-se neste trabalho uma análise dos PCN para o ensino fundamental e uma análise crítica de livros didáticos de sétima série/oitavo ano sobre expressões algébricas. A partir destas análises, percebemos, nos livros didáticos, o inadequado emprego (no nosso ponto de vista) de polinômios neste nível de ensino, o que resultou na elaboração de um capítulo de conteúdo matemático versando sobre polinômios, dedicada a professores de Matemática da Educação Básica. / This text is closely related to the subject algebraic expressions in Fundamental School. Believing that the absence of the mathematical method and of what we call generical thought in the treatment of mathematics in the first school years causes much harm in the student’s mathematical education, mainly when one deals with algebraic expressions, we applied in a 7th grade class and present here a sequence of activities which give emphasis to those two aspects mentioned above and which prepare the students for the study of algebraic expressions. Additionally we include here an analysis of part of the PCN (Brazilian Curriculum Recommendations) and of nine 7th grade-school books, namely, the part related to algebraic expressions. Finally, we include a chapter about polynomials which was written for school teachers, motivated by the inadequate use (for this level of mathematical education, at least in our point of view) of polynomials in the school books which we have analyzed.

Inspection of optical components is essential to assure the quality and performance of optical systems. Evaluation of optical components includes metrology measurements of surface topography. It also requires optical measurements including refractive index, thin film thickness, reflectivity and transmission. The dispersion characteristics of optical constants including refractive index are also required. Hence, various instruments are used to make these measurements in research laboratories and for quality assurance. Clearly, it would be a significant advantage and cost saving if a technique was developed that could combine surface metrology with optical measurements. {Coherence Scanning Interferometry} (CSI) (also referred to as {Scanning White Light Interferometry} (SWLI)) has been used widely to measure surface topography with sub-nanometre vertical resolution. One of the benefits of the CSI is that the technique is non-contacting and hence non-destructive. Thus the test surfaces are not affected by the measurement using a CSI instrument whereas damage to the surfaces can occur when using traditional contact methods such as stylus profilometry. However use of CSI is geometrically limited to small areas ($\lesssim 10 \times 10$ mm) with gentle slopes ($\lesssim \ang{40}$) because of the numerical aperture of objective lens whereas stylus profilometry works well with larger areas and higher slopes due to the range of motion of the gauge and the traverse unit. Since the CSI technique is optical and involves light reflection and interference it is possible to extend the technique for the measurement of the thickness of transparent films, the roughness of surfaces buried beneath thin films or interfacial surfaces. It may also be used to determine spectral complex refractive index. This thesis provides an analytical framework of new methods to obtain complex refractive index in a visible light domain and interfacial surface roughness (ISR). It also provides experimental verification of these new capabilities using actual thin film model systems. The original Helical Complex Field (HCF) function theory is presented followed by its existing extensions that enable determination of complex refractive index and interfacial surface roughness. Further theoretical extensions of the HCF theory are also provided: A novel theory to determine the refractive index of a (semi-)transparent film is developed to address the constraint of the current HCF theory that restricted its use to opaque materials; Another novel theory is provided to measure ISR with noise compensation, which avoids erroneous surface roughness caused by the numerical optimisation affected by the existence of noise. The effectiveness of the ISR measurement with noise compensation has been verified using a number of computer simulations. Stylus profilometry is a well established method to provide a profile and has been used extensively as a 'reference' for other techniques. It normally provides a profile on which the roughness and the waviness are computed. Extension of the stylus profilometry technique to areal measurement of asymmetrical surfaces, namely raster scan measurement, requires a system to include error compensation between each traverse. The system errors and the random errors need to be separately understood particular when the measurement of a surface with nanometre-order accuracy is required. In this thesis a mathematical model to locate a stylus tip considering five mechanical errors occurring in a common raster scan profilometer is provided. Based on the model, the simulator which provides an areal measurement of a sphere was developed. The simulator clarified the relationship between the Zernike coefficients obtained from the form residual and the size of the errors in the form of partial derivatives of Zernike coefficients with respect to the errors. This provides theoretical support to the empirical knowledge of the relationship between the coefficients and the errors. Furthermore, a method to determine the size of errors directly from Zernike coefficients is proposed supported by simulations. Some of the error parameters were accurately determined avoiding iterative computation with this method whereas the errors are currently being determined by iterative computation.

O presente trabalho trata basicamente do conteúdo expressões algébricas no ensino fundamental. Motivados pela crença de que a ausência do método de argumentação matemática e do pensamento genérico no atual ensino de Matemática têm se apresentado muito nociva ao estudo de expressões algébricas, desenvolvemos, em uma turma de sétima série, uma proposta didática onde apresentamos uma sequência de atividades que enfatizam estes dois aspectos. Tais atividades servem de pré-requisitos para o estudo de expressões algébricas. Inclui-se neste trabalho uma análise dos PCN para o ensino fundamental e uma análise crítica de livros didáticos de sétima série/oitavo ano sobre expressões algébricas. A partir destas análises, percebemos, nos livros didáticos, o inadequado emprego (no nosso ponto de vista) de polinômios neste nível de ensino, o que resultou na elaboração de um capítulo de conteúdo matemático versando sobre polinômios, dedicada a professores de Matemática da Educação Básica. / This text is closely related to the subject algebraic expressions in Fundamental School. Believing that the absence of the mathematical method and of what we call generical thought in the treatment of mathematics in the first school years causes much harm in the student’s mathematical education, mainly when one deals with algebraic expressions, we applied in a 7th grade class and present here a sequence of activities which give emphasis to those two aspects mentioned above and which prepare the students for the study of algebraic expressions. Additionally we include here an analysis of part of the PCN (Brazilian Curriculum Recommendations) and of nine 7th grade-school books, namely, the part related to algebraic expressions. Finally, we include a chapter about polynomials which was written for school teachers, motivated by the inadequate use (for this level of mathematical education, at least in our point of view) of polynomials in the school books which we have analyzed.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-23T14:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEOMAQUES FRANCISCO SILVA BERNARDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2009..pdf: 656966 bytes, checksum: 9ca0422e8cc572aa2c43d542260ef401 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T14:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEOMAQUES FRANCISCO SILVA BERNARDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2009..pdf: 656966 bytes, checksum: 9ca0422e8cc572aa2c43d542260ef401 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06 / Capes / Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo sobre identidades e polinômios centrais para a álgebra das matrizes. Mais precisamente, apresentamos a descrição das identidades e polinômios centrais Zn-graduados e Z-graduados para a álgebra Mn(K) (matizes n x n sobre um corpo K), quando característica de K é zero. Depois, apresentamos a descrição dos polinômios centrais ordinários para a álgebra M2(K) (matrizes 2 x 2 sobre K), também para um corpo de característica zero. Finalmente, apresentamos duas construções clássicas de polinômios centrais para Mn(K), que surgiram como resposta a um problema sugerido por Kaplansky em 1956 sobre a existência de polinômios não triviais para esta álgebra. / In this work we study polynomial identities and central polynomials for matrix algebras. More precisely, we present the description of the identities and Zn-graded and Z-graded central polynomials for the algebra Mn(K) (the n x n matrices over the field K) when the characteristic of K is zero. Afterwards we give the description or the ordinary (nongraded) central polynomials for the algebra m2(K), the 2 x 2 matrices over K, assuming the field of characteristic zero. Finally, we present two classical constructions of central polynomials for Mn(K). These appeared as an answer to a problem posed by Kaplansky in 1956 about the existence of nontrivial central polynomials for that algebra.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-24T16:42:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SABRINA ALVES DE FREITAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2010..pdf: 457483 bytes, checksum: d828740083c1ccca9a0a0f8b45be01d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T16:42:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SABRINA ALVES DE FREITAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2010..pdf: 457483 bytes, checksum: d828740083c1ccca9a0a0f8b45be01d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04 / Capes / Neste trabalho apresentaremos um estudo sobre polinômios centrais ordinários, Z2-graduados e com involução para algumas importantes álgebras na PI-teoria sobre corpos infinitos. Mais precisamente, descreveremos os polinômios centrais Z2-graduados para as álgebras M2(K) (matrizes 2 × 2 sobre um corpo K), M1,1(E) (subálgebra de M2(E) que consite das matrizes cujas entradas da diagonal principal estão em E0 e os da diagonal secundária estão em E1,onde E é a álgebra de Grassmann com unidade de dimensão infinita e E0 e E1 suas componentes homogêneas de graus 0 e 1, respectivamente) e E ⊗ E. Além disso descreveremos os polinômios centrais para E sobre um corpo infinito K de característica diferente de 2 e finalmente os polinômios centrais com involução para M2(K), considerando as involuções transposta e simplética. / In this work we study ordinary, Z2-graded central polinomials and central polinomials with involution for some important algebras in the theory of algebras with polinomial identities, over infinite fields.Namely, we decribe Z2-graded central polinomials for the algebras M2(K) (2 × 2 matrices over a field K), M1,1(E) (subalgebra of M2(E) whose entries on the diagonal belong to E0 and the off-diagonal entries lie in E1, E is the infinite-dimensional unitary Grassmann algebra, E0 is the center of E and E1 is the anticommutative part of E) and E ⊗ E. Also, we describe the central polinomials for e over a field K, with charK ≠ 2 and finally the central polinomial with involution for M2 (K), considering the transpose and the sympletic involutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lozano_d_me_sjrp.pdf: 1183878 bytes, checksum: 4a6bb33915f7d1702bf0df3808789aa1 (MD5) / Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo / O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar o problema de coloração em grafos sob diferentes perspectivas. Caracterizamos o polinômio cromático de um grafo e enunciamos algumas de suas propriedades. Apresentamos duas formulações matemáticas para o problema de coloração de vértices e um método de solução para cada formulação. Apresentamos e discutimos propostas de atividades para o desenvolvimento de uma Oficina de Coloração para alunos do Ensino Médio e Fundamental. / In this work the graph coloring problem was presented under di erent perspectives. We define the chromatic polynomials of a graph and describe some of its properties. Furthermore, two solution methods for the vertex coloring problem, through integer programming formulation, has been presented. We propose and discuss some activities for the development of a Workshop for students of secondary school.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pilastri_al_me_sjrp.pdf: 506207 bytes, checksum: ce2e546b12ea3a6fa5de08a9258bcef8 (MD5) / Na área de processamento de sinais e, particularmente, em processamento de imagens, pesquisas recentes priorizam o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas e métodos que possam ser empregados em um amplo domínio de aplicações. As pirâmides de imagens constituem uma técnica bastante importante na criação de decomposições multirresolução em visão computacional e processamento de imagens. As transformadas de Wavelets podem ser vistas como mecanismos para decompor sinais nas suas partes constituintes, permitindo analisar os dados em diferentes domínios de frequência com a resolução de cada componente relacionada à sua escala. Além disso, na análise de wavelets, pode-se usar funções que estão contidas em regiões finitas, tornando-as convenientes na aproximação de dados com descontinuidades. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresentou uma técnica piramidal baseada nas transformações dos Polinômios Potências de Sigmóide (PPS) e suas famílias PPS-Wavelet, para tratamento em imagens digitais. Foram reaizados experimentos utilizando as novas técnicas piramidais e métricas para a avaliação de qualidade imagem, apresentando resultados promissores em relação à acurácia / In the signal processing and image processing fields, recent research give priority to develop new techniques and methods that can be used in a wide field of applications. The pyramids of images are important techniques used in multiresolution decompositions, applied to computer vision and image processing. The wavelet transforms can be viewed as tools to decompose signals into component parts, allowing to analyze the data in different frequency domains with resolution of each component related to your own scale. Furthermore, in the wavelet analysis, can be used functions which are contained in limited areas, making them suitable approximation of the data discontinuities. In this research presents a technique based on pyramid transforms the PPS and PPS-Wavelet families applied to digital images. The experiments using new techniques and pyramidal metrics for evaluation of image quality presents promising results about accuracy

Orientador: João Fernando Marar / Banca: José Remo Ferreira Brega / Banca: Edson Costa de Barros Carvalho Filho / Banca: Antonio Carlos Sementille / Resumo: Na área de processamento de sinais e, particularmente, em processamento de imagens, pesquisas recentes priorizam o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas e métodos que possam ser empregados em um amplo domínio de aplicações. As pirâmides de imagens constituem uma técnica bastante importante na criação de decomposições multirresolução em visão computacional e processamento de imagens. As transformadas de Wavelets podem ser vistas como mecanismos para decompor sinais nas suas partes constituintes, permitindo analisar os dados em diferentes domínios de frequência com a resolução de cada componente relacionada à sua escala. Além disso, na análise de wavelets, pode-se usar funções que estão contidas em regiões finitas, tornando-as convenientes na aproximação de dados com descontinuidades. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresentou uma técnica piramidal baseada nas transformações dos Polinômios Potências de Sigmóide (PPS) e suas famílias PPS-Wavelet, para tratamento em imagens digitais. Foram reaizados experimentos utilizando as novas técnicas piramidais e métricas para a avaliação de qualidade imagem, apresentando resultados promissores em relação à acurácia / Abstract: In the signal processing and image processing fields, recent research give priority to develop new techniques and methods that can be used in a wide field of applications. The pyramids of images are important techniques used in multiresolution decompositions, applied to computer vision and image processing. The wavelet transforms can be viewed as tools to decompose signals into component parts, allowing to analyze the data in different frequency domains with resolution of each component related to your own scale. Furthermore, in the wavelet analysis, can be used functions which are contained in limited areas, making them suitable approximation of the data discontinuities. In this research presents a technique based on pyramid transforms the PPS and PPS-Wavelet families applied to digital images. The experiments using new techniques and pyramidal metrics for evaluation of image quality presents promising results about accuracy / Mestre