När ett bolag tar in kapital genom en emission kan de antingen använda sig av en riktademissionen eller av en företrädesemission. Tidigare forskning har visat att bolag har ennegativ aktieutveckling efter en nyemission. Senare forskning har visat att både valet avvilken typ av emission som bolaget använder sig av, och det annonserade motivet tillemissionen, påverkar avkastningen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka abnormavkastning på kort och lång sikt, samt skillnader i avkastning, för de två olikaemissionstyperna. Kort sikt defineras i studien som två dagar, annonseringsdagen samtnästföljande handelsdag, medan lång sikt defineras som 12 månader. Vi mäter även om detannonserade motivet påverkar den kortsiktiga avkastningen. Urvalet består av 187observationer från bolag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen mellan 2012-2016. Bolag somannonserar om att de behöver ta in kapital genom en företrädesemission, har en abnormnegativ avkastning vid annonsering, men ingen abnorm avkastning på lång sikt. För bolagsom valde att ta in kapital genom en riktad emission har ingen annonseringseffekt kunnaturskiljas, men den långsiktiga avkastningen är positiv. Om motivet till en nyemission ärförenat med en investering, förvärv eller expansion, har företagets aktiekurs i genomsnitt haften positv utveckling.

Submitted by Aline Amarante (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2018-11-08T17:02:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ANDRE MARIO LUCCHESI SAVELLI.pdf: 1354981 bytes, checksum: 8add692f02598ae46cbf1c8ab52960ee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Giovanna Brasil (1154060@mackenzie.br) on 2018-11-08T17:41:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ANDRE MARIO LUCCHESI SAVELLI.pdf: 1354981 bytes, checksum: 8add692f02598ae46cbf1c8ab52960ee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-08T17:41:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ANDRE MARIO LUCCHESI SAVELLI.pdf: 1354981 bytes, checksum: 8add692f02598ae46cbf1c8ab52960ee (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-16 / Debt financing policies within business conglomerates have been one of the most debated issues in corporate finance throughout the years. Diverse theories that deal with capital structure actually justify multiple variables that could ultimately influence picking a particular type of financing mechanism. This study uses the Trade-off and Pecking Order theories as it tries to identify determinant factors in the capital structure of companies in the areas of civil construction and at-large real estate development in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, United States, Mexico and Peru. As such, some variables were taken from the work performed by Morri and Cristanziani (2009) and Morri and Artegiani (2015) in order to appropriately select the corresponding survey hypotheses. The study undertakes Panel Data methodology and uses company data extracted from Compustat, Economática and Capital IQ databases from 2007 to 2017. The results demonstrate American companies having a negative relationship between the level of debt and profit margins, and also between growth and volatility from operations; and, a positive relation between the level of debt and the size of the considered companies. However, companies in Latin America portray a negative relationship between the level of debt and profit margins, and between the level of debt and the cost of debt. Furthermore, the results show that during the post-crisis period (2011-2017), companies in Latin America produced greater debt leverage. When the sample size was analyzed by individual sectors, the statistical analyses confirm that debt leverage is greater for developers and real estate than it is for heavy construction companies. / A política de endividamento nas organizações é um dos assuntos mais discutidos em finanças corporativas ao longo dos anos. As teorias que tratam sobre o tema de estrutura de capital justificam inúmeras variáveis que podem influenciar a escolha de financiamento das empresas. Este estudo busca identificar os determinantes da estrutura de capital das empresas do setor de construção civil, incorporação e exploração imobiliária nos países Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Estados Unidos, México e Peru, à luz das principais teorias sobre o tema: a Tradeoff e a Pecking Order. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram tomadas por base algumas variáveis consideradas nos trabalhos de Morri e Cristanziani (2009) e Morri e Artegiani (2015), que serviram para a escolha das hipóteses de pesquisa. O estudo utiliza a metodologia de Panel Data, e as informações referentes às empresas são extraídas da base de dados Compustat, Economática e Capital IQ na periocidade anual entre 2007 e 2017. Os resultados demonstram que as empresas americanas apresentam relação negativa entre o nível de endividamento e a rentabilidade, o crescimento e a volatilidade do resultado operacional, e relação positiva do endividamento com o tamanho. No entanto, as empresas da América Latina apresentam relação negativa entre o nível de endividamento com a rentabilidade, e com o custo da dívida. Além disso, os resultados demonstram que no período pós crise (2011 - 2017) as empresas da América Latina apresentaram maior alavancagem. Quando a amostra é analisada por setor de atuação, os testes estatísticos comprovam que as incorporadoras e exploradoras de imóveis são mais alavancadas que as empresas de construção pesada.

Purpose: This study is made to analyze and examine effects of an IPO before and after a stock is introduced on the market, and if the age of the company makes a difference on the day it becomes listed. And if it could be associated with an improved financial performance through several assumptions. Theory: This study is based on three different theories, the Pecking Order Theory, Agency Cost Theory and Window-Dressing Theory, but could also be supported by previously recognized research. Method: The theories subjected of the study is based on quantitative elements of deductive and theory-testing approaches in different angles of the company's financial status.  Empiries: 54 companies were involved in a study of Initial Public Offering in the years of 2014 and 2015, the selection of the 54 companies were divided in two groups depending on which stock market they were listed on. We then made further research based on three questions. Is getting listed on the stock market an advantage for financial growth? If the age of the company gives it an advantage in financial growth when it gets listed on the stock market? Does it affect the financial growth depending on where the company got listed? Conclusion:Generally we can see a connection between choice of trading venue and the company's age of an IPO does affect the impact of financial growth and performance. / Syfte: Studien avser att analysera effekter av en börsnotering innan och efter, samt om ett bolags ålder vid noteringsdagen kan associeras med en förbättrad finansiell prestation genom olika antaganden. Teori: Denna studie utgår från tre teorier, Pecking Order Theory, Agency Cost Theory och Window-Dressing Theory, men även en referensram av tidigare forskning.  Metod: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ ansats med inslag av deduktiv- och teoriprövande ansatser.  Empiri: Ett urval bestående av 54 bolag studerades utifrån deras börsnotering som skedde år 2014 och 2015. Urvalet av 54 bolag delades upp i två grupper beroende på vilken marknadsplats som de var listade på. Därefter gjordes en vidare undersökning baserat på tre forskningsfrågor. Leder en börsnotering till tillväxt i bolaget? Påverkar valet av handelsplats ett bolags tillväxt vid börsnotering? Är bolagets ålder vid noteringsdagen associerat med förbättrad finansiell prestation? Slutsats: IPO har generellt sett en påverkan på bolags finansiella prestation. Beroende på val av handelsplats gav den finansiella prestationen olika utslag. Samband mellan ett bolags ålder vid en IPO verkade även ha en inverkan på den ekonomiska tillväxten.

This study investigates the source of financing in Austrian tech startups and aims to identify the main factors that affect the decision making of these firms. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the relatively limited field of research conducted in Europe. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, we implemented a multiple case study method as the research design. For the purpose of this study, a literature review was used that generated a theoretical framework. This framework focuses on capital structure with the main emphasis being on the pecking order theory. Additionally, government financial support is included as a  secondary priority. Together with the theoretical framework, our empirical findings i.e. data from the interviews with six companies, one email response, and two additional secondary data from an Austrian startup publication comprised the basis for our analysis.   Our findings from the sample companies used in this study show that Austrian tech startups use internal funding as an initial source of financing their new venture. When it comes to the order of funding, our findings show that most of the startups used in this study utilized equity as a second source of financing after internal funding and before debt. However, when it comes to the preference of the founders, half preferred a financing order that is inline with the pecking order theory while the remaining half preferred otherwise choosing equity to debt.   From this, three conclusions can be drawn. First, the limited funding options available affect the decision making and preference of the tech startups. Second, founders value the nonfinancial added value they can get from investors both when implementing and preferring a financing option. Third, the future growth potential and the long term strategy of the startups and their founders play a crucial role in the funding option they prefer to finance their venture.   Additionally, when it comes to capital structure, we see that most Austrian tech startups used in this study do not have a set policy. When it comes to Government financial support (GFS), we see that financial support from the government plays a significant role in Austrian tech startup financing.

This study has strived to explore how capital structure in Swedish corporations has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study has employed both a panel regression with fixed and random effects estimation as well as a dynamic panel regression with Arellano-Bond estimators. The model utilizes common and appropriate capital structure determinants to investigate how leverage has changed between a pre-crisis and crisis sample. Even though the results have proven to be relatively scattered they have indicated that corporate leverage has increased in the crisis period. Furthermore, this study examined how corporate size (market capitalization) and industry has impacted the capital structure. The results suggest that industries such as consumer goods and services have experienced a higher degree of influence in comparison to industries such as healthcare. The evidence also suggests several significant relationships such as between tangibility and leverage as well as an overall general inclination towards the Pecking-Order Theory. Additionally, the rate of adjustment of the corporate leverage prior to the crisis was comparable to that of the 2007/08 financial crisis, but did ultimately not undergo a dramatic change similar to the financial crisis found in previous research. / Denna studie ämnade att undersöka och utvärdera hur kapitalstrukturen i Svenska bolag har påverkats av COVID-19 pandemin. Studien har tillämpat en panelregression med både fixed och random effects, samt en dynamisk panelregression med den applicerbara Arellano-Bond skattnings estimatorn. Modellerna använder sig av vedertagna och lämpliga variabler för att härleda hur belåningsgraden har utvecklats mellan period före pandemin samt under pandemin. Även om resultaten har varit relativt spridda har de ändå indikerat att belåningsgraden har ökat under pandemin. Utöver detta har studien undersökt hur belåningsgraden har påverkats som en funktion av bolagsstorlek   (baserat på börsvärde) samt den industri som bolaget verksam i. Resultaten tyder på att industrier som konsumtionsvaror och tjänster (consumer goods and services) har påvisat en större påverkan jämfört med industrier som sjukvård. Resultaten finner att variabeln tangibility har en stor del signifikanta värden och att den finner stöd hos den så kallade Pecking-Order teorin. Studien har även kommit fram till att anpassningshastigheten av belåningsgraden innan krisen var jämförbar med samma värde innan finanskrisen 2007/08, dock förblev anpassningshastigheten relativt oförändrad av pandemin i jämförelse till finanskrisen.

This study investigates the effect of leverage on stock returns on Swedishlisted firms (Large and Mid-cap). Stock returns have been calculated, andleverage ratios have been collected through Datastream. The results contradictfundamental theories on capital structure. According to the fundamentaltheories there should be a positive relationship, but the result of this studysuggests that the relationship is negative.

Title: Profitability, capital structure and its impact on market valuation Background: Capital structure is a topic that financial research has focused a lot on and there are several theories about how companies act and should act with the mix of equity and liabilities in their financing. The continued research on the role of the capital structure and its impact on companies has found that the capital structure has a clear impact on companies' cost of capital, which affects the market valuation of companies. Purpose: The study has two sub-purposes. The first sub-objective is to study the effect of profitability on the debt-to-equity ratio. The second is to analyze the effect of the debt-to-equity ratio on the market valuation. Method: The method in the study is a cross-sectional study with a deductive approach. The hypotheses in the first sub-purpose of the study have been formulated with the help of the Tradeoff theory, the pecking order theory, and previous research. The hypotheses in the second sub-purpose of the study have been formulated with the help of the signaling of debt theory. Conclusion: The results of the study find an indication that profitability has an impact on the debt-to-equity ratio and that the pecking order theory tends to have a better explanatory effect regarding the relationship between the two. And that the loan-to-value ratio has no significant effect on the market valuation. Keywords: Capital structure, financial leverage, debt-to-equity ratio, profitability, market value, Trade-off Theory, Pecking Order Theory, Signaling of debt Theory

Titel: Ledningens karaktärsdrag - effekten på kapitalstrukturEn studie om förhållandena mellan tre individuella chefers karaktärsdrag och företagshävstång  Bakgrund och problematisering: Här diskuteras bakgrunden till studien och enproblematisering kring chefers karaktärsdrag och dess påverkan på kapitalstruktur samt vadsom menas med dessa begrepp. Vidare tar detta kapitel upp det underliggande intresset attförklara sambandet mellan tre chefers karaktärsdrag (CEO, CFO och COO) ochkapitalstruktur. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att förklara effekten av individuella chefers karaktärsdragpå svenska börsnoterade företags kapitalstruktur. Metod: Företagens kapitalstruktur undersöks genom att använda en kvantitativforskningsmetod med en deduktiv forskningsansats för att identifiera förhållanden mellanchefernas karaktärsdrag och hävstång. Paneldata används från 114 svenska börsnoteradeföretag över en femårsperiod (2014-2018). Studien fann totalt 179 chefer varav 87 CEO:s, 73CFO:s och 19 COO:s. Den insamlade datan testas genom regressionsanalyser där paneldataregressioner med random effects-modellen och robusta standardfel utförs. Slutsats: Resultaten från testerna visar på både signifikanta och icke-signifikantaförhållanden mellan de tre chefernas karaktärsdrag och företagens kapitalstruktur, mätt somhävstång. Det finns därmed bevis som tyder på att olika karaktärsdrag hos individuella cheferpåverkar företags kapitalstruktur.

Syftet med studien var att analysera faktorer inom hotellbranschen med inriktning på små-och medelstora företags kapitalstruktur utifrån de centrala faktorerna från teorierna trade-off och pecking order teorin. Däremot utgick hypoteserna utifrån pecking order teorin och testades därefter genom en regressionsanalys. Studien har utgått ifrån en kvantitativ studie där data hämtades från databasen Retriever Research och baserades på 97 svenska hotell mellan år 2011- 2019. Vid analys av kapitalstrukturen på hotellbranschen har tre beroende variabler tillämpats (totala skulder, långfristiga skulder och kortfristiga skulder) samt de fem olika oberoende variabler (tillväxt, ålder, storlek, lönsamhet och tillgångsstruktur). Utifrån en regressionsanalys har resultatet visat sig att 6 hypoteser av 15 stödjer pecking order teorin, varav 3 av 15 hypoteser stödjer trade off teorin. De resterande 6 hypoteserna saknade signifikans och anses sakna samband mellan den beroende variabeln och oberoende variabeln. Sammanfattningsvis hade tillgångsstruktur den starka förklaringsstryrkan till totala skulder och långfristiga skulder. Däremot fann studien även signifikans med dem övriga faktorer, bland annat tillväxtmöjlighet med totala- och långfristiga skulder, ålder och långfristiga skulder och sist mellan storlek och långfristiga skulder som alla stödjer antaganden från pecking order teorin. Dessutom förkastades sambanden mellan ålder och kortfristiga skulder, samt mellan storlek och totala- och kortfristiga skulder eftersom hypoteserna stödde trade-off teorin. Sist kunde inget samband finna mellan tillväxtmöjlighet och kortfristiga skulder, ålder och totala skulder, tillgångsstruktur och kortfristiga skulder. Överlag fann författaren inget samband mellan lönsamhet och de tre olika beroende variablerna. / This study aims to analyze factors within the hotel industry with a focus on the capital structure of small- and medium sized companies based on the trade-off theory and pecking order theory. However, the hypotheses were based on the pecking order theory and were then tested through a regression analysis. The study was based on a quantitative study where the data was retrieved from the database Retriever Research and is based on 97 Swedish hotels between the years 2011- 2019. When analyzing the capital structure of the hotel industry, three dependent variables have been applied (total debt, long-term debt and short-term debt) as well as the five different independent variables (growth, age, size, profitability and asset structure). Based on a regression analysis, it has been shown that 6 hypotheses out of 15 support the pecking order theory, of which 3 out of 15 hypotheses support the trade off theory. The remaining 6 hypotheses were not significant and are considered to be unrelated between the dependent variable and the independent variable. In summary, the asset structure had greater explanatory power to total debt and long-term debt. However, the study also found significance with other factors, including growth potential with total-long-term debt, age and long-term debt and last between size and long-term debt, that all support assumptions from the pecking order theory. In addition the study rejected the relationship between age and short-term debt, and between size and total and total-short term debt because the hypotheses supported the trade-off theory. Finally, no relationship could be found between growth potential and short-term debt, age and total debt, asset structure and short-term debt. Overall, the author found no relationship between profitability and the three different dependent variables.

The choice of a corporation’s capital structure is a complex process determined by several factors. The academia and the business industry have both been enamored with finding the determinants of capital structure, as there has been evidence that the profitability of firms is influenced by financing decisions. Nevertheless, the determinants are so far inconclusive. Moreover, they are dependent on both internal and external factors. However, previous research has generally focused solely on internal or external factors. Therefore, this thesis aims to capture a combination of firm-specific factors and macroeconomic variables affecting capital structure decisions. We focus on Swedish firms listed on Nasdaq OMX. To investigate which internal and external factors affect the capital structure, an unbalanced fixed effects data multiple linear regression was performed. The regression tested several hypotheses derived from previous studies, where the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory were used as a base. Our results indicate that for internal factors, the pecking order theory is superior at explaining financial decisions in Swedish companies compared to the trade-off theory. When it comes to external factors, the pecking order theory provides a more accurate framework. However, it should be noted that the results are not unambiguous. The ambiguity of the results suggests one very important conclusion. Neither of these two theories have the capability to fully explain how firms decide their capital structure. Each model contributes with some pieces of the puzzle, but both contain limitations.