O objeto deste estudo situa-se no campo poroso das práticas ilícitas e sua repressão, no contexto da cidade de São Paulo, a partir da década de 30 do século XX. Através da categoria de análise ilegalismo e sua gestão diferenciada, investigou-se de que maneira práticas de controle social remotas e prolongadas, marcadas pelo arbítrio policial e pela desativação seletiva da lei, como as detenções correcionais, conectaram-se a economias criminais urbanas que, até meados da década de 60, se estabeleceram sobretudo em torno da prostituição, bem como estiveram implicadas em seu declínio. As detenções correcionais, enquanto modos de se imiscuir nas atividades criminais pelas forças policiais, associadas ainda a padrões exagerados de violência institucional, se revelaram cruciais à emergência da delinquência urbana, na década de 70, como fenômeno atinente à criminalidade patrimonial de massa, difusa, de rua. Já nos anos 90, a consolidação de uma nova economia criminal urbana, o comércio varejista de drogas ilícitas, ao lado do intenso recrutamento daquela criminalidade avulsa e patrimonial à prisão, contribuiu à emergência de um fenômeno atribuído neste trabalho como articulação da criminalidade, para o qual, uma vez mais, a gestão dos ilegalismos, em uma renovada versão, desempenha um papel central. Por último, a fim de retratar a dinâmica mais atual da gestão do crime ordinário na cidade, este estudo analisou dados estatísticos sobre as prisões em flagrante na cidade, na tentativa de estabelecer uma espécie de cartografia do crime urbano e sua gestão. Ainda nessa perspectiva, buscou-se recompor, a partir das trajetórias de adolescentes envolvidos na base da estratificação social do crime, do articulado e disciplinar tráfico de drogas ao avulso e violento roubo, as lógicas acionadas à manutenção e reprodução dos mercados criminais urbanos, os renovados papéis desempenhados na trama dos ilegalismos, anunciando-se, por derradeiro, mudanças na divisão do trabalho policial que tendem a acentuar a militarização como princípio organizador não apenas da gestão desses ilegalismos, mas das formas mais contemporâneas de governamentalidade. / The object of this study is located in the fluid field of the illicit acts and their repression, in the context of São Paulo City, starting at the years 30 of the Twentieth Century. Through the illegalism analysis category and its distinguished management, the investigation was focused on how remote and long lasting social control practices, marked by Police discretion and by the selective desactivation of the Law, as in corrective arrests, got linked to the urban criminal economies, which up to the middle of the sixties established themselves mostly around prostitution, as well as took part on its decline. The corrective arrests, as ways of intervenience of the Police force on criminal activities, associated with exaggerated patterns of institutional violence, showed themselves crutial to the rising of urban delinquency in the seventies, as an event related to the patrimonial mass criminality, diffuse, street type. As for the nineties, the consolidation of a new urban crime economy, the retail commerce of illicit drugs, together with the intense recruiting of that isolated and patrimonial criminality to jail, has contributed to the surge of a phenomenon qualified in this work as articulation of the criminality, for which, once more, the management of the illegalism, in a new version, performs a main role. Last, in order to focus the most recent dynamics of common crime management in the city, this study analyzed statistic data on prisons in the very act, in the city, in an attempt to establish a certain cartography of the urban crime and its management. Still under this perspective, it was aimed to retrace, taking as departing point the trajectories of teenagers enrolled at the basis of the social stratum of crime, from the well organized and disciplinary drug traffic, to the isolated and violent robbery, the logic connected to the maintenance and reproduction of the urban crime market, the renewed roles performed in the web of the illegalities, announcing, at last, changes in the division of the Police work which tend to increase militarization as the organizing principle not just of the management of these illegalisms, but also of the more contemporary ways of governmentality.

Benjamin Appert fut, sous la Restauration et le règne de Louis-Philippe, un philanthrope suffisamment célèbre pour que Stendhal en fasse un personnage de roman, dans Le Rouge et le Noir. L'écrivain le campe en visiteur de prisons, ce qui effectivement constituait une grande part de ses activités, l'autre concernant l'enseignement mutuel. Depuis, Appert a sombré dans l'oubli. Il n'y a plus guère que les spécialistes de la question pénitentiaire et de l'école pour connaître son existence, et l'on perd sa trace en 1855, date de son départ pour la Grèce.C'est en ce point que nous prenons le relais. Nous lui emboîterons le pas, grâce à l'exceptionnel document que constitue le recueil de notes publié par lui sous le titre : Voyage en Grèce. Qu'allait-il faire en Grèce ? Non seulement visiter les prisons, les écoles, les hôpitaux, les casernes, pour dresser un état des lieux et proposer des réformes, dans le but d'assainir un pays en proie au brigandage, mais surtout réaliser un projet mûri de longue date, la fondation d'une colonie pénitentiaire modèle, qu'il tentera d'implanter à Modon (Méthoni).S'agissait-il d'une utopie ? Telle est la question qui court au long de cette recherche. La réponse dépend évidemment du sens que l'on donne à ce terme. En ce temps des utopies sociales que constitue la première moitié du XIXe siècle, peut-on mettre Benjamin Appert au rang d'un comte de Saint-Simon ou d'un Fourier ? C'est ce que nous étudierons. D'ores et déjà, on peut voir dans son histoire en Grèce un excellent exemple des rencontres qui eurent lieu entre Occident et Orient, toutes chargées de malentendus, de préjugés et d'idéalisme. Exemple que nous pouvons méditer. / Benjamin Appert was a French philanthropist during the Restoration and the reign of Louis-Philippe. He was famous enough for Stendhal to make him a character in his novel Le Rouge et le Noir. The writer describes him as a prison visitor, his principal activity; but he also took an interest in mutual teaching. After this period, he sank into oblivion. The only people who know about him are the specialists of penal and educational issues. His track was lost in 1855 when he left to Greece.At that time, we take over. We will follow him closely, thanks to an exceptional document, the collection of notes he published under the title of Journey in Greece. What did he go to Greece for ? He did not only want to visit prisons, schools, hospitals and barracks, so as to draw up a survey and propose reforms to clean up a country subjected to robbery, but he aimed to achieve a plan he had been nurturing for a long time, the settlement of a model penal colony he tried to establish in Modon (Methoni).Was it a utopia? That is the question which runs all through our research. Of course the answer depends on the meaning of the word. During the first half of the XIXth century, a time brimming with social utopias, could we rank Benjamin Appert on the same level as Saint-Simon or Fourier? That will be our subject. We can already consider his story in Greece as an excellent example of the connections which took place between West and East, heavily loaded with misunderstanding, prejudice and idealism. An example we could meditate over.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:34:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISQUINHA LARANJEIRA CARVALHO.pdf: 31636873 bytes, checksum: 1f6027fe7471320cfaf4cd83012738e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-11 / The present dissertation refers to a study case about the process of hibridez in the riverside cities of the Araguaia River, occurred with the politics of settlement and steamnavigation on the 19th century. The main objective was showing how the cultural hibridez has prosecuted and how the identity was built, in the context of with the development, the defense and the agricultural marketing of the agrarian politics, along the river and his tributaries. Along the work, was observed the multiplicity, the diversity and the complexity that has marked the temporal evolution of the river space, like the integration way, work and entertainment, emphasizing his power of stimulating the social cohesion, besides to act as a mediator among states. The research looked for support in a scale of primary and secondary documentary sources: royal letters, memories, trades, acts, official reports, photographies, maps, interviews, books of renowned writers, whose finality understood the mechanisms that produced the cultural hibridez in the remote interior of the Araguaia. The first part describes the river like a space that stimulates, in the human imaginary, the wish of knowing his mysteries. It shows the politics of settlement adopted by the governments, which have had like purpose, to help the growth of the navigation. It analyses the form of the implantation of the military prisons, and his influence on the steam-navigation, like inducing agent of deep alterations the social structures existents up till now. (the aldeamentos). In the second part, was presented the process of introduction of the steamnavigation, in the middle of the 19th century, for the development of the commerce and the cultural ribeirinho practices. / A presente dissertação trata de um estudo de caso sobre o processo de hibridez nas cidades ribeirinhas do Araguaia, ocorrido com as políticas de povoamento e navegação a vapor do século XIX. O objetivo principal foi mostrar como se processou a hibridez cultural e como a identidade foi sendo construída, com o desenvolvimento das políticas fundiárias, defesa e comercialização agrícola ao longo do rio e de seus afluentes. Ao longo do trabalho, verificou-se a multiplicidade, a diversidade e a complexidade que marcaram a evolução temporal do espaço rio, como via de integração, trabalho e entretenimento, ressaltando o seu poder de provocar a coesão social, além de fazer papel mediador entre estados. A pesquisa buscou suporte em uma gama de fontes documentais primárias e secundárias: cartas régias, memórias, ofícios, atos, relatórios oficiais, fotografias, mapas, entrevistas, livros de renomados escritores, cuja finalidade foi compreender os mecanismos que geraram a hibridez cultural nos sertões do Araguaia. A primeira parte descreve o rio como um espaço que provoca, no imaginário humano, o desejo de conhecer seus mistérios. Mostra a política de povoamento adotada pelos governantes, que teve como propósito, auxiliar o incremento da navegação. Analisa a forma de implantação dos presídios militares, e sua influencia sobre a navegação a vapor, como agente indutor de profundas alterações nas estruturas sociais até então existentes (os aldeamentos). Na segunda parte, foi apresentado o processo de implantação da navegação a vapor, em meados do século XIX, para o desenvolvimento do comércio e as práticas culturais do ribeirinho.

This thesis investigates the economic accountability of women in eighteenth-century England, particularly within the informal credit market. In the past few decades, substantial scholarship has demonstrated women's regular involvement in active income generation. At all levels of the economy - from servants to investors - and stages of working life - from training to retirement - women have been shown to have engaged in a far more active manner than was previously appreciated. Older narratives of working opportunities being eroded by capitalism or the industrial revolution have been significantly challenged and the continuity of women's work largely demonstrated, with women whether single or married trading under their name, sometimes with phenomenal success. However, there have been no detailed examinations of how, or even if, women were held accountable when their business was not successful and failed. This thesis examines the extents to which women were held accountable for their own failures, asserting that, to understand female business in this period, it is not merely enough to prove its continued existence. The degree and extent of female business independence must also be determined. To achieve this it focusses on the often underappreciated role that debtors' prisons played in the eighteenth-century economy. Bankruptcy, traditionally the mechanism used to examine failure and insolvency, was artificially restricted during the period to those owing over £100 and who were defined as a 'trader' by a 1571 statute. Therefore principally only the wealthier merchants went bankrupt. Debtors' prisons were much less restrictive. Anyone owing over £2 could be imprisoned indefinitely under the common law on a pre-trial basis with little guarantee that trial would ever take place. However, debtors' prisons have received little scholarly attention due to untested assumptions about their lack of effectiveness. That which exists has focussed upon conditions or reform and has broadly ignored or denied the presence of women as prisoners. Due to the lack of existing knowledge about how prisons functioned, the thesis is split into complementary sections, first exploring the prisons themselves before turning to female prisoners within them. Part One reconfigures eighteenth-century debt imprisonment from a medieval hangover to a fundamental element of the credit market. It posits that, as contemporary sales credit was substantially based upon individual reputation rather than entirely upon financial reality, it was logical that prisons focussed on the confinement of the body behind reputation to enforce informal contracts. The first chapter illustrates the hypothesis fully, demonstrating the importance of debtors' prisons over bankruptcy and court process. It also examines the hierarchy of prisons. Superior court prisons like the King's Bench and the Fleet, catering generally for higher status prisoners, functioned as an obstacle to easy debt recovery by allowing debtors to live outside in relative liberty. Much of the existing scholarship has been skewed by focus on these prisons. The second chapter tests the hypothesis through a quantitative analysis of the surviving commitment registers of the Wood-Street Compter, later the Giltspur-Street Compter (1741-1815). Analysing commitment rates, monthly population estimates, release mechanisms, length of commitment, debt averages, as well as providing indicative data on debtor occupational structure the chapter demonstrates that prisons underlined the credit system by providing the trading classes with a speedy debt recovery mechanism. Chapter Three acts as a caveat to this evidence by demonstrating the fragility of the system of debt imprisonment and that simple reforms, intended to improve the rights of the debtor, undermined the purpose of debtors' prisons by diluting indefinite confinement. It focusses on the 1761 Compulsive Clause and the schedules of debtor estates produced out of it, as well as the qualitative change to imprisonment by the imposition of term limits on those owing less than £2 from 1786. Part Two uses the knowledge that debt imprisonment was an effective and normal facet of the credit market which processed both those who had temporarily found themselves unable to meet the demands of creditors and those whose economic ventures had failed absolutely. Chapter Four, acknowledging that the very existence of female prisoners for debt has been readily denied, investigates how the women within came to be confined through prison records along with memoirs and other personal documents relating to prisoners. It questions the absolute nature of coverture, demonstrating that some married women were confined for their debts, contrary to the letter of the law. It also argues that simply because the majority of female prisoners were either spinsters or widows, this did not mean their confinement was the result of anyone other than themselves. We should see female imprisonment as an action of their being held accountable. Finally, Chapter Five examines the quantitative reality of female debt imprisonment to measure accountability over time. It shows that the female experience was not substantially different from that of men within debtors' prisons, though some degree of separation appeared after 1780 particularly in the size of the debt for which they were committed. Finally, by combining the compter data on female percentages with that of other prisons in London with limited surviving material and with nationwide data drawn from the Insolvency Acts it is able to suggest the female accountability over the long eighteenth century. It posits that female accountability and therefore economic independence, declined across the period as the number of permanent spinsters and the age at first marriage fell. While it does not suggest that the rate of business run by women declined in this period, that more of them were covered by male ownership suggests a significant qualitative change in female business's societal place.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin Aranguri.pdf: 5253621 bytes, checksum: 111144762feef8aacb96527ab9842121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aims to deconstruct prison in historical and political terms. For that purpose, it avails itself of concepts that mark its thresholds, limits and tipping points. The dissertation s major underlying question is: How does an institution so criticized, reviled and slandered such as prison is able to endure for so long, thrive more and more, and show so much resilience? Prison s ability to pick itself up and continually expand even after being denounced and accused of major and minor failures is something that brings about a measure of reverence for the deed and a bit of uncertainty about the phenomenon. That is enough to provoke a lot of interest and a significant number of suspicions. The utmost care was taken to think outside the box herein. With regard to prison, that means challenging reform. Thus, this paper cannot have any commitment to the State s pressing needs. But -- how so? Well, from what has been scribbled on prisons so far, few are those records that can brag about not being reform manuals or a political institution s moralizing guide. Such writings even have a course of action very similar to the works that drive away readers because of the tedium they emanate: 1) they comply with a timeline; 2) they go back to ancient times when everything was, in the nitwits opinion, more barbaric, raw and stupid; and 3) they reach our days, a moment of relief for the evil which was left behind mixed with a disappointment for what could have been performed a lot better. So, they go on to analyze the minutia of every single failure in the several manifestations of the phenomenon in question; they begin the swarm of advices to governments and authorities, who someday may acquire enough judgment to direct individuals without excesses or wastes, in the full force of the law. Evolution, investigation, recommendation. Beginning, middle and ending of the works on prison reform. That is when this paper, spurred by the verification of these discourses common matrix, decides to frighten away its own yawning by jumping up and down, demarcating topics and subjects in the examination s progression-regression-perdition, while it averts the boring, flat time so that it is able to go ahead, come back and lose itself when necessary. Throughout its trajectory, it sought to dig an abyss between that science which provides a doctoral assistance to govern, control and master better and that knowledge which only announces its own design by sliding among doubts and queries under an avalanche of problems upon problems / Este estudo visa desconstruir a prisão em termos histórico-políticos. Para tal, lança mão de conceitos que marcam seus limiares, limites e pontos de inflexão. A grande pergunta nas entrelinhas da dissertação é: De que maneira uma instituição tão criticada, vilipendiada e difamada como a prisão consegue durar tanto, prosperar cada vez mais e demonstrar tamanha resiliência? Essa capacidade da prisão de se reerguer e expandir continuamente mesmo após ter sido denunciada e acusada de fracassos pequenos e grandes é algo que suscita certa medida de reverência pela proeza e um bocado de incerteza acerca do fenômeno. Só isso já é o bastante para despertar não pouco interesse e uma série expressiva de suspeitas. Nesta dissertação, tomou-se o maior cuidado para poder pensar fora da bitola. No tocante à prisão, isso quer dizer contestar a reforma. Destarte, este trabalho não pode possuir compromisso nenhum com as premências do Estado. Mas - como assim? Ora, do que se escrevinhou sobre as prisões até agora, são parcos os registros que podem se gabar de não serem manuais de reforma nem guias de moralização de uma instituição política. Tais escritos possuem até mesmo uma maneira de proceder muito parecida com a das obras que afastam o leitor pelo tédio que emanam: 1) obedecem a uma linha do tempo; 2) remontam aos idos da Antigüidade, em que tudo era, na opinião dos mais mentecaptos, mais bárbaro, cru e burro; e 3) chegam até os dias atuais, um momento de alívio pelo mal deixado para trás misturado com a decepção pelo que poderia ter sido muito mais bem executado. Então, passam a esmiuçar toda e qualquer falha nas diversas manifestações do fenômeno em questão; iniciam o enxame de conselhos a governos e autoridades, que talvez um dia adquiram o juízo necessário para dirigirem os indivíduos sem excessos nem desperdícios, tudo no rigor da lei. Evolução, apuração, recomendação. Princípio, meio e fim das obras sobre a reforma das prisões. Eis que este trabalho, aguilhoado pela constatação da matriz comum desses discursos, resolve espantar o próprio bocejar aos saltos, delimitando temas e tópicos na progressão-regressão-perdição do exame, ao passo que conjura o tempo chato e achatado para assim poder ir, voltar e se extraviar quando necessário. Ao longo de toda a sua trajetória, procurou cavar um abismo entre a ciência que fornece assessoria doutoral para governar, controlar e amestrar melhor e o conhecimento que somente anuncia o próprio desígnio deslizando entre dúvidas e interrogações, sob uma avalanche de problemas sobre problemas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin Aranguri.pdf: 5253621 bytes, checksum: 111144762feef8aacb96527ab9842121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aims to deconstruct prison in historical and political terms. For that purpose, it avails itself of concepts that mark its thresholds, limits and tipping points. The dissertation s major underlying question is: How does an institution so criticized, reviled and slandered such as prison is able to endure for so long, thrive more and more, and show so much resilience? Prison s ability to pick itself up and continually expand even after being denounced and accused of major and minor failures is something that brings about a measure of reverence for the deed and a bit of uncertainty about the phenomenon. That is enough to provoke a lot of interest and a significant number of suspicions. The utmost care was taken to think outside the box herein. With regard to prison, that means challenging reform. Thus, this paper cannot have any commitment to the State s pressing needs. But -- how so? Well, from what has been scribbled on prisons so far, few are those records that can brag about not being reform manuals or a political institution s moralizing guide. Such writings even have a course of action very similar to the works that drive away readers because of the tedium they emanate: 1) they comply with a timeline; 2) they go back to ancient times when everything was, in the nitwits opinion, more barbaric, raw and stupid; and 3) they reach our days, a moment of relief for the evil which was left behind mixed with a disappointment for what could have been performed a lot better. So, they go on to analyze the minutia of every single failure in the several manifestations of the phenomenon in question; they begin the swarm of advices to governments and authorities, who someday may acquire enough judgment to direct individuals without excesses or wastes, in the full force of the law. Evolution, investigation, recommendation. Beginning, middle and ending of the works on prison reform. That is when this paper, spurred by the verification of these discourses common matrix, decides to frighten away its own yawning by jumping up and down, demarcating topics and subjects in the examination s progression-regression-perdition, while it averts the boring, flat time so that it is able to go ahead, come back and lose itself when necessary. Throughout its trajectory, it sought to dig an abyss between that science which provides a doctoral assistance to govern, control and master better and that knowledge which only announces its own design by sliding among doubts and queries under an avalanche of problems upon problems / Este estudo visa desconstruir a prisão em termos histórico-políticos. Para tal, lança mão de conceitos que marcam seus limiares, limites e pontos de inflexão. A grande pergunta nas entrelinhas da dissertação é: De que maneira uma instituição tão criticada, vilipendiada e difamada como a prisão consegue durar tanto, prosperar cada vez mais e demonstrar tamanha resiliência? Essa capacidade da prisão de se reerguer e expandir continuamente mesmo após ter sido denunciada e acusada de fracassos pequenos e grandes é algo que suscita certa medida de reverência pela proeza e um bocado de incerteza acerca do fenômeno. Só isso já é o bastante para despertar não pouco interesse e uma série expressiva de suspeitas. Nesta dissertação, tomou-se o maior cuidado para poder pensar fora da bitola. No tocante à prisão, isso quer dizer contestar a reforma. Destarte, este trabalho não pode possuir compromisso nenhum com as premências do Estado. Mas - como assim? Ora, do que se escrevinhou sobre as prisões até agora, são parcos os registros que podem se gabar de não serem manuais de reforma nem guias de moralização de uma instituição política. Tais escritos possuem até mesmo uma maneira de proceder muito parecida com a das obras que afastam o leitor pelo tédio que emanam: 1) obedecem a uma linha do tempo; 2) remontam aos idos da Antigüidade, em que tudo era, na opinião dos mais mentecaptos, mais bárbaro, cru e burro; e 3) chegam até os dias atuais, um momento de alívio pelo mal deixado para trás misturado com a decepção pelo que poderia ter sido muito mais bem executado. Então, passam a esmiuçar toda e qualquer falha nas diversas manifestações do fenômeno em questão; iniciam o enxame de conselhos a governos e autoridades, que talvez um dia adquiram o juízo necessário para dirigirem os indivíduos sem excessos nem desperdícios, tudo no rigor da lei. Evolução, apuração, recomendação. Princípio, meio e fim das obras sobre a reforma das prisões. Eis que este trabalho, aguilhoado pela constatação da matriz comum desses discursos, resolve espantar o próprio bocejar aos saltos, delimitando temas e tópicos na progressão-regressão-perdição do exame, ao passo que conjura o tempo chato e achatado para assim poder ir, voltar e se extraviar quando necessário. Ao longo de toda a sua trajetória, procurou cavar um abismo entre a ciência que fornece assessoria doutoral para governar, controlar e amestrar melhor e o conhecimento que somente anuncia o próprio desígnio deslizando entre dúvidas e interrogações, sob uma avalanche de problemas sobre problemas

Thesis. 1978. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 109-110. / by Hazel W.S. Wong. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis. 1978. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 191-193. / by Thomas E. Castelnuovo. / M.C.P.

Neste trabalho exploro o funcionamento atual e cotidiano do sistema penitenciário paulista a partir de três frentes de investigação: 1 a dinâmica da execução penal e o particular regime de processamento que organiza o fluxo de condenados pelos espaços de reclusão; 2 o processo de expansão interiorizada do parque penitenciário, as formas de territorialização das unidades prisionais, da população carcerária e das agências que compõem o sistema de justiça; e 3 o sistema de abastecimento que promove condições mínimas de sobrevivência no interior das prisões e as diversas modalidades de investimentos materiais e políticos que o caracterizam. Pesquisa documental, entrevistas qualitativas e observação etnográfica constituíram as principais estratégias de investigação. O trabalho de campo se concentrou em três municípios do extremo oeste do estado, especificamente na região da Nova Alta Paulista, bem como no interior de algumas penitenciárias da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo nas quais entrava na qualidade de agente da Pastoral Carcerária e desenvolvia atividades de assistência religiosa, material e jurídica. A constatação de que o funcionamento cotidiano das prisões no estado de São Paulo depende de uma ampla mobilização e de uma contínua articulação de uma variedade de agentes situados tanto dentro como fora da instituição principalmente de presos e seus familiares lança questões sobre figurações atuais e hegemônicas da prisão, que a tomam, de um lado, como um mundo social à parte e, de outro, como um dispositivo de mera incapacitação de amplas camadas populacionais marginalizadas. Esses achados de pesquisa podem contribuir para a reflexão sobre o encarceramento em massa contemporâneo, ao propor parâmetros descritivos e analíticos distintos daqueles que se formularam com referência às experiências do punitivismo nos Estados Unidos e na Europa ocidental; podem também iluminar algumas das condições de possibilidade que estão nas bases da emergência das facções prisionais, especialmente, do Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC). / In this thesis I discuss the contemporary daily functioning of São Paulo penitentiary system, exploring: 1 the particular processing regime that organizes the convicts flows through confinement spaces; 2 the penitentiary system expansion in rural areas and the prisons, inmates and justice system agencies forms of territorialization; and 3 the supply system promoting minimal survival conditions within the prisons and the various political and material arrangements that characterizes it. Documental research, qualitative interviews and ethnographic observation were the main research strategies. The field work focused on three towns in the west of the state (in the Nova Alta Paulista region) as well as within some penitentiaries in São Paulos metropolitan region where I entered as a catholic volunteer, developing religious, material and legal assistance activities. The central finding of this investigation could be summarized as follows: the everyday operation of São Paulos prisons depends on a broad mobilization and continuous articulation of a variety of agents located inside and outside the institution, mainly prisoners and their families. These finding launches questions about current and hegemonic prisons figurations, which take, on the one hand, prison and society as total different social worlds and, on the other, as a mere incapacitation device. By an ethnographic approach, I intend to contribute to the contemporary mass incarceration understanding, proposing descriptive and analytical parameters distinct from those that are formulated with reference to the experiences of the United States and Western Europe; I also intend to illuminate something of the basic conditions for the emergence of prison factions, especially the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC).

Criminology has a long history of trying to understand why people reoffend. People that are released from prison offer us the opportunity study the conditions under which some individuals continue to commit crimes and others do not in great detail. Although research in the last years have incorporated the context as a source of influence on recidivism, much of the literature has focused on attributing the explanations solely on the level of the individuals themselves. Taking this individualistic perspective as my point of departure, I take some steps towards incorporating effects of the environment and aspects associated with social influence and learning in explaining why people re-offend (after being released from prisons). Studying the Chilean prison system, I first establish individual factors associated with recidivism, then account for prison environment and characteristics, to finally attempt at accounting for larger community effects. This was done by analysing data from a cohort of offenders who served sentences in Chilean prisons. Individual factors associated with time until recidivism were analysed using Event history models. Then, multilevel models were used to account for prison-specific effects: the exclusive contribution of prison to recidivism. Finally, hierarchical spatial models were used to analyse how space can be associated with varying levels of recidivism. In addition to the effects of individual characteristics, strong evidence of prison-specific effects was found, which implies that individual propensity towards recidivism is not independent of the prison where the sentence is served. In other words, differences in prison settings have the potential to impact on the individual likelihood of re-offending either by reducing or incrementing the individual risk. Likewise, evidence of spatial clustering of recidivism was also found, which indicates that recidivism has also a spatial component operating beyond the individuals' control. The main contribution of this thesis lies in demonstrating that recidivism implies a complex system of interdependence between different actors and institutions, which needs to be considered to understand recidivism in a larger context. These findings have profound theoretical and policy implications, as they imply that the responsibility for recidivism falls not only on the offenders themselves but also on the wider context of the justice system's institutions and society itself.