This dissertation deals with two aspects of the history of the Companions of the Prophet: the pattern of their geographical distribution and their political alignments---taking as its test case the Battle of S&dotbelow;iffin. Based on biographical dictionaries of the Companions written by selected Traditionists (i.e., Ibn Sa`d, Ibn `Abd al-Barr, Ibn al-Athir, al-Dhahabi and Ibn H&dotbelow;ajar), and on the Traditionist definition of what constitutes a Companion, an attempt will be made to identify on the one hand the Companions who settled in Iraq, Syria and Egypt, and on the other those Companions whose loyalties during the Battle of S&dotbelow;iffin are known. Based on an analysis of the background of the Companions appearing in each of these groups and on a comparison between the two, it is argued that religious ideals played a significant role both in the Companions' movements after the death of the Prophet and in their behavior during the Battle of S&dotbelow;iffin.

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This dissertation entitled, "The Date of the Call of the Prophet Jeremiah: Texts and Issues," attempts to demonstrate that the most plausible date for the beginning of the prophetic career of Jeremiah is that provided in the tradition itself, i.e. the thirteenth year of Josiah (627). In supporting this, two main topics are addressed. First, the alternative dates which have been forwarded in modern scholarship are examined, and shown to be based upon untenable ideas. Secondly, the various objections which have been proffered against the 627 date are analysed, and the case is made that these objections are invalid. Finally, an attempt is made to explain the message and activity of the prophet within the historical milieu of Judah in the years 627-622. The current study develops this thesis in seven chapters. The first chapter discusses the historical context of the years 640-609, and Josiah's reforms. In chapter two it is argued that the prose sermons should be attributed to Jeremiah, and represent a style of the seventh century. Chapter three demonstrates the implausibility of the alternative dating proposals, while in chapter four it is proposed that the threatened invader of the foe from the north oracles was not originally identified by Jeremiah. The issue of Isaiah and the reforms of Hezekiah as a comparable example is handled in chapter five. Chapter six addresses Jeremiah's attitude toward the cultic reforms of Josiah and the appearance of Deuteronomy in 622, and it is shown that the prophet did speak out in support of the newly published law book. Finally in chapter seven, Jeremiah's relative withdrawal from public activity during the period 622-609 is demonstrated, and the prophet's message is explained in light of the setting of the years 627-622.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-02-24T18:20:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DE LIMA COSTA.pdf: 1687787 bytes, checksum: 2b9f2eb92c1c46102d108608625e10d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T18:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DE LIMA COSTA.pdf: 1687787 bytes, checksum: 2b9f2eb92c1c46102d108608625e10d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / This dissertation attempts to interpret and explain the impact of the historical Jesus on the life of his first disciples, as well as on the communities that came about around him. It is argued that the reason of Jesus‟ impact has to do with the fact that he merged the two types of the prophetic weberian sociology, namely, the exemplary prophet and the emissary prophet. In order to do that, the synoptic Gospels are taken as the main sources for the knowledge of the perception the first communities had of Jesus. Through research in these sources, it is observed that the prophetic characteristics are verified both in the deeds and in the words of Jesus. Indeed, Jesus understood himself as God‟s prophet. Additionally, both his disciples and those who met him, perceived him first and foremost as a prophet. Furthermore, his actions in the synoptic Gospels are strongly marked by the prophetic tradition. This thesis also reveals that the preaching of Jesus is shaped by that tradition in form and content. Finally, through the exegetical narrative of the temptation in the desert, it is demonstrated that the first communities formed around him perceived Jesus as both an exemplary prophet and as an emissary prophet. In this sense, the narrative presents the merging of the mystical experience, typical of the exemplary tradition with the ascetic practices and the ethical radicalism, characteristic of the emissary tradition. Therefore, the disciples and the first Christian communities perceived in Jesus a charismatic power which permeated his life and word, being that fact the reason of the great impact Jesus exerted over their lives and, in turn, over entire communities and, eventually, over the whole society. / A presente pesquisa propõe-se interpretar e explicar o impacto que a figura histórica de Jesus exerceu na vida de seus primeiros discípulos e discípulas, bem como nas comunidades que se formaram ao seu redor. Defende-se que a razão do impacto que Jesus provocou foi por haver fundido os dois tipos proféticos da sociologia weberiana: o profeta exemplar e o profeta emissário. Para tal, considera-se os Evangelhos Sinóticos como as fontes principais para o conhecimento da percepção que as primeiras comunidades cristãs tiveram de Jesus. Através da pesquisa destas fontes, verifica-se que a característica profética se manifesta tanto nas ações quanto nas palavras de Jesus. Ele se compreendeu fundamentalmente como um profeta de Deus. Além disso, tanto os seus discípulos e discípulas quanto aqueles que o conheceram, perceberam-no primeiramente como profeta. Ademais, sua atuação nos Evangelhos Sinóticos se manifesta fortemente marcada pela tradição profética. Averígua-se também que a pregação de Jesus se apresenta moldada por esta tradição, tanto na forma quanto em seu conteúdo. Por fim, através da análise exegética do relato da tentação de Jesus no deserto, constata-se que as primeiras comunidades formadas ao seu redor o perceberam tanto como profeta exemplar quanto como profeta emissário. Neste sentido, o relato se apresenta como a fusão da experiência mística, típica da profecia exemplar com as práticas ascéticas e o radicalismo ético, característicos da profecia emissária. Portanto, os discípulos e discípulas e as primeiras comunidades cristãs perceberam em Jesus um poder carismático que perpassava tanto sua vida quanto suas palavras, sendo esta a razão do grande impacto que exerceu sobre suas vidas e, por conseguinte, sobre comunidades inteiras e sobre a sociedade em geral.

This thesis is an examination of Muslim traditions concerning Muhammad's call to prophethood. Although Muhammad's initial prophetic call is one of the most crucial events in the history of Islamic religious tradition, Muslim records of the event are too inconsistent to be reconciled. At the expense of sound source criticism, some influential modern Islamicists, like Tor Andrae and W. M. Watt, have tried to reconstruct Muhammad's call from inconsistent hadiths. Drawing on the works of four Muslim traditionists, i.e. Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Sa'd, al-Bukhari and al-Tabari this thesis points out that, other than the fact that Muhammad must have gone through a fundamental religious experience, Muslim traditions do not permit a reconstruction of the historical event of Muhammad's call; they do provide, however, evidence of the complex ways in which Muslims understood the event, suited to their religio-theological interpretation of the Qur'anic allusions to the modes of Muhammad's religious experiences.

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The première of Meyerbeer\'s Le Prophète in the Hungarian National Theatre on June 12th 1850 was an event of unprecedented importance in the short history of professional opera in the Hungarian language. In my paper I am going to demonstrate the role of the orchestra in the success of this work. I shall combine this with the presentation of other outstanding aspects of the performance so that we shall be able to fairly judge the orchestra\'s contribution to the success.

The research aims to establish in a holistic manner the facts about the Khawtirij sect, its history, beliefs and activities, and the major events it experienced, together with knowledge about and principles of its different sub·groups. The research also sheds light on the lama 'at al- Takfir Wa L-Hijrah's activities whether in Egypt or in Somalia. The thesis scrutinizes the definition of extremism and terrorism in contrast to Islam's message of tolerance and justice. Within this context, it also clarifies disagreements deemed reprehensible by Islam. This study found that Islam promotes unity and condemns disputes, fanaticism, extremism and factionalism since it is a religion of moderation and tolerance. The Khawarij is a deviant group which can be described as a terrorist organization in modern parlance. The /ama 'at Takfir Wa L-Hijrah is nothing more than a modern version of the Khawiin"j which ad heres to the same beliefs as its predecessor. It has a visible presence in Somaliaand aU its actions confirm the original apostacising ideology of the . Khawiirij Such actions are not trivial; before embarking on them stri ct conditions and regulations have to be followed. The noble Prophet (peace be upon him) and Muslim scholars have warned against these practices when correct procedure is flouted. Some of the most commonly used words are: Islam, reli gion, nat jon, Somalia, Khawiirij, sect, faith, principles, disagreement, apostasy, Allah, Prophet Muhammad, Qur'an and Hadith. / Arabic / DLITT (Arabic)

The research aims to establish in a holistic manner the facts about the Khawtirij sect, its history, beliefs and activities, and the major events it experienced, together with knowledge about and principles of its different sub·groups. The research also sheds light on the lama 'at al- Takfir Wa L-Hijrah's activities whether in Egypt or in Somalia. The thesis scrutinizes the definition of extremism and terrorism in contrast to Islam's message of tolerance and justice. Within this context, it also clarifies disagreements deemed reprehensible by Islam. This study found that Islam promotes unity and condemns disputes, fanaticism, extremism and factionalism since it is a religion of moderation and tolerance. The Khawarij is a deviant group which can be described as a terrorist organization in modern parlance. The /ama 'at Takfir Wa L-Hijrah is nothing more than a modern version of the Khawiin"j which ad heres to the same beliefs as its predecessor. It has a visible presence in Somaliaand aU its actions confirm the original apostacising ideology of the . Khawiirij Such actions are not trivial; before embarking on them stri ct conditions and regulations have to be followed. The noble Prophet (peace be upon him) and Muslim scholars have warned against these practices when correct procedure is flouted. Some of the most commonly used words are: Islam, reli gion, nat jon, Somalia, Khawiirij, sect, faith, principles, disagreement, apostasy, Allah, Prophet Muhammad, Qur'an and Hadith. / Arabic / DLITT (Arabic)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The purpose of this dissertation is to determine what takes place on the human side when a man says he has an encounter with God, with special reference to the thought of Martin Buber and of the Hebrew prophet, Jeremiah. The method has been to characterize each man's thought; to pay particular attention to the data lending themselves to psychological description, to the end of analyzing encounter with God in its epistemic, psychological and existential modes. On the basis of these characterizations, each of these men has been compared to the other to determine likenesses and differences; to assay the effect of culture at points of difference; and to summarize the points of likeness which might have abiding value. Findings and conclusions are: 1. Buber and Jeremiah find man's essential nature incomplete apart from relation to God. Fulfilment is possible in what Buber terms an I-Thou relation--a subject-subject relation as opposed to the subject-object relation of knowledge. Subject-subject relation is made possible by a unique category of being, which Buber calls the inborn Thou. This is not to say that man has an original self. A self has to be won. 2. A sense of lack (anxiety), a reaching out, the dual gestalt of man's own being together with objective reference of the Thou, a sense of fulfillment by a Persons over against one, standing in the relation of love--these minimal elements of encounter constitute the fountainhead of religion and ethics, as well as the occasion for man's social being to emerge and to be kept intact. Revelation comes in the form of Presence--presence as power. No verbal message is given. There is a sense of reciprocal relation, of inexpressible confirmation, and of an urge to act out the power of it in the world. 3. Jeremiah conceived man to be created by God and endowed with a drive to fulfillment like the migratory instinct in birds. Man is free to direct this drive toward God and find fulfilment, or to direct it elsewhere with little promise in the face of his precarious existence. 4. For both men, one's religious knowledge and his cultural modes of thought were part of the whole person taken into encounter and could affect the subsequent interpretation of it. Neither believed that encounter was sufficient without the remainder of experience; nor did either conceive the experience of immediacy as resulting from any form of mystical absorption. Jeremiah's tribal consciousness lends itself aptly both to illustrate the limits which culture can impose on revelation and also to reveal how the Presence can transcend the limits. 5. Relation to God is necessary for maintaining the integrity of one's I; otherwise, the world of things assumes the mastery, and persons are cheapened (Buber); or man loses his moral fibre (Jeremiah). 6. Jeremiah negatively illustrates Buber's judgment that verbal messages are not given in revelation. Recently from the Presence, he put his own thoughts into the mouth of God and delivered them as a "Thus saith the Lord." The mistakes he made indicate that alleged verbal messages in revelation do not stand on their own authority. They need further testing. 7. Buber and Jeremiah fonnd that perceptual data of religion gained in concrete life-situations were a reliable foundation upon which to build coherent religious truth. They would agree that this method of gaining religious truth has been a distinctive contribution of the Hebrew-Jewish religion.