<p>The purpose of this thesis work was to make a survey of current on-line payment technologies and find out which are they and how do they work? Compare and analyze them from a security point of view, as well as a usability point of view. What is good? What is bad? What is lacking?</p><p>To achieve this purpose, an overview of the current on-line payment technologies was acquired through academic books and papers, Internet sites, magazines. Basic cryptographic and security related techniques were studied for the security analysis of current on-line payment systems.</p><p>In this work, various current on-line payment systems were classified into two groups [Macro and Micro on-line payment systems]. This classification was based on the mode of on-line payment transactions. To analyze these on-line payment systems, a set of payment system requirements were formed [Security Issues, Usability Issues, Anonymity, Scalability etc].</p><p>Under the category of Macro payment system, Credit Card payment system, Debit Card payment system, Stored Value Card payment system, Electronic Check payment system, Electronic Cash payment system, Electronic account transfer payment system and mobile payment system transactions were examined.</p><p>Under the category of Micro payment system, Hash Chain based Payment System, Hash Collisions and Hash sequences based Payment Systems, Shared Secrete Keys based Payment Systems and Probability based payment systems were examined.</p><p>Based on the requirements of payment system, these on-line payment systems were analyzed and compared. In the analysis phase, the advantages and drawbacks of these payment systems were figured out.</p><p>It was found from the study that the credit card based payment systems are the most widely used means of conducting on-line payments. It is evident that credit card based payment systems satisfy stakeholder requirements the best, as they offer more flexible payment options, having a large user-base, benefit from familiarity and simplicity of use and also allow international payments. The other on-line payment systems lack this flexibility</p><p>It can also be extracted from the study that users want more simplified, convenient and secure on-line payment systems. Thus the futuristic on-line payment systems will have all secure payment options into one system.</p>

The purpose of this thesis work was to make a survey of current on-line payment technologies and find out which are they and how do they work? Compare and analyze them from a security point of view, as well as a usability point of view. What is good? What is bad? What is lacking? To achieve this purpose, an overview of the current on-line payment technologies was acquired through academic books and papers, Internet sites, magazines. Basic cryptographic and security related techniques were studied for the security analysis of current on-line payment systems. In this work, various current on-line payment systems were classified into two groups [Macro and Micro on-line payment systems]. This classification was based on the mode of on-line payment transactions. To analyze these on-line payment systems, a set of payment system requirements were formed [Security Issues, Usability Issues, Anonymity, Scalability etc]. Under the category of Macro payment system, Credit Card payment system, Debit Card payment system, Stored Value Card payment system, Electronic Check payment system, Electronic Cash payment system, Electronic account transfer payment system and mobile payment system transactions were examined. Under the category of Micro payment system, Hash Chain based Payment System, Hash Collisions and Hash sequences based Payment Systems, Shared Secrete Keys based Payment Systems and Probability based payment systems were examined. Based on the requirements of payment system, these on-line payment systems were analyzed and compared. In the analysis phase, the advantages and drawbacks of these payment systems were figured out. It was found from the study that the credit card based payment systems are the most widely used means of conducting on-line payments. It is evident that credit card based payment systems satisfy stakeholder requirements the best, as they offer more flexible payment options, having a large user-base, benefit from familiarity and simplicity of use and also allow international payments. The other on-line payment systems lack this flexibility It can also be extracted from the study that users want more simplified, convenient and secure on-line payment systems. Thus the futuristic on-line payment systems will have all secure payment options into one system.

This thesis analyses the interbank payment systems in the Czech republic and Slovak republic. First chapter includes the definitions and basic characteristics of payment system and payment services. Both analysed countries are members of the European Union, next chapter so defines its payment systems and their legislation background, with the focus on TARGET2 system. Chapter 3 and 4 concentrate on characteristics of Czech and Slovak payment systems from different points of view. In Slovakia, there are two payment systems, large-value system TARGET2-SK and retail system SIPS. In Czech Republic operates only one payment system CERTIS for both types of transactions. The last and main part of thesis is devoted to detailed analysis of statistical data for these payment systems concerning the period from 2006 to 2011.

Популярность многопользовательских приложений сегодня заключается в их высокой доступности, минимальных системных требованиях для запуска, отсутствии установки и развитости сети интернет. Многопользовательские веб-приложения также нуждаются в тестировании, для поддержания заданного уровня качества программного обеспечения. Несмотря на важность процесса тестирования, наличие собственного инструментария и техник, до текущего момента многими разработчиками тестирование воспринимается как «низкоквалифицированная работа». Тестирование продолжает являться малоосвещенной отраслью, поэтому работа, посвященная исследованию тестирования, является актуальной. Цель исследования – повышение качества локальной платежной системы «Система альтернативных расчетов» посредством проведения комплексного тестирования. / The popularity of multi-user applications justifies their availability, possession of the minimum system requirements to run, no installation and development of the Internet. To maintain a given level of software quality, multi-user web application to be tested. Testing continues to be unpopular with the industry, so the work is devoted to the study of testing, is relevant. This work is devoted to improve the quality of the experimental software product local payment system. The purpose of the study is the improvement of the quality of the local payment system "a System of alternative calculations" by conducting comprehensive testing.

Objectives: Study wanted to explore the factors that will affect the total medical expense in the patients who receive laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We also to confer the influencing factor that will associate with the difference of reports the expense under the case payment system. Methods:Retrospective study . Collected from year 2003 to 2007, received LC in a general teaching hospital in Kaohsiung city. We also adopt the chart review and combined with the health insurance expense data to explore the important factors that were associated with total hospitalized expenses, declaration of expense differences, and profits. The methods of multiple linear and logistic regressions were needed. Results: 1539 subjects, 613 male and 926 female. The average age was 54.4 , and 1313 subjects were hospitalized from outpatient. All subject¡¦s average hospitalized days were 3.79 and medical expenses were 42528.1 dollars. The frequencies of the type of declaration about ¡¥not exceed¡¦, ¡¥exceed but actually¡¦, and ¡¥exceed but no actually¡¦ were 88.8%, 8.6%, and 2.6%, in sequence. The average declaration of expense differences was 14484.1 dollars. The significant factors that were associated with total hospitalized expenses were the age, surgical year, source of hospitalize, major symptom, combine disease, a complication after surgery, hospitalized days, type of declaration. In the other linear regression model, we found the age, surgery year, source of hospitalize, major symptom, high technology examination before surgery, combine disease, a complication after surgery, hospitalized days, and physician¡¦s surgery quantity per year had been statistically significant with the declaration of expense differences. For the odds of hospital¡¦s profits, the significant factors include the surgery year, source of hospitalize, major symptom, high technology examination before surgery, and hospitalized days. Conclusion: We found a few significant factors that were associated with dependent variable in three regression models in this study. The major factor is hospitalized days that were a stronger influence total hospitalized expenses, declaration of expense differences, and hospital¡¦s profits. The hospital¡¦s superintendent can carry on the management through the appropriate method to control the medical resource consumes.

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was first proposed by Robert S. Kaplan, Professor of Accounting at the Harvard Business School, and David Norton, founder and president of a consulting firm in 1992. They elaborated the idea of strategic measurement system to oversee the performance of a business unit. The system is suitable for both profit and non-profit organizations. After ten years, BSC is proved to be a very powerful tool to inspect the performance of a company, also the implementation of a firm¡¦s strategy. National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan was practiced in 1995. Medical service system had dramatic changes since that time. In order to keep financial balance, NHI develops new policies from time to time, reforms the reimbursement criteria, from fee-for-service to global budget. Hospitals face incessant new challenges. Military hospitals, belonging to non-profit government organizations, play an important role in medical services. It is absolutely important ¡§how to survive under such critical environment, and achieve the goal of permanent operation.¡¨ This thesis is a case study, taking an armed forces hospital as an example to construct its system of strategy management. By implementing the Balanced Scorecard, the hospital can reposition its role according to the mission. Then, the hospital can set up its vision and strategic objectives to draw the strategy maps. Within the four perspectives of the BSC, the hospital can select several measurements to evaluate their performance, then, they can know what has been changed and what needs to be improved. The Balanced Scorecard is the best management tool to implement a company¡¦s strategy. At present, BSC is applied to help strategy management in some hospitals. If it is applicable for a military hospital, it would be a great opportunity to overcome the competitive environment and to achieve the goal to run our military hospital permanently.

The rapid development of the information technology (IT), coupled with the dynamic changing industrial environment, is promoting the IT as a significant application for the banking to quickly response customer needs and maintains competitive advantage. To do so, banking need to have the ability to investigate the emerging technology, match the technology for economic opportunity, adjust the innovation for business grow, and evaluate the customer value for doing so. This study uses the ¡§Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle¡¨ (NEBIC) theory to analyze the above issues for the banking when banking promotes the electronic payment system. The results indicate that the application of the electronic payment system can create new value in opening the business globalization opportunity and reducing the transaction cost and time, repetitive data input and chance of human error. Based on these findings, some measures for emerging IT implementation are suggested. The study offers insights that the adopters can focus on to improve their understanding in business opportunity, needed capability for innovation and potential customer value when implementing an emerging technology.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of interbank payment systems in the Czech and in the Irish Republic. There are described basic types of payment systems that serve as background for analysis. Both observe countries are members of EU, so this work includes also brief characteristics of the law frame of EU and payment systems of EU. Farther there are characterized payment systems of both countries. In the Czech Republic operates just one interbank system of payment named CERTIS, while in Ireland operate three systems of payment. The first of them TARGET2-IE serves mainly for large value payments, while remaining two systems IRECC and IPCC serve for retail payments. Finally there is included comparison of payment systems by number of transactions and value of transactions.

This thesis deals with the analysis of interbank payment systems in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands. The paper describes the fundamental characteristics of payment systems, including their division by various aspects. The thesis contains an overview of legislation affecting the operation of payment systems in the European Union in both analyzed countries. Furthermore, an analysis of interbank payment systems in the Czech Republic and the Netherlandsis performed, while in the Netherlands, there are two systems, large-value system TARGET2-NL and retail system Equens, the Czech Republic has only CERTIS system that performs both large-value and retail transactions. In the last part of the thesis there is detailed analysis of statistical information on these payment systems for the period from 2005 to 2009.

I dagens samhälle är digitaliseringen ett område som påverkar många redan nu, både företag och konsumenter, och kommer att fortsätta göra det framöver. I digitaliseringens värld står webben och applikationer i fokus för de olika digitala system och tjänster som företag använder för att gå från traditionella analoga processer till mer digitala och automatiserade metoder. Inom snabbmatsbranschen är det inget annorlunda. Ett av de viktigaste systemen för företagen inom branschen är beställningssystemet. En teknik som tillåter konsumenter att beställa mat med hjälp av olika enheter. Denna studie syftar till att systematiskt bedöma om ett företag inom snabbmatsbranschen bör överväga implementeringen av ett webbaserat beställningssystem för sina kunder och därigenom fastställa om de potentiella fördelarna överväger eventuella nackdelar. Utöver detta undersöker även studien ifall React tillsammans med Express kan tillföra några fördelar när ett webbaserat beställningssystem skapas. Arbetet genomförs genom en kombination av personalundersökning i form av ett formulär som skickades ut till personal på olika företag, litteraturstudier samt implementering av ett webbaserat beställningssystem som utsattes för både prestandatester och användartester. Resultatet visar att det finns både för- och nackdelar med ett webbaserat beställningssystem. 91.7% av personalen som deltog i undersökningen och utnyttjar ett redan implementerat beställningssystem på en arbetsplats påstår att implementeringen har effektiviserat deras arbete. 84.6% av alla kunder som har påpekat till personalen menar att de är nöjda och positiva till systemet. Resterande procent i båda frågorna är neutrala. Nackdelarna enligt enkäten anses vara tekniska problem samt dataintrång, där 100% av svaren menar att ett tekniskt problem kan påverka restaurangen negativt. 33.3% anser att dataintrång är en nackdel med systemet. Utifrån testerna angående React och Express visar resultatet att prestandan är en konkurrenskraftig anledning till att välja teknikerna för att implementera ett webbaserat beställningssystem. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att ifall företaget anser att fördelarna övervinner nackdelarna är ett webbaserat beställningssystem på React och Express att överväga. / In today's society, digitalization is an area that already affects many, both businesses and consumers, and will continue to do so in the future. In the world of digitalization, the web and applications are at the forefront of the various digital systems and services that companies use to transition from traditional analog processes to more digital and automated methods. In the fast-food industry, it's no different. One of the most important systems for companies in the industry is the ordering system. A technology that allows consumers to order food using various devices. This study aims to systematically assess whether a company in the fast-food industry should consider implementing a web-based ordering system for its customers and thereby determine if the potential benefits outweigh any drawbacks. In addition, the study also examines whether React, together with Express, can provide any advantages when creating a web-based ordering system. The work is conducted through a combination of personnel surveys in the form of a questionnaire sent out to staff at various companies, literature reviews, and the implementation of a web-based ordering system subjected to both performance tests and user tests. The results show that there are both pros and cons to a web-based ordering system. 91.7% of the staff who participated in the survey and utilize an already implemented ordering system at their workplace claim that the implementation has effectivized their work. 84.6% of all customers who have communicated with the staff indicate that they are satisfied and positive about the system. The remaining percentage in both questions is neutral. According to the survey, the disadvantages are considered to be technical problems and data breaches, with 100% of the responses indicating that a technical issue can negatively impact the restaurant. 33.3% believe that data breaches are a disadvantage of the system. Based on the tests regarding React and Express, the results show that performance is a competitive reason to choose these technologies for implementing a web-based ordering system. The conclusion of the study is that if the company believes that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, a web-based ordering system on React and Express is worth considering.