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This research uses a novel policy writing method to explore young people’s subjective understandings of the problems of poverty. Working with five groups of young people, aged 11 – 21, from some of the most financially deprived areas of England, it sought to draw out and explore their “policy imaginary”, or the way they viewed the problems of poverty through a lens of ideal policy responses. It unpacks these young people’s policy imaginaries, and the life-narratives they discussed alongside these imaginaries, within a discourse of individualisation. Across four articles, it demonstrates and explores the complexities and ambiguities of these young people’s thinkings. This thesis begins by suggesting that many of the problems of poverty they identify as important to their lives are structural, and that they understanding the role of collective and political agency, rather than their own individual agency, in ending poverty. It then more specifically explores their understandings of their neighbourhoods and houses, which suggests that individualised factors often identified in other research, such as social contagion and epidemic neighbourhood effects, are not what they identify as most important in their local areas. It concludes by identifying a policy gap emerging along similar theoretical lines. Here, this research suggests that much of the policy directed towards these young people focuses on individualised problems, and their individual agency as a route of out poverty, but that this sort of policy response is not what these young people felt was needed. However, this is not to suggest that these young people downplayed or dismissed their own agency in charting their life-pathways. Indeed, as much previous literature has found, these young people spoke fluently about the agency and opportunities they have in their lives, often seeming ‘hyper-agentic’. However, this thesis suggests that exploring these young people’s policy imaginary appears to create a medium through which they can talk both about their agency and the constraints and limitations low-incomes generate. It allowed them to bridge their highly agentic biographies to their socially structured histories, as they saw them.

No description available.

This thesis consists of five essays on the economic outcomes of immigrants and homosexuals on the labour and housing market. Essay I evaluates the effect of an in-work benefit on the labour supply of single immigrant women by means of simulation. Although, on average, there is no significant effect, we find that the in-work benefit increases the working hours of single women with low incomes and slightly decreases the working hours of those with high incomes. The increase in working hours is primarily a result of increased participation. As expected, the positive effect is largest for the immigrant groups with the lowest participation rates and lowest labour incomes. Essay II studies intergenerational transmissions in self-employment. The results show that immigrants transfer general human capital over three generations in the sense that individuals whose fathers and grandfathers are self-employed have a higher self-employment propensity. For natives, only the father’s self-employment affects the son’s probability of becoming self-employed. Furthermore, the results show that natives transfer specific human capital from father to son, which increases the probability of sons becoming self-employed in the industry in which their fathers are self-employed. Essay III explores the effect of self-employment experience on subsequent earnings and the employment of male and female immigrant wage earners. We find that, relative to continued wage employment, self-employment is associated with lower earnings and difficulties in returning to paid employment for both immigrant men and women. The effect is less severe for natives. Among immigrant groups, the results give little support that self-employment experience improves earnings and employment prospects compared to experience from wage employment.  Essay IV applies a field experiment to investigate how increasing the information about applicants affects discrimination against male Arab/Muslim applicants on the rental housing market. The Arab/Muslim applicants received fewer responses from the landlords than did the Swedish applicants. All of the applicants gained by providing more information about themselves, but the magnitude of discrimination against the Arab/Muslim applicants remained unchanged, indicating that increasing the amount of applicant information will not reduce discrimination. Essay V studies possible discrimination against lesbians in the rental housing market using a field experiment. We let two fictitious couples, one heterosexual and one homosexual, apply for vacant apartments on the Internet. We then explored if there were differences in callbacks, invitations to further contact and/or showings. The results show no indication of differential treatment of lesbians by landlords.

Submitted by Jonathan Felix Ribeiro Lopes (jonathan_felix@hotmail.com) on 2012-04-27T17:30:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão finalíssima.pdf: 1456935 bytes, checksum: 5d9c7572620615a3dbae498d6886685f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁURA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-05-11T18:50:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão finalíssima.pdf: 1456935 bytes, checksum: 5d9c7572620615a3dbae498d6886685f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-16T19:12:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão finalíssima.pdf: 1456935 bytes, checksum: 5d9c7572620615a3dbae498d6886685f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-16T19:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão finalíssima.pdf: 1456935 bytes, checksum: 5d9c7572620615a3dbae498d6886685f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-20 / This dissertation aims to identify ways in which the implementation of the Territorial Board Norte Fluminense, provided experiences of political participation in territorial scope. For this, we tought an interdisciplinary understanding of political participation. Moreover, empirical research sought to identify, through analysis of official documents of theTerritories of Citizenship Program, questionnaires and interviews which the impact of policy on political participation in the area studied. Institutional advances were perceived at the same time the persistence of authoritarian traits in the actions of the Brazilian state. / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo identificar em que aspectos a implementação do Colegiado Territorial Norte Fluminense, proporcionou experiências de participação política em âmbito territorial. Para isso, buscou-se uma compreensão interdisciplinar da participação política. Além disso, a pesquisa empírica buscou identificar, por meio da análise de documentos oficiais do Programa Territórios da Cidadania, questionários e entrevistas qual o impacto da política sobre a participação política no espaço estudado. Foram percebidos avanços institucionais ao mesmo tempo da permanência de traços autoritários nas ações do Estado brasileiro.