Miljömedvetenheten i världen ökar. Samhällsdebatten formas allt mer av ett miljöperspektiv på flera olika fronter. Allt fler börjar förstå att jordens resurser är ändliga och vi måste tänka om hur vi lever idag. Den producerande industrin står för stor dela av brukandet av råmaterial, men hur kommer industrin se ut i framtiden? Framtidens industri beskrivs ofta som en cirkulär ekonomi där minimala mängder råmaterial bryts och den största parten av det material som faller ur användning går åter in i produktionen. Verkligheten vi lever i idag är en annan, större parten av världens industri fortsätter med linjär produktion där råmaterial brukas i tillverkningen och produkter deponeras vid slutet av dess livscykel. Projektgruppen undersöker byggstenarna inom cirkulär ekonomi och var vi egentligen befinner oss i utveckling mot en hållbarare hantering av råvaror. Syftet med rapporten är att utreda vilka ekonomiska drivkrafter som finns för företag att själva gå mot cirkulär ekonomi i form av nya marknadsmodeller. Möjligheter till dessa marknadsmodeller växer ofta fram med hjälp av ny teknik från Industri 4.0 som Internet of Things och Big Data. Vi har nått slutsatsen att marknadsmodeller som pay-per-use där företagen behåller ägandet av produkten ofta är enkla att implementera i cirkulär ekonomi, då företaget själva kan kontrollera hela kretsloppet för produkten. De underlättar om man ska basera sin produktion på retur av produkter om man själv har kontroll över volymerna. Dessa modeller bygger ofta på att man säljer service-baserade tjänster som är beroende av Internet of Things och Big Data. / Environmental awareness in the world is increasing. The social debate is increasingly formed by an environmental perspective on several fronts. More and more people are beginning to understand that the earth's resources are finite and we must think about how we live today. The producing industry accounts for a large part of the use of raw materials, but how will the industry change in the future? The industry of the future is often described as a circular economy where minimal amounts of raw materials are broken and the majority of the material that is in use goes back to production. The reality we live in today is another, the greater part of the world's industry continues with linear production where raw materials are used in manufacturing and products are deposited at the end of its lifecycle. The project group examines the building blocks of circular economy and where we are today in the development towards sustainable management of raw materials. The purpose of the report is to investigate the economic advantages for companies to change to circular economy in the form of new business models. Opportunities for these business models often grow with the help of new technology from Industry 4.0 like Internet of Things and Big Data. We have the conclusion that business models such as pay-per-use where companies maintain ownership of the product, often are easy to implement in circular economics, since the company itself can control the entire circuit for the product. They make it easier to base their production on return of products if they control the volumes of the returned products themself. These models are often based on selling services that are dependent on the Internet of things and Big Data.

Miljömedvetenheten i världen ökar. Samhällsdebatten formas allt mer av ett miljöperspektiv på flera olika fronter. Allt fler börjar förstå att jordens resurser är ändliga och vi måste tänka om hur vi lever idag. Den producerande industrin står för stor dela avbrukandet av råmaterial, men hur kommer industrin se ut i framtiden?Framtidens industri beskrivs ofta som en cirkulär ekonomi där minimala mängder råmaterial bryts och den största parten av det material som faller ur användning går återin i produktionen. Verkligheten vi lever i idag är en annan, större parten av världensindustri fortsätter med linjär produktion där råmaterial brukas i tillverkningen och produkter deponeras vid slutet av dess livscykel. Projektgruppen undersöker byggstenarna inom cirkulär ekonomi och var vi egentligen befinner oss i utveckling mot en hållbarare hantering av råvaror. Syftet med rapporten är att utreda vilka ekonomiska drivkrafter som finns för företag att själva gå mot cirkulär ekonomi i form av nya marknadsmodeller. Möjligheter till dessa marknadsmodeller växer ofta fram med hjälp av ny teknik från Industri 4.0 som Internet of Things och Big Data. Vi har nått slutsatsen att marknadsmodeller som pay-per-use där företagen behåller ägandet av produkten ofta är enkla att implementera i cirkulär ekonomi, då företaget själva kan kontrollera hela kretsloppet för produkten. De underlättar om man ska basera sin produktion på retur av produkter om man själv har kontroll över volymerna. Dessa modeller bygger ofta på att man säljer service-baserade tjänster som är beroende av Internet of Things och Big Data. / Environmental awareness in the world is increasing. The social debate is increasingly formed by an environmental perspective on several fronts. More and more people are beginning to understand that the earth's resources are finite and we must think about how we live today. The producing industry accounts for a large part of the use of raw materials, but how will the industry change in the future? The industry of the future is often described as a circular economy where minimal amounts of raw materials are broken and the majority of the material that is in use goes back to production. The reality we live in today is another, the greater part of the world's industry continues with linear production where raw materials are used in manufacturing and products are deposited at the end of its lifecycle. The project group examines the building blocks of circular economy and where we are today in the development towards sustainable management of raw materials. The purpose of the report is to investigate the economic advantages for companies to change to circular economy in the form of new business models. Opportunities for these business models often grow with the help of new technology from Industry 4.0 like Internet ofThings and Big Data. We have the conclusion that business models such as pay-per-use where companies maintain ownership of the product, often are easy to implement in circular economics, since the company itself can control the entire circuit for the product. They make it easier to base their production on return of products if they control the volumes of the returned products themself. These models are often based on selling services that are dependent on the Internet of things and Big Data.

Production automation as a service (PAaaS) is seen as a new trend that enables the possibility to use production automation technologies as a service. The technologies are cloud-based which makes the implementation of production automation more effective and cost-effective. This approach is attractive to the companies that have a limited capital investment. The purpose of this thesis was to analyse and understand the implementation of Production Automation as a Service (PAaaS) in the manufacturing industry. In order to understand its implementation, it is important to know what the drivers and benefits with PAaaS implementation and what challenges there are and how to overcome them for a successful implementation. To provide with a comprehensive answer and conclusion about PAaaS implementation in the manufacturing industry the following research questions was studied:1. What are the drivers and benefits of PAaaS implementation in the manufacturing industry, and what needs does it fulfil?2. What are the challenges of implementing PAaaS in the manufacturing industry, and how can they be overcome for a successful implementation and scale-up?To be able to answer these questions, a qualitative research study based on literature review and interviews was conducted. The combination between the literature and the real-life experience in PAaaS implementation provided a greater understanding of the concept. The aim of the research questions is to provide guidance and recommendation for companies seeking for a successful implementation of PAaaS which leads to improved operational efficiency and the ability to utilise the technological advancement provided through PAaaS. The approach applied in this study has been qualitative research with an abductive research approach. By obtaining data through scientific articles and interviews it was possible to analyse it more in-depth in order to find similarities between them.In conclusion, PAaaS implementation in the manufacturing industry provides with key benefits such as cost-effectiveness, improved flexibility, scalability, productivity, efficiency, and improved product quality. These benefits fulfil several needs of manufacturing companies such as being more flexible and being able to use automated solutions at a lower cost. These needs also act as the drivers for the implementation of PAaaS. The drivers are an important aspect of PAaaS implementation, because without any drive and motivation, there won’t be any implementation of PAaaS that can fulfil a certain need of the company. The drivers and motivation for a PAaaS implementation in the manufacturing industry is the possibility for a business model transformation and the technological advancements that the manufacturer gain with the implementation.In addition, there are key challenges that makes the PAaaS implementation more complex for the manufacturing companies. These challenges are, Integration with legacy systems, internet dependency and lack of expertise and knowledge. To able to achieve a successful implementation, it is important to address the challenges, by addressing these problems it was possible to provide with strategies on how to overcome them. Which lays the foundation for future research about this topic.

Utility Computing is one of the most discussed business models in the context of Cloud Computing. Service providers are more and more pushed into the role of utilities by their customer's expectations. Subsequently, the demand for predictable service availability and pay-per-use pricing models increases. Furthermore, for providers, a new opportunity to optimise resource usage offers arises, resulting from new virtualisation techniques. In this context, the control of service quality and profit depends on a deep understanding of the representation of the relationship between business and technique. This research analyses the relationship between the business model of Utility Computing and Service-oriented Computing architectures hosted in Cloud environments. The relations are clarified in detail for the entire service life cycle and throughout all architectural layers. Based on the elaborated relations, an approach to a delivery framework is evolved, in order to enable the optimisation of the relation attributes, while the service implementation passes through business planning, development, and operations. Related work from academic literature does not cover the collected requirements on service offers in this context. This finding is revealed by a critical review of approaches in the fields of Cloud Computing, Grid Computing, and Application Clusters. The related work is analysed regarding appropriate provision architectures and quality assurance approaches. The main concepts of the delivery framework are evaluated based on a simulation model. To demonstrate the ability of the framework to model complex pay-per-use service cascades in Cloud environments, several experiments have been conducted. First outcomes proof that the contributions of this research undoubtedly enable the optimisation of service quality and profit in Cloud-based Service-oriented Computing architectures.

This thesis aims to investigate a digital, emerging business model, which just enjoys the highest attention in many industrial sectors. The industry 4.0 changes how original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) retain their competitiveness and offer innovative solutions to their customers. Therefore, this master thesis investigates the diverse opportunities of usage-based business models – namely Pay-per-X / Equipment-as-a-Service – from the perspective of a sensor-tech start-up. The company, which can act as a technical enabler for Pay-per-X, is located in Germany and has various markets leading machine and component manufacturers as customers. This projects’ goal is to get an in-depth understanding of the business model and how the company (with their technology) can participate in the market, which is estimated to have a size of 131.2m USD in 2025. Therefore, mainly qualitative research methods have been applied – however, quantitative sections enrich the analysis part of the thesis. Nine expert interviews were conducted, and a calculation tool was developed, which aims to easily convince OEMs of the new business models through modeling a business case, by incorporation of the most relevant parameters. Two use cases were analyzed in the fields of production machines and commercial vehicles. This is followed by a short excursus to a required Pay-per-X cloud software, where requirements were defined based on machine users’ needs. Based on these insights, a positioning strategy for the case company within this field is proposed later-on, which puts emphasis on how the firm can act as a technical enabler for Pay-per-X business models. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka en ny digital affärsmodell som just nu får stor uppmärksamhet inom många industrisektorer. Industri 4.0 förändrar hur tillverkare av originalutrustning behåller sin konkurrenskraft och erbjuder innovativa lösningar till sina kunder. Därför undersöker denna masteruppsats de olika möjligheterna med användningsbaserade affärsmodeller - nämligen Pay-per-X / Equipment-as-a-Service - ur ett startupföretag inom sensorteknik. Företaget, som kan fungera som en teknisk möjliggörare för Pay-per-X, är beläget i Tyskland och har olika marknadsledande maskin- och komponenttillverkare som kunder. Projektets mål är att få en djupgående förståelse för affärsmodellen och hur företaget (med sin teknik) kan delta på marknaden, som beräknas ha en storlek på 131,2 miljoner US-dollar år 2025. Därför har huvudsakligen kvalitativa forskningsmetoder tillämpats - men kvantitativa avsnitt berikar analysdelen av avhandlingen. Nio expertintervjuer genomfördes och ett beräkningsverktyg utvecklades, som syftar till att enkelt övertyga OEMs om de nya affärsmodellerna genom att modellera ett affärscase, genom att införliva de mest relevanta parametrarna. Två användningsfall analyserades inom områdena produktionsmaskiner och kommersiella fordon. Detta följs av en kort utflykt till en nödvändig Pay-per-X-molnmjukvara, där kraven definierades utifrån maskinanvändarnas behov. På grundval av dessa insikter föreslås senare en positioneringsstrategi för fallföretaget inom detta område, som lägger tonvikten på hur företaget kan fungera som en teknisk möjliggörare för Pay-per-X-affärsmodeller.