Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01099.pdf: 10225038 bytes, checksum: 113532b9074d64302ecc9c6015faef45 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00721.pdf: 1565696 bytes, checksum: 317165c778a10488d3c186dc5f2ba1fc (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Energia Atomica - IEA

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 3775255 bytes, checksum: 1b99107cee89e4bce6bbab2b485dac91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment is a quantitative engineering evaluation of operational components. In the context of pressure vessels and piping systems FFS assessment is performed periodically to ensure the operational safety and structural integrity. The evaluation of structural integrity of equipment is crucial to avoid failure and thereby obtain the best possible performance of mechanical components under corrosion, in turn, is one of the greatest dangers to pressure vessels. The evaluation of structural integrity of a component service that contains general damage or failure is given in Level 4 described in API 579. Nondestructive testing by ultrasound was used to obtain measurements of the loss of thickness wall of the pressure vessel for the model developed to numerical analysis using finite element. The objective is to analyze and evaluate the values of Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) provided by the Fitness for Service assessment with the values found in numerical analysis. Results of PMTA are compared when it takes into account several variables that API 579 considers, the Future Corrosion Allowance (FCA) due to evolution of corrosion, the thickness uniform loss (LOSS) of the internally corroded areas and the changes of temperature affecting the structural integrity of the equipment. / A avaliação da integridade estrutural de equipamentos é de fundamental importância para se evitar falhas e assim obter o maior rendimento possível dos componentes mecânicos presente em vários setores industriais e a corrosão, por sua vez, constitui um dos maiores perigos para os vasos de pressão. A capacidade de analisar a integridade estrutural de um componente em serviço que contém danos ou falha é apresentada na norma API 579 (FFS - Fitness for Service). Utilizando o ensaio por ultrassom para obter medições de perda de espessura na área sob corrosão da parede de vasos de pressão e aplicando a análise da API 579 seção 4 que recomenda a adequação ao uso do equipamento com a presença de perda de metal generalizada, faz-se uma correlação com a análise numérica utilizando elementos finitos do vaso com a mesma área de corrosão obtida do ensaio de ultra-som. O objetivo é analisar e avaliar os valores de Pressão Máxima de Trabalho Admissível (MAWP - Maximum Allowable Working Pressure) fornecida pela API 579 para adequação ao uso do equipamento com os valores encontrados na análise numérica. Resultados de valores da MAWP são comparados quando leva-se em consideração algumas variáveis que a API 579 considera como, a perda de espessura futura (FCA - Future Corrosion Allowance) devido a evolução da corrosão, a perda de espessura unifome (LOSS) da área corroída internamente e mudanças de temperaturas que afetam a integridade estrutural desses equipamentos.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01099.pdf: 10225038 bytes, checksum: 113532b9074d64302ecc9c6015faef45 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Orientadores: Sandra Lucia Cruz, João Alexandre Ferreira da Rocha Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T19:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavan_AndreMauricio_M.pdf: 4399374 bytes, checksum: d76e0e55472d41a43569b1e700a1a749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Vasos de pressão são equipamentos muito importantes numa indústria, sendo responsáveis por armazenar gases, líquidos e outros fluidos a altas pressões. Um pequeno vazamento nesses vasos pode ser muito perigoso, gerando poluição, explosão e perda financeira para a indústria. Por isso, é imprescindível uma rápida e eficaz detecção da ocorrência de qualquer vazamento. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e teste de uma técnica de detecção de vazamentos de gás em vasos de pressão, baseada na análise da pressão no interior do vaso e doruído sonoro gerado pelo vazamento. Na montagem experimental utilizou-se um vaso de pressão com capacidade 34,5 litros, operando com ar. A pressão no interior do vaso variou de 1 a 7 kgf/cm2. Vazamentos de diversas magnitudes foram simulados através de um orifício, instalado lateralmente no vaso, cujo diâmetro variou de 0,1 a 4,0 mm. Vazamentos foram detectados quando o vaso de pressão operava em batelada e também quando havia alimentação contínua de ar para o vaso. Para a detecção de vazamentos foi utilizado um microfone e um programa, em linguagem C, que faz a aquisição on-line, através de uma placa ADA, dos sinais provenientes de um transdutor de pressão conectado ao vaso e do microfone instalado no interior do vaso. O circuito elétrico que compatibiliza o sinal proveniente do microfone com aquele compreendido pela placa ADA foi desenvolvido no laboratório e apresenta duas etapas. Na primeira o sinal alternado é amplificado e na segunda o sinal passa por filtros passa banda de 1kHz, 5kHz e 9kHz gerando três sinais contínuos em diferentes faixas de freqüência. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível detectar vazamentos através da detecção e análise dos ruídos sonoros gerados por vazamentos em vasos de pressão, mesmo quando a variação na pressão interna do vaso não é significativa. A resposta em freqüência do sinal do vazamento variou com a magnitude do vazamento e com as diferentes condições de pressão no interior do vaso. O sistema desenvolvido mostrou que pode ser uma ferramenta confiável para a supervisão de vasos de pressão / Abstract: Pressure vessels are very important equipment in the industry, being responsible for storing gases, liquids and other fluids at high pressures. A small leakage on them can be very dangerous, generating pollution, explosion and also financials losses to the industry. For those reasons, it is essential to have a fast and efficient leakage detection system. This work describes a leak detection technique of gas based on the analysis of the pressure in the vessel and the noise generated by the leak. An experimental apparatus was set up using a 34.5 liters pressure vessel, fitted with a system to simulate sudden leakage through small orifices. Compressed air was used in the leakage experiments and the pressure in the vessel varied between 1 and 7 kgf/cm2. Leaks of various magnitudes were simulated through orifices with sizes varying between 0.1 and 4 mm in diameter. Leaks were detected when the vessel operated with a batch of air and also when the vessel was continuously fed with air. The leak detection system used a microphone and a software, written in C language, for data acquisition through an ADA converter of the signals generated by a pressure transducer installed in the vessel and by the microphone which was placed inside the vessel. An electric circuit was developed to process the noise captured by microphone and had two different stages:- on the first, the signal was only amplified and, on the second stage, the signal was filtered through three band pass filters, centered in 1kHz, 5kHz and 9kHz each one, generating three continuous signals in different frequencies. The experimental results show that it is possible to detect leaks based on the detection and analysis of sound noises generated by leak occurrence in pressure vessels even when yht pressure in the vessel does not change significantly. The analysis of the signal amplitude for different frequencies shows that the leakage noise signal changes with the leakage size and pressure in the vessel. The developed system shows to be a very reliable tool for safety supervision of pressure vessels / Mestrado / Sistema de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The objective of this research was to develop a test methodology for the evaluation of materials for possible use in cryogenic composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). This paper investigates various micromechanical and macromechanical techniques to test the interaction between fibers and resins. Uniaxial tension testing was performed at ambient and cryogenic temperatures on neat resin samples, straight-sided composite specimens, and NOL ring specimens. COPVs were constructed and burst tested to provide a performance comparison. Results show resins suitable for use at cryogenic conditions display a LN2 temperature elongation to failure greater than 2% and an ambient temperature elastic modulus less than 35 MPa. NOL rings were determined to be the preferred composite test method rather than straight-sided specimens. Mechanical performance of the NOL rings compares well with actual COPV performance.

As a nondestructive examination, the acoustic emission technique is used to detect the presence of discontinuities inside of pressurized components. However, doubts still exist concerning the loading procedure to accomplish the acoustic emission testing, especially, in a pressure vessel where a uniform pressure can produce a nonuniform stress distribution due to the presence of the singularities such as the nozzles and supports. The combined loading of vapor and hydrostatic pressure can also generate a nonuniform stress distribution throughout the pressure vessel. According to the Kaiser effect, a structure with a nonuniform stress distribution should have a different acoustic emission testing result when compared to a structure with a uniform stress distribution. In this present study, the necessity to perform a stress analysis prior to the acoustic emission testing is examined. Furthermore, for the purpose of the stress analysis, two approaches are discussed, the membrane stress analysis and the finite element approach. By means of the membrane stress analysis, it is shown that the combined loading of the hydrostatic and vapor pressure does not produce a significant variation of stress throughout the spherical vessel. Actually, a computer program based on the membrane stress analysis is written to determine the stress distribution due to the combined loading. The limitation of the membrane stress analysis to handle problem with the presence of bending stress is also indicated. The finite element approach is used to perform the stress analysis of the singularities where the bending stress is important. The finite element computer program ABAQUS is used to perform the finite element stress analysis, and the mechanical computer-aided engineering program PATRAN is also used to construct the finite element model and to interpret the stress analysis results. The convenience and the success of these computer programs to handle this kind of problem are confirmed. The application of different types of finite elements to perform the stress analysis is also discussed. Results from the experiments performed by Gill, Catching and Paine [9] to measure the stress distribution of a pad reinforced nozzle is used as a benchmark to determine the performance of these finite elements. As a consequence, concrete recommendations concerning the selections of the finite elements and the stress analysis procedure are given. Finally, the influence of the stress distribution throughout the spherical pressure vessel on the acoustic emission is discussed, and the actual interpretation of the acoustic emission testing results based on the level of activity of acoustic emission without considering the nonuniform stress distribution throughout the structure is questioned. / Master of Science