Le Système Rénine Angiotensine tient une place prépondérante au sein de la circulation cérébrale. Les Antagonistes des Récepteurs AT1 à l'Angiotensine II (ARAII) ont prouvé leur efficacité dans la prévention de l'Accident Vasculaire Cérébral (AVC), indépendamment de leur effet anti-hypertenseur. Plusieurs mécanismes pourraient être impliqués dans cette cérébroprotection. D'une part, en bloquant les récepteurs AT1, les ARAII favorisent la stimulation des récepteurs AT2 à l'angiotensine II. Le caractère bénéfique lié à la stimulation des récepteurs AT2 s'oppose au caractère délétère lié à la stimulation des récepteurs AT1. Nous avons montré que cet équilibre AT1 - AT2 est modifié au niveau cérébrovasculaire suite à un régime hypersodé. En effet, la vasodilatation des artérioles cérébrales médiée par les récepteurs AT2 est abolie, ce qui pourrait constituer un élément délétère lors de la survenue d'un évènement ischémique. D'autre part, certains ARAII présentent une affinité pour les récepteurs PPAR-gamma. Cette activité, démontrée comme protectrice à différents niveaux vasculaires, pourrait également être bénéfique pour la circulation cérébrale. Nous avons en particulier montré que l'activation PPAR-gamma améliore les effets des ARAII au niveau de la circulation cérébrale (diamètre artériolaire, réactivité à l'angiotensine II). Les mécanismes en jeu semblent impliquer des modifications de la fonction des récepteurs AT1-AT2, indépendamment de leur expression. La stimulation des récepteurs AT2 et l'activation PPAR-gamma constituent donc deux propriétés particulières des ARAII. Ces propriétés pourraient participer au caractère cérébroprotecteur des ARAII, au-delà du seul blocage des récepteurs AT1. Le développement de molécules duales regroupant les activités antagoniste AT1 - agoniste PPAR-gamma pourrait constituer un avenir thérapeutique intéressant dans le traitement de l'hypertension en apportant une protection cérébrovasculaire supérieure aux traitements actuels / The Renin Angiotensin System plays a major role in cerebral circulation. AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) afford protection against cerebrovascular complications that go beyond that to be expected from their blood pressure lowering action. Several mechanisms could explain such beneficial effects. Firstly, by blocking AT1 receptors, ARBs promote AT2 receptor stimulation by angiotensin II. The beneficial effect related to stimulation of AT2 receptors (vasodilation) counterbalances the deleterious actions of AT1 receptors stimulation. Changes in this ratio may then alter cerebral circulation. We demonstrated that the AT1- AT2 ratio is modified at the cerebrovascular level during high salt intake, which is a risk factor for stroke. The AT2-mediated vasodilation of pial arterioles is abolished. Secondly, some ARBs act as partial agonists of PPAR-gamma. Such an activity, which has been demonstrated to protect extracerebral vessels, could also be beneficial for cerebral circulation. Our results showed that PPAR-gamma activation improves ARB effects on cerebral circulation (arteriolar diameter, angiotensin II reactivity). The underlying mechanisms could imply functional regulation of AT1-AT2 receptors without any change in expression status. AT2 receptor stimulation and PPAR-gamma activity are two special properties of ARBs. These properties could contribute to the cerebroprotection induced by ARBs, beyond the AT1-receptor blockade. Development of new molecules with AT1-receptor blockade and PPAR-gamma activity could take part into the future therapeutic management of hypertension, providing a better cerebrovascular protection

Angiogenese, die Bildung neuer Blutgefäße aus bereits bestehender Vaskulatur, ist ein Prozeß, der sowohl unter physiologischen Bedingungen abläuft, wie bei der Embryonalentwicklung und der Wundheilung, als auch unter pathologischen Bedingungen, wie der diabetischen Retinopathie und dem Wachstum und der Metastasierung solider Tumoren. Chronische Entzündungen wie die Atherosklerose und die Rheumatoide Arthritis gehen ebenfalls mit angiogenetischen Prozessen einher. Die Angiogenese ist ein stark regulierter Vorgang, der Migration, Proliferation und Differenzierung der Endothelzellen erfordert. Die Fähigkeit zur Migration ist eine wichtige biologische Funktion der Endothelzellen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand daher in der Untersuchung der Einflüsse verschiedener Zytokine auf die Endothelzellmigration und in der Charakterisierung daran beteiligter Mechanismen der Signaltransduktion. Dabei erwies sch Leptin als ein potenter Stimulus der Endothelzellmigration. Die Migration endothelialer Zellen nach Stimulation mit chemotaktischen Faktoren wie Leptin und VEGF wird durch die Aktivierung der Proteinkinasen ERK-MAPK und Akt vermittelt, deren pharmakologische Inhibition eine signifikante Hemmung der Migration bewirkte. Die antidiabetischen Thiazolidinedione Troglitazone und Ciglitazone hemmten die Leptin-induzierte Endothelzellmigration durch die Inhibition der Proteinkinase Akt, hatten aber keinen Einfluß auf die Aktivierung der ERK-MAP-Kinase. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, dass die ERK-MAP-Kinase und die Proteinkinase Akt zwei voneinander unabängige Wege der Signaltransduktion darstellen, deren jeweilige Aktivierung für die Migration von Endothelzellen erforderlich, aber nicht ausreichend ist. Die proinflammatorischen Mediatoren TNF alpha und CD40L hemmten die VEGF-induzierte Migration humaner Endothelzellen bei Inkubation der untersuchten Zellen über 24 h signifikant. Auch bei kurzzeitiger Stimulation über 5 h steigerte TNF alpha die Rate migrierter Endothelzellen nicht. Diese Beobachtung steht im Widerspruch zur angenommen Assoziation entzündlicher und angiogenetischer Prozesse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass Antidiabetika aus der Gruppe der PPAR gamma-Liganden die Endothelzellmigration direkt hemmen. Dies weist auf eine mögliche Erweiterung des therapeutischen Einsatzes der Thiazilodinedione bei Patienten mit NIDDM und sekundären Symptomen wie der diabetischen Retinopathie hin. / Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the preexisting vasculature, is a process involved in physiologic conditions, such as embryonic development and woundhealing, as well as in pathologic conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy and growth and spreading of solid tumors. Chronic inflammation such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis is also associated with angiogenic processes. Angiogenesis is a tightly regulated process that requires migration, proliferation and differentiation of endothelial cells. Cell migration is a very important biologic function of the endothelial cell. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the impact of various cytokines on endothelial cell migration and to characterize the chemotactic signal transduction pathways involved in this process. Leptin, the product of the ob-gene, proved to be a potent stimulus of endothelial cell migration. The actvation of the protein kinases ERK-MAPK and Akt is critical for endothelial cell migration, and their pharmacological inhibition caused a significant down-regulation of the migratory response towards migration factors such as Leptin and VEGF. The antidiabetic thiazolidinediones Troglitazone and Ciglitazone inhibited the leptin-induced endothelial cell migration by interfering with the cytosolic protein kinase Akt. They did not exert any influence on the activation of the ERK-MAPK. These findings prove the existence of two different, independent ways of signal transduction involved in endothelial cell migration: The ERK-MAPK and the protein kinase Akt. The activation of either kinase is necessary, but not sufficient to induce a migratory response in human endothelial cells. The proinflammatory mediators TNF alpha and CD40L caused a significant inhibition of endothelial cell migration in response to VEGF, when they were added to the culture medium for 24 h. TNF alpha did not stimulate the migration of endothelial cells, even when administered during a comparable short period of 5 h. This observation is in contrast with the postulated association of inflammatory and angiogenic proceses. In conclusion, the results of this study show for the first time a direct inhibition of leptin-induced endothelial cell migration by antidiabetic drugs belonging to the PPAR gamma-ligand-family through their inhibitory effect on Akt. This possibly broadens the spectrum of therapeutic applications of the antidiabetic thiazolidinediones in patients suffering from NIDDM and secondary complications such as diabetic retinopathy.

O receptor ativado do peroxissomo γ (PPAR-γ) é regulador do metabolismo e diferenciação do tecido adiposo, sendo um alvo conhecido das tiazolidinedionas (TZD), utilizadas para o tratamento do diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). As TZD agem como um agente sensibilizador da ação da insulina nos tecidos periféricos e tem sido especulado que as TZDs podem ter um papel na função da célula , prevenindo perda de massa e melhorando a sua viabilidade a longo prazo. Este efeito seria supostamente mediado pela transcrição de genes que favoreceriam a lipólise, diminuindo o conteúdo intracelular de triglicérides e, portanto, diminuindo a lipotoxicidade. Entretanto, alguns estudos também mostraram efeito nulo ou mesmo deletério das TZDs sobre as ilhotas pancreáticas. Na realidade, o papel de genes-alvo para o PPAR- nas ilhotas pancreáticas é ainda pouco conhecido. Estudamos o perfil de expressão gênica induzido pelo tratamento com Pioglitazona (Pio), uma TZD aprovada e disponível para uso clínico no tratamento do DM2, em ilhotas pancreáticas murídeas em cultura primária, com concentrações normal e suprafisiológica de glicose no meio de cultura. As ilhotas foram obtidas de ratos wistar machos de dois meses de idade e isoladas pelo método do gradiente de Ficoll e então cultivadas em 5,6 mM ou 23 mM de glicose por 24h, sendo tratadas com Pio 10 M ou DMSO 0,1% (veículo). A Pioglitazona foi cedida pela Takeda Farmacêutica, Osaka, Japão. O RNA foi extraído com Trizol e purificado com o kit RNeasy (Qiagen). As amostras foram marcadas e hibridizadas no microarranjo de cDNA Mouse Panchip 13k, usando-se cinco replicatas biológicas diferentes para cada condição. A análise estatística dos dados do microarranjo foi feita com o uso do programa significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) com uso de taxa de descobrimento falso (FDR) de 20%. A análise das vias acometidas foi feita com o Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (www.ingenuity.com). Os resultados de expressão gênica foram confirmados por RT-qPCR. Em concentração de 5,6 mM de glicose no meio de cultura, 101 genes foram modulados pela Pio, sendo 49 regulados para cima, com aumento de sua expressão na presença da droga e 52 genes regulados para baixo. Em 23 mM de glicose, 1.235 genes foram afetados, sendo 621 para cima e 623 para baixo. A comparação entre as duas condições revelou 74 genes que foram modulados em ambas as concentrações de glicose. A análise das vias biológicas alteradas mostrou que genes relacionados ao metabolismo de lípides foram modulados em ambas as concentrações de glicose. Em 23 mM foi ainda significativo o grupo de genes relacionados a ciclo celular e morte celular que tiveram sua expressão modificada pela presença da droga na cultura. Este dado demonstrou que além de seus efeitos conhecidos nos adipócitos, o sensibilizador de insulina Pioglitazona modula a expressão de genes nas ilhotas pancreáticas, especialmente na presença de concentrações suprafisiológicas de glicose, afetando notadamente genes relacionados ao metabolismo lipídico, sendo vários deles ligados a lipogênese, como Srebf1, Scd2 e Fabp4 cujas expressões aumentaram em ambas as concentrações de glicose. Além disso foi observado aumento na expressão de genes com atividade pró-apoptótica como Tnf, Bad, Bax, Caspase4, Fadd e Myc. A Pioglitazona parece induzir um perfil gênico desfavorável em ilhotas pancreáticas mantidas em cultura em concentrações suprafisiológicas de glicose. / Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a target for thiazolidinedione (TZD) antidiabetic drugs and a regulator of adipose tissue differentiation and metabolism. TZD act as an insulin sensitizing agent on peripheral tissues. It has been speculated that TZD could play a role on beta-cell function, preventing loss and improving viability in the long-term. This effect is supposed to be mediated through a potential benefit against lipotoxicity, favouring lypolisis and decreasing intracellular tryglicerides content. Nevertheless some studies also showed a lack or even a potential deleterious effect of TZD on islets. The role of PPAR-γ target genes in pancreatic islets is actually still largely unclear. We studied the gene expression profile induced by the treatment with Pioglitazone (Pio), an approved TZD for T2DM therapy, on rat pancreatic islets primary culture both at normal and supraphysiological glucose medium concentrations. Islets were obtained from 2 month-old, male, wistar rats and isolated through the Ficoll gradient method and then cultured with 5.6 mM or 23 mM of glucose concentration for 24h, being treated with Pio 10 µM or DMSO 0.1% (vehicle). Pioglitazone was provided by Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Osaka, Japan. RNA was extracted with Trizol (Sigma) and purified with RNeasy kit (Qiagen). Samples were labeled and then hybridized on the Mouse PanChip 13k cDNA microarray, using 5 different biological replicates for each test condition. Statistical Analysis of the microarray data was performed using significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) with a false discovery rate of 20%. Pathways assessment was performed through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (www.ingenuity.com). Gene expression results were confirmed through RT-qPCR. At 5.6 mM glucose 101 genes were modulated by Pio, 49 upregulated and 52 downregulated. At 23 mM, 1,235 genes were affected, 612 upregulated and 623 downregulated. Comparison between both conditions revealed 74 genes that were similarly modulated at both glucose concentrations. Pathway analysis of perturbed genes revealed biologically relevant networks related to lipid metabolism at both glucose medium concentrations. At 23 mM, cell cycle and cell death pathways were significant modulated as well. These data demonstrates that in addition to known effect in adipocytes, the insulin sensitizing agent Pioglitazone modulates gene expression in pancreatic islets, especially in the presence of supraphysiological glucose concentrations, affecting especially lipid metabolism and mechanisms of cell death and cell cycle. Considering the ontology of modulated genes it seems to be a trend towards lypogenesis (increased Srebf1, Scd2 and Fabp4 RNA expressions) with Pio treatment also enhancing the abundance of some genes considered to be pro apoptotic like Tnf, Bad, Bax, Caspase4, Fadd and Myc. Pioglitazone seems to induce a negative gene expression profile in islets cultured at high glucose concentrations.

La plasticité mitochondriale à l'égard de l'oxydation de substrats, et sa participation à la transition métabolique ont été étudiées dans deux conditions: l'exposition chronique à l'hypoxie et l'entraînement en endurance, connues comme modulatrices de la préférence de substrats. Ainsi l'affinité pour le palmitoyl carnitine est augmentée par l'hypoxie et la restriction calorique alors qu'au contraire le flux maximal de palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) semble freiné par l'hypoxie. Quant aux effets de l'entraînement, malgré une amélioration du temps limite de course à intensité sous-maximale et une augmentation des capacités oxydatives globales, nous ne retrouvons pas de facilitation de l'oxydation du PCoA. Par ailleurs, on observe une augmentation des messagers PPAR-delta et d'UCP-3 en réponse à une exposition aigue à l'hypoxie. Le rôle de PPAR-delta sur la modulation de l'utilisation de substrats par la mitochondrie a aussi été envisagé en utilisant un agoniste pharmacologique de PPAR-delta, le GW 742. Celui-ci, permet d'améliorer l'efficacité catalytique du complexe enzymatique CPT-1 tout en limitant l'oxydation du pyruvate, également diminuée dans les muscles oxydatifs au cours de la restriction calorique. Le traitement par GW 742, s'il limite l'altération de l'efficacité catalytique de CPT-1 observée en hypoxie, ne permet pas de rétablir, un niveau d'oxydation en PCoA similaire à celui observé en situation contrôle. Le GW 742 s'est aussi montré capable de restaurer le flux en PCoA altéré par l'entraînement, même si la fonction du transport CPT-1 reste limitante devant l'augmentation du potentiel oxydatif induit par l'entraînement. Par ailleurs, nous n'avons pas retrouvé de relation étroite entre les variations d'affinité en PCoA et la performance aérobie sous-maximale, pourtant influencée par la capacité à oxyder préférentiellement les lipides. Enfin, la diminution du flux en pyruvate associée à l'augmentation de l'utilisation des acides gras à longue chaîne observée lors du traitement par GW 742 ou au cours de la restriction calorique pose la question du rôle joué par une cible particulière de PPAR-delta sur la mitochondrie, la protéine découplante UCP-3. / Substrate oxidation and its contribution to metabolic shift, as markers of muscle plasticity have been studied under two specific condition, the prolonged exposure to ambient hypoxia, and endurance training, two conditions known as leading to changes in substrate use. Our result show that the affinity for palmitoyl carnitine is increased by both hypoxia and food restriction, whereas in contrast exposure to hypoxia slow down the palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) maximal use. On the other hand, endurance training led to enhanced physical performance and increased muscular oxidative capacities, but failed to enhance PCoA oxidation. The transcripts for PPAR-delta and UCP-3 increased in response to aucte exposure to hypoxia. Moreover, we studied the role played by PPAR-delta on the substrate use modulation, using new PPAR-delta agonist known as GW 742. In the present study, this new pharmacological substance has been shown to enhance the catalytic efficiency of CPT-1 and decrease the pyruvate oxidation. Moreover, GW 742 administration limits the hypoxia-induced decrease of CPT-1 activity, but failed to recover levels of PCoA oxidation similar to those observed in control conditions. GW 742 administration was able to suppress the effects of training on maximal PCoA oxidation, even if the functional CPT-1 activity remains limiting regarding the training-induced increase in oxidative capacity. On the other hand, we failed to show strong relationship between PCoA affinity and physical performance. Finally, the concomitant increase in long chain fatty acid oxidation and decrease in pyruvate oxidation resulting from either GW 742 use or food restriction, addresses the issue of the role played by the uncoupling protein UCP-3 on mitochondrial function

A inflamação é fundamental para a manutenção da homeostasia e para a resposta do organismo à injúria. A resposta inflamatória deve ser adequada aos estímulos agressores; no sistema nervoso central, sua inadequação conduz à gênese de diferentes doenças neurodegenerativas. A proteína anexina A1 (ANXA1) e os receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomo (PPAR) controlam a inflamação, pois ambos inibem o desenvolvimento da inflamação e aceleram sua resolução. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem mostrado que a ANXA1 modula a expressão de PPARγ em macrófagos. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou a modulação da expressão do PPARγ e das suas funções em células da microglia pela ANXA1. Foram empregadas células imortalizadas da linhagem BV2 (microglia murina), inalteradas ou transfectadas para redução da expressão de ANXA1, tratadas com ANXA1 exógena (recombinante - rANXA1) ou com agonista ou antagonista de PPARγ (pioglitazona e GW9662, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: 1) tratamento com rANXA1 aumenta as expressões gênica (RT-PCR) e proteica (Western Blotting) de PPARγ, e ambas as expressões estão reduzidas em células com deficiência endógena de ANXA1, sendo que tal efeito foi revertido pela ação da rANXA1; 2) tratamento com rANXA1 não induz a expressão dos fatores de transcrição ligados a expressão de PPARγ: proteínas ligantes de elementos de resposta ao cAMP - CREB - e transdutores de sinais e ativadores de transcrição - STAT6 - (Western Blotting), mas os níveis de ambos os fatores estão reduzidos em células transfectadas, e tal efeito não foi revertido pelo tratamento com rANXA1; 3) tratamento com pioglitazona ou com rANXA1 individualmente aumenta a fagocitose de células PC12 apoptóticas (citometria de fluxo), mas o tratamento simultâneo não altera a fagocitose induzida por pioglitazona ou rANXA1; no entanto, tratamento com GW9662 inibiu a fagocitose induzida pelo tratamento com rANXA1; 4) o tratamento com rANXA1 aumenta a expressão de CD36 (citometria de fluxo); a expressão de CD36 está reduzida em células transfectadas e tal expressão não é revertida pelo tratamento com rANXA1. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos mostram a modulação da ANXA1 sobre PPARγ em células da micróglia, com possível ação sobre a fagocitose de células apoptóticas, e que a redução da expressão de ANXA1 reduz acentuadamente a expressão dos fatores de transcrição STAT6 e CREB, bem como a expressão de CD36. A elucidação dos efeitos resultantes destas alterações desencadeadas pela deficiência de ANXA1 endógena poderá contribuir para compreensão da fisiopatologia da neuroinflamação. / Inflammation is a key process in maintaining homeostasis and is essential for the body\'s response to injury. The inflammatory response must be proportional to the aggressor stimuli; in the central nervous system, a failed proper modulation leads to the development of different neurodegenerative diseases. Protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) and peroxisome proliferated-activated receptors (PPAR) control inflammation, as both inhibit development of inflammation and accelerate its resolution. Our research group has demonstrated that ANXA1 modulates PPARγ expression in macrophages. Thus, the present work investigated the modulation of PPARγ expression and its functions in microglia cells by ANXA1. In order to assess such, immortalized cells from cell line BV2 (murine microglia), either unadulterated or transfected for reduced expression of ANXA1, were treated with exogenous ANXA1 (recombinant protein - rANXA1) or either with PPARγ agonist or antagonist (pioglitazone and GW9662, respectively). The obtained results demonstrated that: 1) treatment with rANXA1 increases both gene (RT-PCR) and protein (Western Blotting) expressions of PPARγ, and also that both expressions are reduced in cells with endogenous deficiency of ANXA1, and such effect was reversed by the actions of rANXA1; 2) treatment with rANXA1 does not promote the expression of transcription factors associated with PPARγ expression: cAMP response element binding protein - CREB - and signal transductor and activator of transcription 6 - STAT6 (Western Blotting), but the expression levels of both factors are reduced in transfected cells, and such effect was not reversed by treatment with rANXA1; 3) individual treatment with pioglitazone or rANXA1 increases phagocytosis of apoptotic PC12 cells (flow cytometry), but simultaneous treatment does not affect pioglitazone/rANXA1-induced phagocytosis; however, treatment with GW9662 inhibited rANXA1-induced phagocytosis; 4) treatment with rANXA1 increases CD36 expression (flow cytometry); the expression of CD36 is reduced in transfected cells, and such expression is not reversed by treatment with rANXA1. The obtained data demonstrate the modulation ANXA1 exerts upon PPARγ in microglia cells, with a possible action upon phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and that reduction of ANXA1 expression greatly reduces the expression of transcription factors STAT6 and CREB, as well as the expression of CD36. Elucidation of such effects that arise from a deficiency of endogenous ANXA1 will contribute to a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Neurosciences : Lille 2 : 2008. / Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 167-184.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ação do fenofibrato, um agonista do receptor ativador da proliferação peroxissomal alfa, no remodelamento cardíaco e na expressão de componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Camundongos machos C57Bl/6 com três meses de idade foram alimentados durante 11 semanas com dieta controle (grupo C, 3,57 kcal/g de dieta) ou dieta hiperlipídica (grupo HL, 5,40 kcal/g de dieta), em seguida foram separados em quatro grupos e estudados durante cinco semanas: C; HL; C-L (C mais fenofibrato) e HL-F (HL mais fenofibrato). Os animais HL foram mais pesados e apresentaram maior pressão arterial (PA) comparados aos animais C, mas HL-F foram mais leves e tiveram PA menor que HL. A resistência insulínica vista nos camundongos HL foi melhorada com fenofibrato nos camundongos HL-F. Fenofibrato reduziu colesterol total, triglicerídeos e aumentou HDL-c. Os animais HL apresentou um ventrículo esquerdo (VE) mais pesado e com espessura da parede maior, como também cardiomiócitos maiores e uma menor razão cardiomiócito/capilares que os animais C. Fenofibrato foi eficiente em melhorar estas alterações. As expressões cardíacas de Angiotensina II (ANG II) e de seu receptor tipo 1 (AT1R) foram maiores, enquanto que a expressão de seu receptor tipo 2 (AT2R) foi menor nos animais HL que nos animais C, e fenofibrato foi eficiente em atenuar estas diferenças. Como conclusão, a dieta HL lidera para a obesidade, elevação da PA, hipertrofia cardíaca, alterações metabólicas e expressão proteica alterada do SRA em camundongos, sugerindo a participação do SRA nestas alterações. Fenofibrato é eficiente em diminuir a PA e controlar a expressão proteica do SRA, assim como no tratamento da resistência insulínica e do remodelamento cardíaco adverso, diminuindo a hipertrofia dos cardiomiócitos e melhorando a vascularização do miocárdio, desta maneira, diminuindo importantes fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares / The aim was to study the action of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, in cardiac remodeling and protein expressions of RAS components in a model of obesity induced by diet. 3-mo-old C57BL/6 male were fed for 11 weeks with standard chow (SC group, 3.57 kcal/g of chow) or high-fat chow (HF group, 5.40 kcal/g of chow), then they were separated into four groups and studied for five weeks: SC; HF; SC-F (SC plus fenofibrate) and HF-F (HF plus fenofibrate). HF was heavier and had higher blood pressure (BP) than SC, but HF-F was lighter and had lower BP than HF. The insulin resistance seen in HF mice was corrected by fenofibrate in HF-F mice. Fenofibrate reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides and raised the HDL-c. HF had thicker and heavier left ventricle (LV) with bigger LV cardiomyocyte and smaller cardiomyocyte-to-capillaries ratio than SC, and fenofibrate was efficient in treating these alterations. Cardiac expressions of angiotensin II (ANG II) and ANG II receptor 1 were higher, and ANG II receptor 2 was lower in HF than in SC, and fenofibrate was efficient in attenuating these differences. In conclusion, HF diet leads to obesity, BP elevation, cardiac hypertrophy, metabolic changes and altered RAS protein expression in mice, suggesting that RAS is involved. Fenofibrate is efficient in decreasing BP and in controlling RAS protein expressions, and treats the insulin resistance and the adverse cardiac remodeling decreasing the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and improving the myocardial vascularization, therefore, decreasing important cardiovascular risk factors

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LissandraSQ.pdf: 1069993 bytes, checksum: 556a7ed5b99d34531ce7aab70a3ea3cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The mushrooms have been object of intense research in view of its potential raising of application in different sectors of the pharmacology and alimentary industry. Among diverse bioactive composites of polyssacharides nature that exist in the fungus the glucans are much searched. These are polymers of glucose and classified as the type of glicosidic linking [&#945;, &#946;]. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), ranscription factors belonging to the family of nuclear receptors that bind themselves o specific agonists, have shown their importance in controlling the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to perform a chemical characterization of extract rom the mushroom Caripia montagnei, assess its antiinflammatory and antibacterial effect and determine if this effect occurs via PPAR. This mushroom is composed of carbohydrates (63.3?4.1%), lipids (21.4l?0.9%) and proteins (2.2? 0.3%). The aqueous solution resulting from the fractionation contained carbohydrates (98.7?3.3%) and protein (1.3?0.25%). Analyses of infrared spectrophotometry and of nuclear magnetic esonance demonstrated that the extract of mushroom C. montagnei is rich in &#946;-glucans. In hioglycolate-induced peritonitis, the C. montagnei glucans (50 mg/kg) educed the inflammatory process in 65.5?5.2% and agonists, pharmacological igands, for PPAR: Wy-14643 (49.3?6.1%), PFOA (48.9?3.8%) and clofibrate in 45.2?3.2%. Sodium diclofenac showed a reduction of 81.65?0.6%. In the plantar edema, the glucans from C. montagnei (50 mg/kg) and L-NAME reduced the edema to a similar degree 91.4?0.3% and 92.8?0,5 %, respectively. In all the groups tested, nitric oxide (NO), an inflammation mediator, showed a significant reduction in the nitrate/nitrite levels when compared to the positive control (P<0.001). The C. montagnei glucans did not show cytotoxicity in the concentrations tested (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 ?g/100 ?L). Antibacterial activity demonstrated that, unlike total extract, there was no inhibition of bacterial growth. The C. montagnei glucans show great potential for antiinflammatory applications. This effect suggests that it is mediated by PPAR activation and by COX and iNOS inhibition / Os fungos tem sido objeto de intensa pesquisa, tendo em vista seu elevado potencial de aplica??o em diferentes setores da ind?stria farmacol?gica e alimentar. Dentre os diversos compostos bioativos de natureza polissacar?dica presentes nos fungos as glucanas est?o entre os mais pesquisados. Estes s?o pol?meros de glucose amplamente distribu?dos na natureza e classificadas conforme o tipo de liga??o glicos?dica [&#945;, &#946;]. Os Receptores Ativados por Proliferadores de Peroxissoma (PPARs) s?o fatores de transcri??o, pertencentes ? fam?lia de receptores nucleares que se ligam a agonistas espec?ficos e possuem grande import?ncia no controle do processo inflamat?rio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracteriza??o qu?mica do extrato do fungo Caripia montagnei, avaliar seu efeito antiinflamat?rio e antibacteriano, al?m de verificar se este efeito acontece via PPAR. C.montagnei ? constitu?do de carboidratos (63.3 ? 0.73%), lip?deos (21.4? 0.9%) e prote?nas (2.2?0.4%). O extrato aquoso resultante do fracionamento desse fungo mostrou ser constitu?do por carboidratos (98.7?0.9%) e prote?na (1.3?0.8%). As an?lises de espectrofotometria de infravermelho e de resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (NMR) demonstraram que o extrato do fungo C. montagnei ? rico em &#946;-glucanas. Na peritonite induzida por tioglicolato, o extrato de Caripia montagnei (50 mg/Kg) conseguiu reduzir o processo inflamat?rio em 65.5? 0.9%, este valor ? superior a Wy-14643 (49.3?0.65%), PFOA (48.9?0,69%) e clofibrato (35.2?0,95%), que s?o agonistas de PPAR-&#945;, e semelhante ao diclofenaco (81.6? 0,79). No edema plantar as glucanas de C. montagnei (50 mg/Kg) e o L-NAME apresentaram redu??o do edema de forma semelhante, 91.4?1.1% e 92,8?0.9%, respectivamente. O ?xido n?trico (NO), mediadores da inflama??o mostrou que em todos os grupos testados houve redu??o significativa (P<0.001) dos n?veis de nitrato/nitrito quando comparados ao controle positivo. No ensaio de citotoxicidade as glucanas de C. montagnei n?o apresentaram toxicidade nas concentra??es testadas (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 e 40.0 ug/100uL) no per?odo de 4 horas. A atividade antibacteriana (30, 90 e 150 mg/mL) revelou que n?o houve inibi??o do crescimento bacteriano. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que as glucanas de Caripia montagnei possuem um grande potencial de aplica??o como antiinflamat?rio. Este efeito ? mediado parcialmente por ativa??o dos PPARs e por inibi??o da COX e iNOS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ação do fenofibrato, um agonista do receptor ativador da proliferação peroxissomal alfa, no remodelamento cardíaco e na expressão de componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Camundongos machos C57Bl/6 com três meses de idade foram alimentados durante 11 semanas com dieta controle (grupo C, 3,57 kcal/g de dieta) ou dieta hiperlipídica (grupo HL, 5,40 kcal/g de dieta), em seguida foram separados em quatro grupos e estudados durante cinco semanas: C; HL; C-L (C mais fenofibrato) e HL-F (HL mais fenofibrato). Os animais HL foram mais pesados e apresentaram maior pressão arterial (PA) comparados aos animais C, mas HL-F foram mais leves e tiveram PA menor que HL. A resistência insulínica vista nos camundongos HL foi melhorada com fenofibrato nos camundongos HL-F. Fenofibrato reduziu colesterol total, triglicerídeos e aumentou HDL-c. Os animais HL apresentou um ventrículo esquerdo (VE) mais pesado e com espessura da parede maior, como também cardiomiócitos maiores e uma menor razão cardiomiócito/capilares que os animais C. Fenofibrato foi eficiente em melhorar estas alterações. As expressões cardíacas de Angiotensina II (ANG II) e de seu receptor tipo 1 (AT1R) foram maiores, enquanto que a expressão de seu receptor tipo 2 (AT2R) foi menor nos animais HL que nos animais C, e fenofibrato foi eficiente em atenuar estas diferenças. Como conclusão, a dieta HL lidera para a obesidade, elevação da PA, hipertrofia cardíaca, alterações metabólicas e expressão proteica alterada do SRA em camundongos, sugerindo a participação do SRA nestas alterações. Fenofibrato é eficiente em diminuir a PA e controlar a expressão proteica do SRA, assim como no tratamento da resistência insulínica e do remodelamento cardíaco adverso, diminuindo a hipertrofia dos cardiomiócitos e melhorando a vascularização do miocárdio, desta maneira, diminuindo importantes fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares / The aim was to study the action of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, in cardiac remodeling and protein expressions of RAS components in a model of obesity induced by diet. 3-mo-old C57BL/6 male were fed for 11 weeks with standard chow (SC group, 3.57 kcal/g of chow) or high-fat chow (HF group, 5.40 kcal/g of chow), then they were separated into four groups and studied for five weeks: SC; HF; SC-F (SC plus fenofibrate) and HF-F (HF plus fenofibrate). HF was heavier and had higher blood pressure (BP) than SC, but HF-F was lighter and had lower BP than HF. The insulin resistance seen in HF mice was corrected by fenofibrate in HF-F mice. Fenofibrate reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides and raised the HDL-c. HF had thicker and heavier left ventricle (LV) with bigger LV cardiomyocyte and smaller cardiomyocyte-to-capillaries ratio than SC, and fenofibrate was efficient in treating these alterations. Cardiac expressions of angiotensin II (ANG II) and ANG II receptor 1 were higher, and ANG II receptor 2 was lower in HF than in SC, and fenofibrate was efficient in attenuating these differences. In conclusion, HF diet leads to obesity, BP elevation, cardiac hypertrophy, metabolic changes and altered RAS protein expression in mice, suggesting that RAS is involved. Fenofibrate is efficient in decreasing BP and in controlling RAS protein expressions, and treats the insulin resistance and the adverse cardiac remodeling decreasing the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and improving the myocardial vascularization, therefore, decreasing important cardiovascular risk factors