This thesis explores the circumstances around Public-Private-Partnership in library digitisation of cultural heritage. The thesis uses a qualitative analysis on pre-existing documents and covers two case studies where interests, communication and handling of cultural heritage is explored using latent thematic analysis. The first case study explores a digitisation effort with six academic libraries and the Swedish National Library as they initiate a partnership with Google Books. The second case study explores a digitisation partnership between the Swedish National Library and three American non-profit institution. The thesis uses the four spaces model developed for library institutions, and a theoretical representation of cultural heritage as Significance, Form and Material in analysis. The thematic analysis relates the interests of the partnerships with the expectations on the institutions and the trends spotted in previous Public-Private-Partnership digitisation. The findings are limited by the confidentiality of the Public-Private-Partnerships and make an argument for the need for further research in the field. The thesis finds strong connection between the development of the cases under study and the trends in cultural heritage digitisation identified in background and previous research. The analysis shows that the public institutions approached the partnerships with clear roles that pertained to the purposes of each institution. In the discussion the question of whether Public-Private-Partnership is being utilised to its best qualities is being raised. The findings work as a starting point for discourse and further research, and a resource of information on the two cases.

九年一貫課程的精神為創新教學，目的在透過創新的教學來讓學生養成創新的思維。然而，創新思維的養成不能單靠學校就能達成。學生在家庭的時間佔三分之二，因此家庭與學校必須合作，才能達成教育的目標—即每個學生的成功。 本研究首先分析家長參與的相關文獻，發現目前家長參與的論文是針對家長、學校、或教師做個別的研究，未從三者統合的觀點探討，因此本研究乃從Swap的「家庭—學校夥伴關係模式」（home-school partnership model）出發，期以整合的方式來研究家長參與。 「家庭—學校夥伴關係模式」（home-school partnership model）是指由家長與教育家組成聯盟，以促進優良的學校與學生。此「夥伴關係」（partnership）有特殊的意義，它是包含長期的約定、相互尊重、家庭與教育者廣泛參與各層次的活動，且共享規劃、決策的責任。在夥伴關係模式中，家長參與並非被視為附加物，而被視為學校改革不可或缺的部分。Swap指出發展夥伴關係的四個要素為創造雙向溝通、強調在校與在家的學習、提供支持與共同決策，因此本研究採取質性研究的方式，針對三所學校的家長、教師與行政人員進行深度訪談，並以家庭—學校夥伴關係模式的四要素來分析研究對象，以瞭解此三學校的家長參與情況是否符合家庭—學校夥伴關係模式，最後分別對三所學校的家長參與提出建議。 本文的研究發現，B國小家長參與最接近夥伴關係模式，其次依序為A國小、C國小。A、C國小家長參與的困境主要原因在於觀念未改變，家長視自己為學校的「協助者」，而非「夥伴」，教師則對家長參與仍有疑慮。因此，欲推動家庭—學校夥伴關係模式，則A、C國小應加強內部的溝通，以對家長參與形成共識，再與家長溝通、邀請家長成為教育的夥伴。

D’inspiration anglo-saxonne et plébiscités par la Commission européenne, les partenariatspublic-privé, s’ils semblaient exister en diverses formes de montages contractuels complexes,ont fait leur entrée remarquée dans le paysage des contrats administratifs français parl’ordonnance du 17 juin 2004 relative aux contrats de partenariat. Ceux-ci, ayant fait l’objet deplusieurs réformes en 2008 et en 2009, sont, tour à tour, loués, critiqués ou décriés en ce qu’ilsnourrissent ou affectent les mécanismes de droit commun de la commande publique en droitinterne tout en exploitant des interprétations ambiguës quant à leur capacité d’assurer desmissions de service public.Le caractère tant innovant du contrat de partenariat, par ses spécificités relatives au partagedes risques associé à des objectifs de performance, que dérogatoire par une possibilitéd’utilisation conditionnée, plusieurs fois réaffirmé par le Conseil constitutionnel, font de cenouveau mode contractuel un contrat public singulier.A défaut d’existence de toute définition juridique des partenariats public-privé, cette recherche apour objet d’une part, d’analyser en quoi le partage des risques, pilier de cette singularité, estun vecteur de développement du contrat de partenariat et d’autre part, à s’interroger en quoi cedernier est susceptible de constituer un outil de réforme de l’Etat en ses mécanismes decontractualisation. / Private public partnership has noticeably been introduced in the French public law ofgovernment contract by the Act of 17 June of 2004 relative to Partnership contract. Largelyinspired from the Anglo-Saxon system and approved unanimously by the EuropeanCommission, it is noteworthy that prior to the Act private public partnership techniques wereofficiously already in used through different type of complex contractual settings. Subject toseveral reforms in 2008 and 2009, they were successively praised and criticized. Indeed, PPPhas been decried as affecting the national public procurement law and particularly because itsimplementation has been facilitated by different ambiguous construction regarding its capacityto fulfill public service missions.PPP innovates both by its contractual specificity with regards to the sharing of risk arising duringthe performance of contractual obligations and by its derogatory character due to the rule, whichhas frequently been reaffirmed by the Constitutional Court, that the use of PPP is subject tostrict conditions. The two aforementioned distinguishing features made this new contractualengineering a particular public contract law.Notwithstanding the lack of any legal definition of PPP, this research aims firstly to ascertainhow risk sharing, which is the pillar of this instrument, is the driving force behind thedevelopment of partnership contract. This research also aims to determine how PPP, throughits contractual technicalities, can be a tool in the reform of the State.

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Através do presente trabalho, demonstra-se que a função social da empresa é o fundamento e a justificativa para o reconhecimento e a proteção de interesses alheios aos dos sócios na sociedade limitada. Nos três primeiros capítulos, o objetivo é apontar qual o fundamento teórico da funcionalização do direito de propriedade, quais corolários dela decorrem e qual a sua importância para o exercício da empresa. Defende-se que a função social da propriedade é imperativo decorrente da ordem jurídica do mercado, moldada principalmente pelo princípio da solidariedade social. Por sua vez, a função social da empresa é corolário da função social da propriedade. Sustenta-se que a funcionalização do exercício da empresa repercute no exercício da atividade empresarial, acarretando obrigações positivas e negativas aos sócios majoritários (controladores) e administradores das sociedades empresárias, assim como incide sobre o exercício do direito de propriedade de parcelas do capital, do que decorrem obrigações atinentes aos sócios. A partir do capítulo quarto, objetiva-se sistematizar a composição de interesses na sociedade limitada, em abordagem que inclui tanto os conflitos que envolvem os sócios entre si, como os que os vinculam a terceiros, como a própria sociedade, os credores, os empregados, etc. No primeiro aspecto, versa-se sobre: deliberações sociais; o direito de recesso como forma de resolução de conflitos entre os sócios; a dissolução parcial como instrumento para assegurar a liberdade de não permanecer associado; as restrições ao exercício abusivo da administração; a transparência como instrumento de preservação dos interesses dos minoritários; o direito de participação nos lucros e no acervo social em caso de dissolução e liquidação da sociedade; o direito à manutenção da mesma proporção no capital social e o acordo de quotista como instrumento de composição de interesses. No segundo, sobre o conflito de interesses entre a sociedade e o sócio, em razão do exercício do direito de voto; a exclusão dos sócios nas modalidades de resolução da sociedade em relação ao sócio minoritário, da exclusão do sócio majoritário e do sócio remisso; aspectos da composição do capital social; os efeitos externos da sociedade, em abordagem que apreciará as conseqüências da autonomia patrimonial, a responsabilidade dos sócios e administradores e a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica; aspectos da proteção dos interesses dos empregados e da preservação do meio ambiente. A partir da análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, demonstra-se como o princípio da função social da empresa é importante para a composição de interesses na sociedade limitada. / Through the present work we demonstrate that the social function of the firm is the basis as well as the evidence for the acknowledgment and protection minoritys and stakeholders interests in the private limited partnership. In the three first chapters it is analyzed the theoretical basis for the functionalization of the property right. It is supported that the property social function is mandatory due to the market juridical order shaped mainly by the social solidarity principle. The social function of the firm, in its turn, is corollary of the property social function. It also falls upon the exercise of property right of the capital portions of which elapse obligations which are referent to the partners. In the others chapters, the aim is to systemize the composition of interests in the private limited partnership, in an approach that includes conflicts which involve the partners among themselves as well as the ones which entail them to stakeholders, like the society itself, creditors, employees, etc. In the first aspect it runs upon social decisions; the right of recess as a way to solve conflicts among partners; the partial dissolution as an instrument to assure freedom of not continuing associated; the restrictions to the abusive exercise of management; transparency as an instrument of preservation of the minoritys interests: the right of participation in the profits and in the social patrimony in case of dissolution and liquidation of the society; the right of maintaining the same proportion in the social capital and the partners agreement as an instrument of composing interests. In the second one, concerning the conflict of interests between the society and the partner, due to the right of voting; the exclusion of partners in the modalities of resolution of society concerning the minority partner; of the exclusion of the majority partner as well as of the careless partner; aspects of the composition of the social capital. The external effects of the society, in approach which will appreciate the consequences of patrimonial autonomy, partners and managers responsibility and juridical personality disrespect; aspects of the protection of employees interests and environment preservation. Departing from the doctrinaire and jurisprudential analysis it is demonstrated how the principle of the enterprises social function is important for the composition of interests in the limited society.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-05-21T13:48:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Luiz Zanethi.pdf: 687372 bytes, checksum: bd046c2de23a1210e47af95afd71cbe1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T13:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Luiz Zanethi.pdf: 687372 bytes, checksum: bd046c2de23a1210e47af95afd71cbe1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-12 / Hoje, um dos temas mais sensíveis para a humanidade é o meio ambiente. Em um mundo globalizado, onde a preocupação com o meio ambiente deve ser repartida entre todos, não há caminho para a prática de medidas unilaterais, estanques, ante a complexidade e influência destas no mundo atual. Assim, litígios podem aparecer e alguns surgem, em razão desta dificuldade em conciliar interesses. A questão é como prevenir e resolver estes dilemas ambientais sem a necessidade da imposição da força. Daí surge a governança global como instrumento para a busca de soluções pacíficas e comuns para as mais diversas questões relativas à proteção ambiental, por meio da adoção de políticas e de instrumentos normativos. Ocorre que estas questões ambientais também atingem o comércio internacional, principalmente quando medidas ambientais aparecem como forma de barreira comercial, caracterizando-se, muitas vezes, como uma medida protecionista, prática combatida pelo comércio internacional e por seu órgão máximo de defesa e regulação, a Organização Mundial do Comércio. Mais uma vez, aparece a governança global, agora, governança global ambiental, como instrumento para a proteção ambiental, expandindo seu campo de atuação nos acordos de livre comércio mundial, sendo a sua importância destacada em dois deles, o Acordo de Facilitação do Comércio, nascido dentro da Organização Mundial do Comércio, objetivando a simplificação e desburocratização do comércio internacional e exterior, e no TransPacific Partnership, este último com grande preocupação ambiental e com mecanismos de solução de conflitos ambientais embasados nas melhores práticas de governança. Assim, em razão da complexidade das questões ambientais, principalmente nos acordos mundiais de livre comércio, o meio capaz de prevenir litígios e resolvê-los são os arranjos de governança global. / Today, one of the most sensitive issues for humanity is the environment. In a globalized world, where the concern for the environment must be shared among all, there is no way to practice unilateral, watertight measures, given the complexity and influence of these in today's world. Thus, litigation may appear and some arise, because of this difficulty in reconciling interests. The question is how to prevent and resolve these environmental dilemmas without the need for force. Hence, global governance emerges as a tool for seeking peaceful and common solutions to the most diverse issues of environmental protection through the adoption of policies and normative instruments. These environmental issues also affect international trade, especially when environmental measures appear as a form of trade barrier, often being a protectionist measure, a practice attacked by international trade and by its highest defense and regulatory body, the World Trade Organization. And, once again, global governance now appears as a global environmental governance instrument for environmental protection, expanding its field of activity in global free trade agreements, and its importance is highlighted in two of them, the Trade Facilitation Agreement , born within the World Trade Organization, aiming at simplifying and reducing bureaucracy in international and foreign trade and in the TransPacific Partnership, the latter with great environmental concern and with environmental dispute resolution mechanisms based on the best governance practices. Thus, because of the complexity of environmental issues, especially in trade-free agreements, the means of preventing and resolving disputes are the means embedded in global governance arrangements.

Este estudo procura analisar as iniciativas do Governo do Estado de São Paulo de incentivo a parcerias de escolas públicas da rede estadual de ensino com empresas e organizações da sociedade civil, a partir de 1987. Como estratégia de pesquisa, elaborei uma retrospectiva histórica de programas e propostas de estímulo à parceria formulados pelos quatro últimos governos estaduais. Também identifico, por meio de consulta a dissertações e teses, características de parceria entre escolas e empresas/ONGs, na análise de seu desenvolvimento e resultados. Visando compreender o contexto em que estão situadas as políticas de parceria, apresento o movimento mundial de reforma do Estado, que teve seu início na década de 70. No caso do Brasil, esse movimento se intensificou nos anos 80 e 90, quando se procurou redimensionar o grau de intervenção estatal na implementação das políticas sociais e, particularmente, das políticas educacionais. Também trago à discussão a Declaração Mundial sobre Educação para Todos que, com apoio de organismos internacionais, apresentou uma agenda de reformas educacionais ?globalizadas?, dentre elas a convocação de ?todos pela educação?. Ainda, apresento a articulação do movimento de reforma do Estado com o crescimento da participação do empresariado e do Terceiro Setor nas ações educacionais e em projetos de parceria com escolas públicas. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que relações deste tipo, em geral, são pontuais e temporárias, não representando um modelo de solução para o quadro de carência em que se encontra o ensino público. As políticas e programas de parceria devem ser analisados como mecanismos de redistribuição de competências, de desobrigação do Estado nas ações educacionais e sociais e de responsabilização da Escola Pública na complementação de recursos não-públicos que possam garantir a sua manutenção e funcionamento. / The objective of this research is to analyze the initiatives taken by the state government of Sao Paulo. These initiatives encourage the partnership between public schools, private companies and organizations of civil society since 1987. As a strategy, I have developed a historic retrospective study of the past four government administrations in order to identify programs and ideas to stimulate partnerships similar to the one described above. I have identified the characteristics of the partnerships between schools and companies/non-profit organizations, the development and their results through research of dissertations and thesis. I have analyzed the worldwide states reform that began in the 1970s with the intention to understand the context of partnerships. In Brazil, these reforms intensified during the 80s and 90s; at the same time, governors attempted to reorganize the degree of intervention of the State in the implementation of social, and especially, educational politics. I also approach the discussion of Mundial Declaration about Education for All, which presented an agenda of global education reform based on the support of the international organization. I analyze the movement of reform of States, with growing presentation, and participation, of businesses and the third sector of the educational; as well as projects of relationships with public schools. The results of this research indicate that this type of partnership, in general, are temporary, and do not present a long-term solution to the circumstances and issues that public education has. The political partnership programs must be analyzed as a mechanism of redistribution of competence; in which the State would be the only part responsible for educational and social actions. Such mechanism should complement and guarantee the maintenance and function of the public school system.

The aim of this essay was to examine what problems, causes and solutions three Swedish governments identified concerning three decisions of cooperation with NATO, and to understand these decisions with constructivism and hard and soft power as theoretical perspectives. The first was the decision to join Partnership for Peace in 1994. The second decision was to join the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997. The third decision was to join a host nation support with NATO in 2016. The analysis showed that problems regarding PfP was an unpredictable security situation, caused by the fall of the Soviet Union. This gave rise to new conflicts, e.g. the conflict in Yugoslavia. Russia was identified as a problem also regarding the EAPC, caused by a Russian superpower identity. Problems identified before joining the HNS was that Russia was aggressive and annexed the Ukrainian peninsula Crimea in 2014. This was caused by the Russian leadership prioritizing the defence sector. The identified problems and causes can be understood with the theory of hard power, since the Russian hard power resources are wielded both within and outside of Russia. Constructivism is useful to understand what solutions the governments proposed, since they often express an ambition to build a common identity, while keeping the Swedish identity as non-aligned. Also, soft power resources made the alliance more attractive for the Swedish governments.

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La tesi indaga il ruolo specifico agito dalle organizzazioni di terzo settore in reti associative multilivello, dal punto di vista della capacità di generare e valorizzare le relazioni con gli altri membri e con l'ambiente esterno. Per reti multilivello si intendono quegli organismi, a diversi gradi di formalizzazione, che riuniscono al loro interno entità locali, di secondo livello, ed eventualmente di livelli coordinativi superiori, con lo scopo di fornire supporto all'attività dei gruppi affiliati o di coordinarne le risorse materiali e immateriali per il benessere sociale della comunità. Le indagini condotte hanno incluso nel campo di osservazione sia le reti che comprendono esclusivamente organizzazioni di terzo settore le organizzazioni multilivello di terzo settore sia i network di partnership miste con enti pubblici. La dimensione della produttività sociale delle reti è stata letta attraverso la lente del concetto di capitale sociale, inteso come la dotazione, da parte di una rete, di relazioni caratterizzate da codici normativi e prassi di fiducia, reciprocità e collaborazione. I risultati delle tre indagini presentate, di carattere sia quantitativo che qualitativo, mostrano che: a) esiste uno specifico capitale sociale prodotto da organizzazioni multilivello di terzo settore che è in grado di connetterle sia all'interno del network (funzione bonding) che all'esterno (funzione bridging); b) che tale capitale sociale di terzo settore possiede delle sue proprie qualità che lo distinguono dalla relazionalità agita in reti di servizio pubbliche; c) che la relazionalità delle organizzazioni di terzo settore è in grado, in certe condizioni, di svilupparsi verso l'esterno in reti di partnership miste con soggetti del settore pubblico, determinando nuove dinamiche relazionali ed esiti societari peculiari. / The dissertation deals with the specific role played by third sector organizations in multilevel associative networks in terms of capacity to generate and foster relationships with other members and with the outer context. Multilevel associative networks are defined as those entities that gather local agencies, second level and higher coordination level entities with the aim of providing support for the affiliated groups and/or coordinating material and immaterial resources for the benefit of the community. The research field included networks comprising third sector organizations only so-called third sector multilevel organizations as well as plural partnership networks with other public agencies. The social productivity dimension was studied through the lenses of the social capital concept, defined as that specific set of resources possessed by those networks endowed with relationships of trust, reciprocity and collaboration. The results of the three research projects presented, carried out with quantitative and qualitative techniques, show that: a) there is a specific social capital produced by third sector multilevel organizations which connects actors both within the network (bonding function) and with the outer world (bridging function); b) the third sector's social capital presents some distinctive characteristics compared with the relational properties of public service networks; c) third sector organizations are able, under certain circumstances, to develop social capital networks also with public agencies, setting new dynamics and peculiar social outcomes.