O trabalho procura compreender o processo de estagnação urbana do distrito do Pari, um fenômeno que ocorre em determinadas áreas da metrópole como uma forma de criarem fronteiras de expansão ao capital imobiliário. Para compreender como esse processo ocorreu no distrito do Pari foi analisada a história da formação geográfica do bairro, a história social e demográfica, a história da atividade imobiliária e econômica e a história da Política pública do espaço. O processo ocorrido no Pari mostrou que o distrito concentra diversas atividades, usos, estrutura e população que, na verdade, podem ser considerados estagnados. Mas, mais importante do que a estagnação, é o fato que a sociedade considera essas atividades, usos, estrutura e população com desprezo e isso é uma forma ideológica que traz este conceito, uma vez que é associado com as classes mais pobres. / This thesis seeks the understanding the process of urban stagnation that took place in the District of Pari, São Paulo, Brazil. Urban stagnation is understood as a process which occurs in certain areas of a metropolis as a means of establishing barriers for the expansion of real estate capital. For the purpose of understanding how this process has occurred in that district it is analyzed its demographic, geographic, urban-spatial, economic, social and governmental history. Similarities and differences between different central districts of São Paulo are studied in order to understand the process Pari has undergone. It was shown that the district concentrates several activities, land uses, structures and population which, in fact, may be considered stagnant, but more important than that is the fact that society as a whole looks upon such activities, population, structures and land uses, with scorn and that stagnation is an ideological way of conveying that contempt, since they are associated with lower social classes.

O trabalho procura compreender o processo de estagnação urbana do distrito do Pari, um fenômeno que ocorre em determinadas áreas da metrópole como uma forma de criarem fronteiras de expansão ao capital imobiliário. Para compreender como esse processo ocorreu no distrito do Pari foi analisada a história da formação geográfica do bairro, a história social e demográfica, a história da atividade imobiliária e econômica e a história da Política pública do espaço. O processo ocorrido no Pari mostrou que o distrito concentra diversas atividades, usos, estrutura e população que, na verdade, podem ser considerados estagnados. Mas, mais importante do que a estagnação, é o fato que a sociedade considera essas atividades, usos, estrutura e população com desprezo e isso é uma forma ideológica que traz este conceito, uma vez que é associado com as classes mais pobres. / This thesis seeks the understanding the process of urban stagnation that took place in the District of Pari, São Paulo, Brazil. Urban stagnation is understood as a process which occurs in certain areas of a metropolis as a means of establishing barriers for the expansion of real estate capital. For the purpose of understanding how this process has occurred in that district it is analyzed its demographic, geographic, urban-spatial, economic, social and governmental history. Similarities and differences between different central districts of São Paulo are studied in order to understand the process Pari has undergone. It was shown that the district concentrates several activities, land uses, structures and population which, in fact, may be considered stagnant, but more important than that is the fact that society as a whole looks upon such activities, population, structures and land uses, with scorn and that stagnation is an ideological way of conveying that contempt, since they are associated with lower social classes.

Il bullismo è un fenomeno di gruppo in cui bambini e ragazzi possono essere coinvolti con ruoli differenti Il presente progetto di ricerca comprende tre studi originali, focalizzati su tre comportamenti ed esperienze connesse al bullismo: la condotta prevaricante, il comportamento di difesa della vittima e la vittimizzazione. Il primo studio ha esaminato gli effetti principali e di interazione dell'empatia affettiva e cognitiva, della preferenza sociale e della popolarità percepita su questi tre ruoli di coinvolgimento nel bullismo, nella media fanciullezza e nella prima adolescenza. Il secondo studio ha analizzato le relazioni esistenti tra abilità di teoria della mente (ToM), comportamento prepotente, difesa della vittima e vittimizzazione in un campione di media-fanciullezza. Sono anche stati controllati gli effetti di moderazione delle relazioni tra ToM e coinvolgimento nel bullismo esercitati da variabili individuali e relazionali. Il terzo studio, un progetto di ricerca longitudinale a breve termine, ha riesaminato le associazioni tra variabili rinvenute nel primo studio, valutandone il valore predittivo, oltre a rilevare eventuali effetti di moderazione della stabilità nel tempo di questi comportamenti e situazioni connessi al bullismo. / Bullying is a group phenomenon in which children may be involved with different roles. This project includes three original studies, focussed on three bullying-related behaviours or experiences: bullying, victimization, and defending the victim. The first study examined main and interaction effects of affective and cognitive empathy, social preference and perceived popularity on these three ways of participation in bullying, in middle-childhood and early adolescence. The second study analyzed the relationships between theory of mind skills (ToM), bullying, defending and victimization in a middle-childhood sample. Several individual and relational variables were controlled for, and their moderation effects on the relationships between ToM and involvement in bullying were examined. The third study was a short-term longitudinal research project, examining the predictive values of the associations between variables found in the first study and some possible moderation effects of the stability over time of these social behaviours and situations related to bullying.

L’assurance islamique, ou takaful, qui est apparue dans les années 1970, est un sujet d’actualité, tant en France qu’au Liban. Les sociétés d’assurance islamique voudraient opérer dans ces deux pays dont le droit des contrats, comme celui des entreprises sont dominés par l’idée de laïcité. Peut-on exercer une activité que se veut régie par des principes religieux dans des pays de droit positif laïc ? La police takaful est-elle une police d’assurance à l’instar de la police d’assurance conventionnelle ? Les sociétés takaful sont-elles des sociétés d’assurance au même titre que les sociétés d’assurance conventionnelle ? Certes, les éléments constituant le contrat d’assurance conventionnelle se retrouvent dans la police takaful, à savoir le risque, la prime et la prestation d’assurance. Ces deux contrats d’assurance couvrent les mêmes risques, sous réserve des objets et évènements considérés comme haram et prohibés par l’islam. Quant aux sociétés d’assurance takaful, elles peuvent prendre les mêmes formes que les sociétés d’assurance conventionnelle. Mais leur fonctionnement diffère de celles-ci, en raison de leur structuration en deux fonds distincts et d’un mode opérationnel qui leur est propre. Le contrôle de la conformité à la charia islamique marque les compagnies d’assurance takaful et les distingue fortement des sociétés d’assurance conventionnelle. Il s’agit sans doute du principal obstacle à leur réception par le droit positif. Mais il doit pouvoir être surmonté. / The Islamic insurance, or Takaful, that first appeared in the seventies, is a subject that has an actual importance both in France and Lebanon. The Islamic insurance companies aim at working in these two countries whereas the contracts law as much as the enterprises law is dominated by the idea of secularism. Can we practice an activity mainly ruled by religious principles in countries where the substantive law is secular? Is the Takaful policy an insurance policy like any other conventional policy insurance? And are the Takaful companies insurance companies at the same level of all other conventional insurance companies? Indeed, the elements that are the basics of the conventional insurance contract are found in the Takaful policy, meaning the risk, the premium and the insurance benefit. These two contracts cover the similar risks, except for the objects and events considered as Haram and prohibited by Islam. As for the insurance companies Takaful, they are allowed to have the same form as any other conventional insurance society. Yet, their functioning is different from the abovementioned, due to their structuring into two distinct funds in addition to an operational mode appropriate to their needs. The audit made in conformity with the Islamic sharia imprints the Takaful insurance companies and strongly distinguishes them from the conventional insurance companies. Without any doubt, the idea rotates around how the substantive law accepts them. However, the concept of Takaful should be overcome.

Les jeux d’argent sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un débat de société. L’inquiétude qu’ils suscitent et la dangerosité qu’on leur confère se traduisent par la diffusion croissante dans les médias de discours relatifs à l’addiction. Progressivement reconnue depuis les années 80, celle-ci est significative : elle prouve que le jeu d’argent peut présenter de réelles menaces pour l’individu lorsqu’il est pratiqué avec excès. Cette dénonciation renoue avec les discours relatifs à ces pratiques sous l’Ancien Régime. Cependant, à cette époque, le jeu est essentiellement rejeté pour des raisons sociales et morales : outre de représenter un danger pour les familles, il pousse à négliger le travail et remet en cause l’ordre social établi. Entre cet « Ancien Régime » des jeux et la situation actuelle, un système transitoire a existé. En effet, entre 1836, date à laquelle une loi interdit formellement toutes les loteries, jusqu’en 1954, année de création du Tiercé, l’Etat ne cesse d’intervenir, légiférant en faveur du jeu d’argent. Cette période, qui correspond à une officialisation et à une banalisation des pratiques ludiques, est au cœur de ce travail. Il s’agit d’étudier les mutations réglementaires des jeux d’argent et les motivations qui y sont affiliées, et d’analyser les usages sociaux du temps consacré aux jeux à travers l’étude de leurs pratiques. / Money games are today the center of the attention through a burning public debate. They are usually depicted as the origin of many vices and therefore stimulate a lot of worrying from society, thus the increasing broadcasting in the major medias of their incriminated connection to addiction diseases.Addiction has been growingly associated to gambling since the 1980’s : the money games are indeed more and more denunciated for being a real threat to the individuals who excessively enjoy this special hobby.This point of view is not new and is closely connected to the Old Regime’s widely spread opinions. Nevertheless, at this specific time period, money games were mainly rejected for their social and moral downsides : not only they stood for family issues but they were also incriminated as inviting the players to neglect valuable work and/or the established society rules and habits. There has been an in-between situation between the today’s widely spread gambling activities and the prosecution from the Old Regime. Indeed the government has repeatedly issued regulations to widen the gambling activities from 1836 when there was a law against money games till 1954 when the Tiercé was offcially created. This thesis work focuses on analysing the money games activities between these 2 milestones. The main point is to study the regulations variations about the money games and the reasons behind them. An other important aspect is to analyse the social usages of the time spent on money games through their various shapes and identities.

Cette thèse est composée de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre traite de l'évaluation de produits financiers dans un modèle comportant un saut pour l'actif risque. Ce saut représente la faillite de l'entreprise correspondante. On étudie alors l'évaluation des prix d'options par indifférence d'utilité dans un cadre d'utilité exponentielle. Par des techniques de programmation dynamique on montre que le prix d'un Bond est solution d'une équation différentielle et le prix d'options dépendantes de l'actif est solution d'une équation aux dérives partielles d'Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman. Le saut dans la dynamique de l'actif risque induit des différences avec le modèle de Merton que nous tentons de quantifier. Le second chapitre traite d'un marché comportant des sauts : les paris sur le football. Nous rappelons les différentes familles de modèles pour un match de football et introduisons un modèle complet permettant d'évaluer les prix des différents produits apparus sur ce marché ces dix dernières années. La complexité de ce modèle nous amène à étudier un modèle simplifié dont nous étudions les implications et calculons les prix obtenus que l'on compare à la réalité. On remarque que la calibration implicite obtenue génère de très bons résultats en produisant des prix très proches de la réalité. Le troisième chapitre développe le problème de fixation des prix par un teneur de marche monopolistique dans le marché des paris binaires. Ce travail est un prolongement direct au problème introduit par Levitt [Lev04]. Nous généralisons en effet son travail aux cas des paris européens et proposons une méthode pour estimer la méthode de cotation utilisée par le book-maker. Nous montrons que deux hypothèses inextricables peuvent expliquer cette fixation des prix. D'une part, l'incertitude du public sur la vraie valeur ainsi que le caractère extrêmement risque-averse du bookmaker. Le quatrième chapitre prolonge quant à lui cette approche au cas de produits financiers non binaires. Nous examinons différents modèles d'offre et de demande et en déduisons, par des techniques de programmation dynamique, des équations aux dérivées partielles dictant la formation des prix d'achat et de vente. Nous montrons finalement que l'écart entre prix d'achat et prix de vente ne dépend pas de la position du teneur de marche dans l'actif considère. Cependant le prix moyen dépend lui fortement de la quantité détenue par le teneur de marche. Une approche simplifiée est finalement proposée dans le cas multidimensionnel / This thesis is composed of four chapters. The first one deals with the pricing of financial products in a single jump model for the risky asset. This jump represents the bankrupcy of the quoted firm. We study the pricing of derivatives in the context of indifference of utility with an exponential utility. By means of dynamic programming we show that the bond price is solution of an ordinary differential equation and that stock price dependent options are solutions of an equation with partial derivatives of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman type generalizing the Black-Scholes one. We then try to quantify differences in the price obtained here and the one from Merton model without jump. The second chapter deals with a specific jump market : the soccer betting market. We recall the different model families for a soccer match and introduce some full model which allows to price the products recently born in this market in last ten years. Nevertheless the model complexity leads us to study a simplified model introduced by Dixon and Robinson from which we are able to derive closed formulas and simulate prices that we compare to market prices. We remark that implicit calibration gives pretty goof fit of market data. Third chapter developps the approach of Levitt [Lev04] on price formation in binary betting market held by a monopolistic market-maker operating in a one time step trading. We generalize Levitt results with european format of betting. We show that prices are distorded on the pressure of demand and offer, that phenomena introducing a market probability that allows to price products under this new measure. We identify some best model for demand and offer and market maker strategy and show that probability change is obvious in case of imperfect information about the value of the product. Fourth chapter generalizes this approach to the case of general payoffs and continuous time. The task is more complex and we just derive partial derivative equations from dynamic programming that enable us to give the bid-ask prices of the product traded by the market-maker. One result is that, in most models, bid-ask spread does not depend on the inventory held by the dealer whereas mid-quote price strongly reflects the unbalance of the dealer

La mise en finance de la dette d'Etat, et les crises auxquelles elle donne lieu, font de l'instauration d'un cadre juridique régissant la restructuration et le défaut des dettes d'Etat, un enjeu majeur pour l'Europe. En l'absence d'un droit européen de la « faillite » d'Etat, un régime de défaut a émergé sur le terrain de la pratique, dans les contrats d'emprunt d'Etat obligataires. Les Etats européens ont en effet privilégié une approche décentralisée et volontaire de la restructuration des dettes d'Etat : le contrat d'emprunt d'Etat établit les règles qui organisent les relations de dette entre les Etats débiteurs et leurs créanciers privés. Sous l'effet de l'intégration financière européenne, ce régime de défaut revêt des formes de plus en plus standardisées. Le présent travail consiste à identifier les éléments constitutifs du régime contractuel de défaut des Etats européens, à en apprécier le caractère idoine à l'aune des besoins de l'Etat et à en évaluer la portée. Il adopte pour ce faire une méthode pragmatique, basée sur une analyse empirique des contrats et une étude de cas.Il ressort de celles-ci que le régime de défaut contractuel des Etats européens conduit à l'abandon, l'érosion voire la suppression des prérogatives exorbitantes de droit commun qui étaient traditionnellement attachées à la qualité de souverain des Etats emprunteurs. D'une part, les Etats consentent, pour assurer l'attractivité de leurs titres de créance sur le marché européen très concurrentiel des dettes d'Etat, à adopter des dispositions attentatoires à leur souveraineté, qui les privent de la marge de manœuvre nécessaire à l'adoption de mesures de sauvegarde adaptées en cas de crise de la dette. D'autre part, les deux principaux fors compétents - les juridictions anglaises et new-yorkaises - ont consacré la force obligatoire des contrats d'emprunt d'Etat, lesquels priment les considérations d'intérêt général qui jadis fondaient le défaut souverain. En effet, la jurisprudence libérale de ces fors, favorables aux créanciers de l'Etat, ont encouragé la professionnalisation des requérants et le développement d'une industrie contentieuse du défaut d'Etat, communément désignée comme l'industrie des « fonds vautours». Les stratégies contentieuses agressives déployées par ces nouveaux acteurs ont permis d'obtenir la condamnation des Etats défaillants et des mesures de contrainte sur le terrain encore très préservé par l'immunité d'exécution des Etats. Cette thèse a ainsi pour enjeu, et s'inscrit, dans le débat contemporain relatif à la transformation de l'Etat européen sous le poids de son endettement. / Sovereign debts’ financiarization is a global phenomenon affecting a very substantial number of States in Europe. Nevertheless, European State insolvency has not been implemented. This legal loophole didn't lead to legal uncertainty : a State default's European regime has emerged from practical experience in sovereign debt contracts. Those contracts include harmonised standards : States adopted boilerplates with the aim of contributing to effective debt market and providing liquidity. Promotion and circulation of boilerplates have been made easier by the fact that many States turn to lawyers for their financial affairs. In fact, sovereign consultancy market remains concentrated among a few major law firms. Given the spread of sovereign debt crisis, which also affected developed economies, contract « as statute » has become a major issue for all democracies. The first part intends to identify and map European boilerplates, reflecting regional particularities ; to analyse them and assess their effectiveness and efficiency in crisis conditions. The second analyses the case law that has developed over the years regarding sovereign debt contract. The European States' default contractual regime had led to the dismissal of prerogatives derogating from the generally applicable rules of law, which States used to enjoy within their financing operations. This research has both practical and prospective dimensions, aiming at putting forward proposals to deal with sovereign debt crisis.

Il lavoro di ricerca si focalizza sui modelli di giustizia e sulla devianza in adolescenza. Obiettivo è quello di mettere a fuoco alcuni elementi cruciali che intervengono come fattori protettivi e fattori di rischio nel comportamento adolescenziale. Nello specifico è indagato il ruolo svolto da variabili familiari, dalla giustizia procedurale, dalle emozioni e dal bisogno di riparazione. I contributi empirici utilizzano metodologie diverse: partendo da un lavoro esplorativo e passando attraverso la validazione di uno strumento di misurazione della giustizia procedurale il lavoro giunge alle analisi confermative su un modello teorico. Il primo studio qualitativo indaga le narrazioni e i significati attribuiti, da parte di adolescenti autori di reato, a tematiche familiari, emotive e di giustizia. Il secondo offre un contributo alla validazione italiana della Family Procedural Justice Scale (Fondacaro, Jackson, & Luescher, 2002), uno strumento self-report volto a misurare la giustizia procedurale in famiglia. Il terzo si occupa di proseguire nella direzione generata dagli studi precedenti e, attraverso analisi confermative sul modello teorico proposto, evidenzia il ruolo protettivo della percezione di giustizia procedurale in famiglia, della legittimità parentale, del bisogno di riparazione e delle emozioni di vergogna reintegrativa e colpa, mentre individua come fattore di rischio l’associazione a pari devianti. / The research focuses on the models of justice and delinquency in adolescence. The primary goal is to focus on crucial elements that act as protective and risk factors in adolescent behavior. Specifically, the role played by family variables, procedural justice, emotions and reparation is investigated. The empirical contributions use different methodologies: starting from an exploratory work and going through the validation of a procedural justice measuring instrument, the research comes to confirmatory analysis on a theoretical model. The first qualitative study explores the narratives and meanings attributed by adolescents offenders to family, emotional and justice issues. The second is a contribution to the Italian validation of the Family Procedural Justice Scale (Fondacaro, Jackson, & Luescher, 2002), a self-report instrument designed to measure procedural justice in the family. The third study continues in the direction generated by previous studies and, through confirmatory analysis on the proposed theoretical model, highlights the protective role of family procedural justice, parents legitimacy, need for reparation, reintegrative shame and guilt, whereas the association to deviant peers is identified as a risk factor.

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Cities are growing at unprecedented speed, with all the challenges this global trend poses, from macro environmental and social level to individual level. Today the vast majority of women worldwide living in urban areas do not have the same access as men to public spaces and to services that the urban area offers. Furthermore, women often feel more unsafe in public spaces than men, and gendered violence and harassment in public spaces is a problem that is pervasive and widespread globally.  Women have historically been omitted in the urban planning process, with the consequence that cities do not respond to their needs, lives, activities, experiences, and in the worst cases discriminate and segregate them. Consequently, the access to cities’ public services is limited for women and young girls, and so are also their economic and political powers- an important democratic issue. My research explores how systematically including the gender mainstreaming perspective at an early stage in urban planning and adopting participatory bottom-up communication processes that give voice and empowerment to the marginalized, could be a decisive factor in developing inclusive and accessible cities for all, against discrimination and segregation.  Putting the gender equality perspective at the centre of the communication of designing/redesigning/transforming urban areas is therefore strategic to the implementation and success of an inclusive social development for all, both in the Global South and in the Global North.   Keywords: urban planning, public spaces, gender, gender mainstreaming, gender equality, inclusivity, accessibility, social equity, urban justice, participation, democracy.