[pt] A partir da década de 90 houve um aumento da participação do setor privado em projetos de infra-estrutura no Brasil. Esta participação deu-se principalmente por meio de concessões tradicionais regidas pela Lei das Concessões. Contudo, para tornar economicamente viáveis projetos de baixa atratividade para o setor privado devido ao seu alto risco, o governo brasileiro passou a analisar formas de redução destes riscos, como as Parcerias Público- Privadas (PPPs), incluindo a flexibilização do prazo de concessão, garantias de tráfego, de risco cambial ou até mesmo garantias de financiamento. Neste trabalho é utilizado o modelo LPVR (Menor Valor Presente das Receitas) de prazo de concessão variável aliado a uma garantia de tráfego mínimo para a avaliação do caso do projeto da rodovia BR-116/324 através da metodologia das Opções Reais. Os resultados indicam que o uso deste modelo permite uma redução dos riscos tanto para o Governo, pela limitação de ganhos excessivos da concessionária, quanto para o investidor privado, pela flexibilidade do prazo e garantia de tráfego concedida. Concluímos que o modelo LPVR associado a uma garantia de tráfego mínimo de 80% aumenta em média o VPL do projeto em mais de 60%. Embora esta garantia represente um custo adicional para o Governo, ela é compensada pelo aumento da atratividade do investimento para o setor privado. / [en] Since the 90`s, there has been an increasing participation of the private sector in infrastructure projects in Brazil. This participation, however, took place mainly through traditional concessions, governed by the Concessions Law. However, to become economically viable projects that would not have attractiveness to the private sector due to its high risks, Brazilian government started to analyze some ways to reduce these risks such as the Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), including the term flexibility, traffic guarantee, guarantee of foreign currency risk or even assurance of funding. In this project it`s used the LPVR model (Least Present Value of Revenue) with variable period concession, ally to a minimum traffic guarantee and applying the case to the BR-116/324 highway project through the Real Options Methodology. The results show that the use of this model allows a reduction on the risks both for the government, avoiding excessive gains by the concessionaire, and for the private investor, either for the term flexibility or the guarantee of the traffic granted. So, we can conclude that the LPVR model associated with a minimum traffic guarantee of 80%, increases the VPL in an average of 60%, although this guarantee represents a further cost to the government which is compensated by the increasing attractiveness of the investment to the private sector.

[pt] A PPP (Parcerias Públicos-Privados) tem por objetivo viabilizar projetos de infraestrutura através da concessão de algum tipo de apoio governamental com garantias ou aportes de recursos, visando mitigar o risco do projeto tornando-o mais atrativo para o setor privado. Este estudo utiliza a metodologia de opções reais para modelar o impacto dos incentivos do governo no contrato de concessão sobre o valor do projeto. A análise de projeto sob esta ótica considera as flexibilidades especificas do projeto em estudo, tornando o projeto viável que antes poderia não ser atrativo ao investidor privado, em função das grandes incertezas existentes sobre a demanda prevista. Será realizado um estudo de caso baseado na Manifestação de Interesse da Iniciativa Privada – MIP 03/2012, que tem por objetivo o início da licitação de concessão ou PPP para a implantação, manutenção, e operação do serviço de transporte metroviário da LINHA 3 do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre os Municípios de Niterói e São Gonçalo. / [en] The PPP (Public-Private Partnership) aims to facilitate infrastructure projects by granting some form of government support with guarantees or capital injections, to mitigate project risk by making it more attractive to the private sector. In this study, we will use the methodology of Real Options to model the impact of government incentives in the contract of concession on the value of the project. The analysis of the project by this point of view considers the specific flexibilities of the project being studied, making the project feasible which previously might not be attractive to the private investor, according to the major uncertainties about the expected demand. It will be done a study case based in the Expression of Interest from Private Initiative - MIP 03/2012 that has as objective the start of the bidding for concession or PPP for deployment, maintenance and operation of the Subway Systems service from Line 3 of Rio de Janeiro State, between the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo.

Abstract A critical equity and change enabler, literacy/education continues to prove very challenging to transform in South Africa. Having been a major apartheid resource through Bantu Education in entrenching South Africa‟s existing two worlds, business intervention in this crucial sector is the overriding interest of this research. How corporate social responsibility in education, assisted by public policy, reinforces inequality in the South African society, even as it attempts to alleviate poverty, is the thrust of the argument here around which many questions evolve. Some of the questions to which this thesis attempts to offer answers, therefore, are: What informs how business invests in education? How is public policy not an enabler of business investment in education? The objective is to determine the extent to which business investment in literacy/education can empower meaningful change in a market-driven South African society. The argument reiterated in this thesis is that Corporate Social Investment (CSI) in education has the potential to be a strong change driver. Unfortunately, its current positioning in the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BB-BEE) strategy is weak and its effect on change equally weak. The extent to which CSI in literacy can facilitate transformation in South Africa is highly dependent on the elimination of the many challenges beyond the scope of business endeavour. The challenges include the low weighting of CSI in the BEE agenda which is a hindrance to mind-set change about the relevance of education to South Africa‟s transformation. Employing the qualitative method, using elite interviewing, and relying on written records, this thesis starts off by finding the South African definition of the word Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) vis-à-vis global definitions. While Corporate Social Investment (CSI), it was discovered, is the preferred word in the private sector, findings here reveal that irrespective of what it is called in South Africa, CSR or CSI, both terms are fundamentally the same because, more in South Africa than anywhere else, the moral values that drive CSR or CSI are the same. That is, social justice, equity, and transformation. In order to determine its potency in the change process, a cursory assessment of CSI in the various sectors of education reinforces the place of the definition in that process. As an „investment‟, CSI is driven by market forces. Inherent in these forces are the inequalities that motivate capitalism and CSI is not insulated from those forces. Findings here emphasise that CSI, as yet another capitalist means of intervention in education, is thus severely challenged to be more than a tip of the ice-berg in the nation‟s change process. Very importantly, this thesis shows how paradoxically, public policy through the DTI Codes of Conduct for BB-BEE further disempowers CSI in education. As a “residual element” with an insignificant weighting on the BEE Scorecard, this research argues that legislation diminishes the importance of education as an empowerment driver. The inadequate creation of jobs further makes the benefit of education to transformation even less stimulating. It concludes that although CSR or CSI has enormous potential to drive change, the BEE legislation, the conceptualisation of CSR, and other micro issues evolving around poverty conspire to limit the extent to which CSI can empower change.

1 Abstract This thesis deals with the legal regulation of the registered partnership and focuses mainly on the current issues concerning the rights of gay people towards minors. It consists of nine chapters, which gradually discuss the various areas related to the registered partnership. The first chapter deals with the historical context and the outline of the development of homosexuality in the society. The second chapter defines the basic terms with which the thesis operates. The third chapter discusses the sources of legal regulation at the European Union and the constitutional law level. The fourth chapter talks about the coexistence of people and especially about the institute of the registered partnership and it is divided into three subchapters. The first subchapter deals with the institute of marriage, a traditional union of two persons. The next subchapter deals with the development of the institute of the registered partnership and the process of approval of the law, including some arguments that have been heard during the legislative process at the Chamber of Deputies. The last subchapter is devoted to the analysis of the valid legal regulation, with attention to some particularities of the legal regulation of the registered partnership. Two following chapters deal with the development of the...

[pt] No ano de 2000 foi promulgada a lei 9985 que criou o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação Ambiental (SNUC) e regulamentou a gestão dos diferentes tipos de unidades de conservação ambiental no país, a fim de melhor protegê-las. Algumas das características inovadoras do SNUC são a definição de diretrizes e os mecanismos que assegurem a participação da sociedade, bem como a abertura para a colaboração de organizações nãogovernamentais, organizações privadas e pessoas físicas na criação, implantação e gestão dessas unidades. Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, existem diversos tipos de unidades de conservação ambiental, sob responsabilidade de diferentes esferas do estado, porém as mais comuns são a do tipo parque. Trabalhos acadêmicos recentes, relatórios de auditorias realizados em alguns parques e a imprensa em geral têm mostrado que, apesar dos esforços empreendidos, os órgãos governamentais responsáveis vêm enfrentando dificuldades na implementação de uma gestão mais participativa, no estabelecimento de parcerias e na garantia da sustentabilidade desses parques. Nesse contexto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, de caráter qualitativo, com o objetivo de entender como as estratégias colaborativas utilizadas pelos responsáveis pelas unidades de conservação do tipo parque vêm sendo implementadas e como afetam os resultados da gestão e o relacionamento com diferentes grupos de atores sociais envolvidos, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, identificar os problemas vivenciados pelos gestores e os fatores intervenientes que facilitam ou dificultam sua atuação. Foram realizados múltiplos estudos de caso de unidades de conservação do tipo parque no Rio de Janeiro, sendo seis parques municipais, um parque estadual e um parque federal. Os dados foram coletados junto aos órgãos gestores dos parques e a representantes dos principais grupos de atores sociais envolvidos ou interessados na gestão desses parques. Realizaram-se pesquisas documentais, observações diretas e entrevistas semi- estruturadas. Após a análise dos casos individuais procedeu-se a uma análise cruzada dos casos para identificar padrões de estratégias, de resultados alcançados e de problemas comuns a todos eles. As conclusões indicam que os órgãos dos governos responsáveis vêm tomando iniciativas para estabelecer uma gestão mais participativa, por meio de Conselhos Consultivos, porém a maioria dos parques não havia ainda implementado tais Conselhos durante a realização da pesquisa. Observou-se também que o processo de formação e condução dos Conselhos é ainda lento e deficiente, causando problemas entre gestores e atores sociais. A grande quantidade de atores sociais e a presença de complexos fatores, tais como, falta de recursos financeiros, pressões de agentes econômicos e políticos, violência e crescimento urbano desordenado são fatores agravantes. Os casos revelaram diferentes formas de parcerias com outras organizações, desde informais até complexas, envolvendo múltiplos atores e mais de uma esfera de governo. Porém, fatores como burocracia, falta de autonomia dos gestores e a não utilização de instrumentos de gestão adequados a essa nova realidade são empecilhos à expansão dessas estratégias. Ao final, apresenta-se uma modelagem das interações observadas, seguida de proposições de caráter teórico sobre como as estratégias colaborativas são influenciadas pelos diferentes fatores identificados e como elas afetam os resultados da gestão dos parques, visando futuras pesquisas. / [en] The National System of Conservation Units was established in Brazil, in July 2000, through Federal Law 9985. This legislative instrument defined different categories of environmental conservation units, in attempt to preserve them and regulate their sustainable use and management. Among the main innovations it comprises, the main aspect that should be pointed out is the fact that it ensures the participation of members of society in general as well as the collaboration of non-governmental organizations, enterprises and individual community members in implementing and managing such units. The city of Rio de Janeiro encompasses different types of conservation units, reporting to different governmental spheres; however, most of them belong to the category of parks. Recent academic studies, reports from auditing organizations that analyzed some of these parks and the press itself have revealed that state institutions have not been successful in their efforts of implementing more collaborative and participative management, in establishing productive partnerships and in assuring the sustainability of these parks. The present exploratory research of qualitative nature aims at analyzing the implementation of collaborative strategies in environmental parks and their effect on the results obtained by management, as well as the nature of the relationships set with the different social players involved. Management problems and the intervening factors that have helped or hindered the sustainability and conservation of such parks are also studied. Multiple case studies were used in the study: six municipal conservation parks managed by the city of Rio de Janeiro, one state park owned by the state of Rio de Janeiro and one federal park. Data were collected from the managing departments of those parks and from representatives from the different categories of stakeholders, including not only those involved directly in managing the parks but also those interested in the parks as users. Based on documentation, direct observation and semistructured interviews, the cases were analyzed individually and collectively, through cross-analysis, to identify common patterns of strategy implementation, successful practices and underlying problems. The findings revealed that governmental agencies have been making an effort to establish more participative management by means of councils, yet these management boards had not actually been implemented at the time of this research. The process of organizing and conducting such councils is slow and inefficient, and can cause controversies among social players and the management teams. The diversity of social actors and intervening factors such as lack of funds, economic and political pressures, uncontrollable urban growth and violence can be aggravating issues. The cases have shown different forms of partnership maintained with varied organizations - ranging from informal to complex; involving multiple actors and even different governmental powers. Factors such as bureaucracy, lack of management autonomy and the inadequate use of managing tools can be barriers to the expansion of such collaborative strategies. As a result of the findings, it was possible to devise a model of the interactions disclosed in the cases studied and a series of theoretical principles to explain how collaborative strategies are influenced by the different factors and how these strategies can affect the success of park management procedures. This model can be groundwork for future research.

Cross-sector social partnerships have become a widely used instrument to work towards sustainable development and especially to deal with social issues. However, research on this phenomenon commonly addresses possible solutions directly, without a deeper analysis of the underlying obstacles and possibilities. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by exploring the obstacles and possibilities for cross-sector social partnerships in achieving sustainable development. To do so, an empirical case study of a multinational mining corporation and its partners is conducted. Data is gathered from seven semi-structured interviews. The study shows that cross-sector social partnerships (CSSPs) are used by the interviewees to address social issues. Interviews are conducted with actors in different sectors who have relationships with the multinational corporations, this allows a diverse data collection. The study provides analytical results by identifying the obstacles and possibilities that are significant to the collaborations among partners, that is to say the CSSPs. Thus, three main obstacles are found: ​power imbalance, diverging focus and lack of trust among partners​. Whereas, three main possibilities are identified: ​optimism towards future development, broader involvement and more frequent & constructive dialogue​. The study also provides insights on partners at different influential levels and thereby makes a contribution to existing literature. From a practical perspective, understanding the underlying obstacles and possibilities could help to make the partnerships more effective.

Esta tese discute a operação urbana consorciada como instrumento de parceria entre o poder público e o setor privado para a promoção de projetos urbanos. O trabalho parte da hipótese de que a viabilização de intervenções urbanísticas por meio do instrumento estaria limitada à aplicação parcial da legislação e não à consecução de parcerias efetivas. Em 2001, a regulamentação nacional da operação urbana consorciada pelo Estatuto da Cidade trouxe inovações importantes no sentido de recuperar a essência do instrumento que aparentemente não foram assimiladas de forma equivalente. Esta tese avança na elucidação do instrumento, recuperando e enfatizando sua dupla dimensão projeto e gestão e apontando para um modelo que não negligencie o aspecto físico-urbanístico ao valorizar o apelo econômico-financeiro do instrumento. / This thesis discusses the consortiated urban operation as an urban planning tool of partnership between the public and the private sectors to promote urban projects. The work is based on the hypothesis that the viability of urban interventions through this planning tool would be limited to partial implementation of legislation and would not achieve effective partnerships. In 2001, the national regulation of the consortiated urban operation by the City Statute has brought major innovations in order to recover the essence of the instrument that seems not to have been understood equivalently. This thesis advances in the elucidation of the tool, recovering and valuing its dual dimension - project and management - and pointing to a model that does not neglect the physical urban aspect by overestimating the economic-financial appeal of the tool.

Este trabalho busca compreender a implementação das linhas de metrô em São Paulo e da Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, desde sua formação, nos anos 1960, até os dias atuais. Buscou-se entender quem foram os principais atores nacionais e internacionais, dos setores público ou privado, que participaram das decisões sobre esta política pública em questão. Para isso, foram analisados os processos de tomada de decisão e de implementação das Linhas 1 Azul, 3 Vermelha, 2 Verde e 4 Amarela. Com os achados da pesquisa é possível argumentar que o Metrô de São Paulo, o qual foi constituído como uma empresa pública capacitada, passou por um rebaixamento do seu corpo técnico e de suas capacidades estatais, que deram espaço ao interesse de atores privados dentro da companhia, acarretando em prejuízo para a empresa pública e em atraso de obras. Tal processo se deu com a ascensão e queda de um modelo de Estado desenvolvimentista e do surgimento de novas visões de Estado influenciadas pelo New Public Management. / This work seeks to understand the implementation of subway lines in São Paulo and analyze the Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, from its formation, in the 1960s, to the present time. The research also attempts to verify who were the main national and international actors, from the public and private sectors, that participated in the decisions on this public policy in question. For this purpose, the processes of decision making and implementation of the lines 1 - Blue, 3 - Red, 2 - Green and 4 - Yellow were analyzed. With the findings of the research it is possible to argue that the Metrô of São Paulo has undergone a downgrading of its technical staff and its state capabilities, characteristic of its constitution, that gave space to the interest of private actors inside the company, resulting in loss to the public company and in backlog of works. This process occurred with the rise and fall of a model of developmentalist State and the emergence of new visions of State influenced by New Public Management.

Les relations entre la République islamique de Mauritanie et l’Union européennes’inscrivent dans le cadre de l’Accord de Cotonou signé en 2000, révisé en 2005 auLuxembourg et en 2010 au Burkina Faso. Mais des considérations géostratégiques ontconduit la Mauritanie à ouvrir un nouveau cadre de Coopération avec l’Union européennedans le partenariat Euromed.Historiquement inauguré par le traité de Rome de 1957, ces relations se poursuiventavec les conventions de Yaoundé et Lomé. L’accord de Cotonou qui régit leurs relations àl’heure actuelle repose sur trois piliers : le dialogue politique, les relations commerciales et lacoopération au développement, mis au service d’un objectif ambitieux qui vise à la réductionet, à terme, l’éradication de la pauvreté, en cohérence avec les objectifs du développementdurable, et l’intégration progressive des pays ACP dans l’économie mondiale. Dans ce cadrenous examinerons l’évolution de ce partenariat en mettant l’accent sur les changementssurvenus, qui ont affecté tant les pays ACP ainsi que l’Union européenne.Du point de vue juridique, nous verrons comment le partenariat commercial basélongtemps sur une préférence non réciproque va se plier aux règles du droit international.Outre l’élargissement du champ du partenariat aux questions politiques qui était longtemps ledomaine des souverainetés des États en vertu du principe de non-ingérence va être remis encause par une conditionnalité politique.En fin nous verrons qu’avec la multiplication des acteurs au développement dans lemonde en mutation, l’Union européenne n’est plus qu’un partenaire parmi d’autres de laMauritanie. Ceux-ci ayant une vision différente par rapport aux stratégies et Méthodes deCotonou. / Relations between the Islamic Republic of Mauritania and the European Union com withinthe framework of the Cotonou Agreement signed in 2000, revised in 2005 in Luxembourg andin 2010 in Burkina Faso. But geostrategic considerations led Mauritania to open a newframework of cooperation with the European Union as part of the Euromed partnership.Historically inaugurated by the Treaty of Rome 1957, these relations were extended by theYaoundé and Lomé Conventions. The Cotonou Agreement that currently governs theirrelationship rests on three pillars: political dialogue, trade relations and developmentcooperation, in the service of an ambitious objective of reducing and, eventually, eradicatingpoverty in line with sustainable development objectives and the gradual integration of ACPcountries into the world economy. In this context we will examine the evolution of thispartnership by focusing on those changes that have affected both the ACP and the EuropeanUnion.From the legal point of view, we will see how the commercial partnership based on anon-reciprocal preference will adapt to rules of international law. Furthermore, the extensionof the scope of the partnership to encompass political issues which had long been the domainof States sovereignty under the principle of non-interference will be challenged by a politicalconditionality.Lastly we will see that with the proliferation of actors in development in the changingworld, the European Union is no more than one amongst many of Mauritania’s, all of whomhave a different vision in relation to strategies and methods under Cotonou Agreement

Considerando que o Estatuto da Terra (lei 4.504/64) e seu decreto regulamentador (59.566/66) tem mais de meio século, idealizados com cláusulas protetivas ao arrendatário e parceiro-outorgado, antes considerado vulnerável, este trabalho objetiva fazer um resgate histórico a respeito da legislação, alcançando os dias atuais em diversos aspectos para que seja analisada a crise que se instalou na pactuação do contrato agrário de arrendamento e parceria rural, frente a autonomia privada das partes e da função social da propriedade. Tendo o trabalho como finalidade perquirir novos paradigmas, primando por uma maior liberdade na contratação, utilizando como tábua axiológica o Código Civil a partir da sua constitucionalização, suas fontes, tais como a legislação, usos e costumes, princípios, jurisprudência e precedentes, com a intenção de traçar um novo perfil contratual destes típicos contratos agrários, em respeito a função do contrato e ao interesse útil dos contratantes. Assim, conforme será visto, possibilitará uma interpretação que afaste o Estatuto da Terra e seu decreto nos casos em que o arrendatário ou parceiro-outorgado não é considerado vulnerável na relação, devendo então, não ser estendidas as benesses, ou melhor, as proteções inseridas na legislação e regulamentação, tais como as cláusulas protetivas de prazos mínimos, obrigatoriedade de fixação do preço em dinheiro, bem como o exercício do direito de preferência, é como será visto. / Considering that the Land Statute (Law 4,504/64) and its regulating decree (59,566/66) have been for over half a century, idealized with protective clauses to the lessee and partner-grantor, previously considered vulnerable, this work aims to make a historical summary respecting the legislation, reaching the present day in several aspects to analyze the crisis that settled in the agreement of the agrarian contract of lease and rural partnership, facing the private autonomy of the parties and the social function of the property. The aim of this work is to investigate new paradigms, focusing on a greater freedom in contracting, using as an axiological table the Civil Code from its constitutionalization, its sources, such as legislation, uses and customs, principles, jurisprudence and precedents, with the intention of drawing up a new contractual profile of these typical agrarian contracts, respecting the function of the contract and the useful interest of the contractors. Thus, as we shall see, it will provide an interpretation that departs from the Land Statute and its decree in cases in which the lessee or grantor is not considered vulnerable in the relationship, and therefore, the benefits, or rather the protections inserted in the legislation and regulations, such as minimum term protection clauses, mandatory pricing in cash, as well as the exercise of preemptive rights, will be seen.