Phonetic accommodation is the process whereby speakers in an interaction modify their speech in response to their interlocutor. The social-psychological theory of Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles 1973) predicts that speakers will converge towards (become more similar to) their interlocutors in order to decrease social distance, whereas they will diverge from (become less similar to) their interlocutors to accentuate distinctiveness or show disdain. Previous studies have found that phonetic accommodation is affected by many social, situational and linguistic factors (Abrego-Collier et al. 2011; Black 2012; Babel 2009, 2010, 2012; Babel et al. 2012; Kim, Horton & Bradlow 2011; Nielsen 2011; Pardo et al. 2012). With respect to accommodation across dialects, a handful of studies have suggested that the perceptual salience of the various differences between two dialects might affect the pattern; however, these studies make conflicting predictions. Trudgill (1986) predicts that speakers will converge more towards the more salient dialectal differences, while Kim et al. (2011) and Babel (2009, 2010) suggest the opposite: that speakers will converge on the less salient differences. This thesis investigates how the perceptual salience of 6 differences between Buenos Aires Spanish and Madrid Spanish affect the pattern of phonetic accommodation in conversation. The results are considered both in terms of the magnitude of the changes that the participants make as well as the direction of the change (convergence or divergence). The results show that perceptual salience has a significant effect on the magnitude of the change, with all participants making greater changes as perceptual salience increases. On the other hand, perceptual salience was found not to have a consistent effect for all speakers on the likelihood of converging or diverging on the dialectal differences. I argue that the lack of consistent effect of salience on the direction of the change stems from individual differences in motivation to take on the opposing dialect norms and issues of personal identity, whereas the very consistent effect of salience on the magnitude of the change suggests that there is something more basic or systematic about how salience interacts with the extent to which speakers accommodate.

Phonetic accommodation is the process whereby speakers in an interaction modify their speech in response to their interlocutor. The social-psychological theory of Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles 1973) predicts that speakers will converge towards (become more similar to) their interlocutors in order to decrease social distance, whereas they will diverge from (become less similar to) their interlocutors to accentuate distinctiveness or show disdain. Previous studies have found that phonetic accommodation is affected by many social, situational and linguistic factors (Abrego-Collier et al. 2011; Black 2012; Babel 2009, 2010, 2012; Babel et al. 2012; Kim, Horton & Bradlow 2011; Nielsen 2011; Pardo et al. 2012). With respect to accommodation across dialects, a handful of studies have suggested that the perceptual salience of the various differences between two dialects might affect the pattern; however, these studies make conflicting predictions. Trudgill (1986) predicts that speakers will converge more towards the more salient dialectal differences, while Kim et al. (2011) and Babel (2009, 2010) suggest the opposite: that speakers will converge on the less salient differences. This thesis investigates how the perceptual salience of 6 differences between Buenos Aires Spanish and Madrid Spanish affect the pattern of phonetic accommodation in conversation. The results are considered both in terms of the magnitude of the changes that the participants make as well as the direction of the change (convergence or divergence). The results show that perceptual salience has a significant effect on the magnitude of the change, with all participants making greater changes as perceptual salience increases. On the other hand, perceptual salience was found not to have a consistent effect for all speakers on the likelihood of converging or diverging on the dialectal differences. I argue that the lack of consistent effect of salience on the direction of the change stems from individual differences in motivation to take on the opposing dialect norms and issues of personal identity, whereas the very consistent effect of salience on the magnitude of the change suggests that there is something more basic or systematic about how salience interacts with the extent to which speakers accommodate.

Many studies have been done on language attitudes, including attitudes toward languages in contact, various dialects of a language, nonnative speech, and attitudes of second-language (L2) learners toward the language that they are learning. Typically the studies of second-language learning deal with the attitudes toward the language in general rather than toward specific varieties within the language. The present study measures the attitudes of L2 learners of Spanish who lived in Spain, Mexico and Argentina toward native speakers from Spain and Mexico. The nonnative speakers listened to recordings of four native speakers, a male and a female from Spain, and a male and a female from Mexico, and rated each on a series of characteristics such as intelligence, education, attractiveness, work ethic, and honesty. T-tests were run to determine whether or not the time spent in one of the countries affected the attitudes toward each variety of Spanish. The results show that the judges had a tendency to give higher ratings to the speakers that they could understand the easiest. In addition, there was an overall tendency to rate both of the speakers from Spain higher, as was found in studies by Álvarez, Martínez and Urdaneta (2001), as well as Montes-Alcalá (2011), and to rate the females higher, supporting what both González Martínez (2008) and Labov (1972) found.

<p>This investigation examined the functions of two Spanish discourse markers, <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i>, in the interlanguage of intermediate English-speaking learners of Spanish. <i>Pues</i> is translated in English to ‘so’, ‘then’, ‘cos’, and ‘well’, and <i>bueno</i> is translated in English to ‘well’ and ‘alright’. Discourse markers like <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno </i>provide cohesion in spoken interaction, and despite the lack of attention received in second language research and classrooms, they are important linguistic features for second language users. While several studies have addressed discourse markers by non-native speakers, the present investigation contributed to the scarce body of research on interlanguage discourse marker use in Spanish and to general theoretical discussions about second language discourse marker use and acquisition by considering discourse marker frequency in input and describing the use of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i> in the interlanguage of Spanish learners. In this investigation, frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution were analyzed as three distinct facets of discourse marker proficiency.</p> <p>Using a native speaker functional framework established by Travis (2005) for reference, the analyses responded to the following general questions: How do Spanish learners compare to native speakers of Peninsular Spanish in their frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i>? How are these three variables among learners affected by a 6-week, language immersion study abroad program? Finally, how do native speakers of Peninsular Spanish and second language learners of Spanish compare in their characteristic patterns of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i> functional use? Using oral interviews of 58 non-native (L2) Spanish speakers at the beginning and end of a program abroad and 14 native speakers (NS) of Spanish from Madrid, all tokens of <i>pues</i> (<i>N</i> = 506) and <i>bueno</i> (<i>N</i> = 273) were analyzed according to the functional framework (Travis, 2005). Analyses revealed infrequent L2 use of <i>pues </i>and <i>bueno</i> with a limited range of functions and distinct functional distribution compared to NS data. Over the program abroad, learners significantly increased their functional range of <i>pues</i>.<i> </i>No other significant differences in learner use over the program were identified. Detailed analysis of the patterns of use of native speakers and learners led to the identification of unique discourse marker uses in the interlanguage of learners. These findings were discussed in light of issues of interlanguage discourse marker use, discourse marker frequency in input, and second language instruction.</p>

Submitted by Mariana Alves Machado Pelegrini Felipe (mari_ampfelipe@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-29T13:55:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mariana_29junho_2018_versãofinal.pdf: 1327935 bytes, checksum: a4a69b89c8b188d6629f9e1d51544e8f (MD5) / Rejected by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Problema 01) Está faltando o LOGO (Símbolo)da Universidade/Câmpus na capa do seu trabalho.(este item é obrigatório) Problema 02) Observei que nos agradecimentos você citou a Capes, se você recebeu financiamento da CAPES, deve constar o nome dela também na folha de rosto. Problema 03) A ordem correta das páginas pré-textuais: lista de figuras deve ser colocada antes do sumário Problema 04) - Solicito que corrija a descrição: Dissertação apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos na área de concentração de Análise Linguística do Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de São José do Rio Preto. Lembramos que o arquivo depositado no repositório deve ser igual ao impresso, o rigor com o padrão da Universidade se deve ao fato de que o seu trabalho passará a ser visível mundialmente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-06-29T15:11:45Z (GMT) / Submitted by Mariana Alves Machado Pelegrini Felipe (mari_ampfelipe@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-29T17:38:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mariana_29junho_2018_versãofinal.pdf: 1349367 bytes, checksum: 5134bbfaa32606a8fd9a753773e5fd66 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-06-29T18:51:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 felipe_mamp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1349367 bytes, checksum: 5134bbfaa32606a8fd9a753773e5fd66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-29T18:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 felipe_mamp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1349367 bytes, checksum: 5134bbfaa32606a8fd9a753773e5fd66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo investiga as orações concessivas do espanhol falado introduzidas por aunque, juntor que, de acordo com os compêndios gramaticais, pode assinalar uma relação concessiva ou adversativa em língua espanhola. Sob a perspectiva da teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF) (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), pretendemos averiguar como o fenômeno da sobreposição semântica entre concessão e adversidade é concebido e, de maneira específica, investigar as particularidades da relação concessiva que ocorre nos níveis e camadas do modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, especialmente no Nível Interpessoal. Diversos autores na literatura do espanhol afirmam que “as relações de concessão e de adversidade fazem referência a domínios nocionais muito próximos” apoiados no argumento de que ambas apresentam elementos de informação contrastantes entre si (FLAMENCO GARCÍA, 2000, p.3809). Em espanhol, algumas estruturas, quando introduzidas por aunque, podem comportar diferentes leituras, o que se comprova substituindo a conjunção aunque por pero, como se observa em: Parece tonto, aunque a veces sorprende e Parece tonto, pero a veces sorprende (CASCÓN MARTÍN, 2000, p.169). O presente trabalho parte do pressuposto de que todo uso de aunque é, na realidade, concessivo, e o que permite uma leitura adversativa é, na verdade, uma questão de ordem pragmática. Os dados mostram que as orações consideradas pela literatura como adversativas são as que se constituem entre Atos Discursivos e entre Movimentos, ambas do Nível Interpessoal. Nesse caso, tendem a ser não pressupostas, pois essas construções carregam a informação mais saliente do ponto de vista informativo ou simplesmente configuram casos nos quais o falante deseja mencionar/relembrar alguma informação, não importando se o ouvinte a conhece ou não; além disso, são construções que tendem à factualidade, alternam a forma verbal entre indicativo e subjuntivo (embora apenas os casos com verbo no indicativo aceitem substituição por pero) e tendem a aparecer em posição posposta ou independente. No que diz respeito à análise dos dados, o universo de investigação adotado consiste em amostras extraídas do Projeto PRESEEA. / This study investigates the concessive clauses from the spoken Spanish introduced by aunque, enconnective that, according to the gramatical compedia, can indicate a concessive or adversative relation in the Spanish language. From the perspective of the Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), we intend to inquire how the phenomenon of the semantic overlap between concession and adversity is conceived and, in a specific way, to investigate the particularities of the concessive relation that occurs in the levels and layers of the Discursive-Functional Grammar model, especially in the Interpersonal Level. Many authors in the Spanish literature claim that “the relations of concession and adversity make reference to very close notional domains” supported by the argument that both present contrasting elements of information (FLAMENCO GARCÍA, 2000, p.3809). In Spanish, some structures, when introduced by aunque, may have different readings, which is proven by substituting the conjunction aunque for pero, as seen in: Parece tonto, aunque a veces sorprende and Parece tonto, pero a veces sorprende (CASCÓN MARTÍN, 2000, p.169). The present work is based on the assumption that every use of aunque is, in reality, concessive, and what allows the adversative reading is, actually, a pragmantic matter. The data show that the clauses considered by literature as adversative are the ones that constitute between Discursive Acts and between Move, both in the Interpersonal Level. In this case, they tend to be non-pressuposed because these constructions carry more salient information from the informative point of view or simply configure cases in which the speaker wishes to emphasize some information, not being important if the listener knows it or not; in addition, they are contructions that tend to factuality, they alternate the verbal form between indicative and subjunctive (although only cases with the verb in the indicative accept the substitution for pero) and tend to appear in a postero or independent position. As for the data analysis, the universe of research adopted consists of samples extracted from the PRESEEA Project. / Este estudio investiga las oraciones concesivas del español hablado introducidas por aunque, conjunción que, según la perspectiva tradicional, puede indicar una relación concesiva o adversativa en lengua española. Desde el punto de vista de la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF) (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), pretendimos investigar cómo el fenómeno de la superposición semántica entre concesión y adversidad se concibe y, de modo específico, investigar las particularidades de la relación concesiva que ocurre en los niveles y camadas de la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, especialmente en el Nivel Interpersonal. Diversos autores en la literatura del español dicen que “las construcciones concesivas y adversativas hacen referencia a dominios nocionales muy próximos”, apoyadas en el argumento de que las dos presentan elementos de información que contrastan entre ellos (FLAMENCO GARCÍA, 2000, p.3809). En español, algunas estructuras, cuando van introducidas por aunque, pueden permitir distintas lecturas, lo que se comprueba por la sustitución de aunque por pero, como en Parece tonto, aunque a veces sorprende e Parece tonto, pero a veces sorprende (CASCÓN MARTÍN, 2000, p.169). El presente estudio parte de la idea de que todo uso de aunque es, en realidad, concesivo, y lo que permite una lectura adversativa es una cuestión de orden pragmática. Los datos nos enseñan que las oraciones consideradas por la literatura como adversativas son las que se constituyen entre Actos Discursivos y entre Movimientos, en el Nivel Interpersonal. En estos casos, tienden a ser no presupuestas, pues llevan la información más saliente desde el punto de vista informativo o simplemente son casos en los cuales el hablante desea reforzar alguna información, sin importarse con el hecho de que su oyente la conozca o no; además, son construcciones que tienden a la factualidad, alternan la forma verbal entre indicativo y subjuntivo (aunque apenas los casos con verbo en indicativo aceptan sustitución por pero) y tienden a aparecer en posición pospuesta o independiente. En lo que se refiere al análisis de datos, el universo de investigación adoptado se constituye por amuestras del Proyecto PRESEEA. / CAPES: 3300415-3

Submitted by Beatriz Goaveia Garcia Parra null (biagarcia.parra@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-08T17:04:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Goaveia Garcia Parra - dissertação de mestrado - 2016.pdf: 1415040 bytes, checksum: 80e0e85e416b7a5c12566658f534e2f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-09T17:17:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 parra_bgg_me_sjrp.pdf: 1415040 bytes, checksum: 80e0e85e416b7a5c12566658f534e2f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T17:17:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parra_bgg_me_sjrp.pdf: 1415040 bytes, checksum: 80e0e85e416b7a5c12566658f534e2f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho investiga as propriedades pragmáticas e semânticas das orações concessivas introduzidas pela conjunção aunque e verifica se e como tais propriedades determinam a estrutura morfossintática dessas orações. Para tanto, descrevemos à luz da teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), as orações concessivas iniciadas por aunque encontradas em textos orais e escritos do espanhol peninsular atual produzidos em contextos reais de comunicação. O córpus utilizado inclui as entrevistas semidirigidas das cidades de Alcalá de Henares, Granada, Madri e Valência, pertencentes ao projeto PRESEEA, como representantes da modalidade falada, e uma coletânea de editoriais publicados em meio on-line pelo jornal espanhol El País, como representante da modalidade escrita. Os fatores que nos guiaram na descrição e análise das orações introduzidas por aunque foram: (i) a camada da oração concessiva, considerando o modelo teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional; (ii) a factualidade; (iii) a pressuposição; (iv) o modo verbal; (v) a referência temporal expressos pela concessiva; e (vi) a posição por ela ocupada, tendo por base o verbo da oração principal. Não compõem o objeto de estudo desta pesquisa as ocorrências sintagmáticas ou não-finitas iniciadas por aunque, visto que essas construções não permitem a descrição de alguns aspectos morfossintáticos, tais como a conjugação modo-temporal, de interesse para este trabalho. Como este estudo volta-se para o uso concessivo de aunque, também foram desconsideradas as ocorrências adversativas e as de condição mínima introduzidas por essa conjunção. Os resultados da análise comprovam a atuação das orações concessivas introduzidas por aunque na camada do Conteúdo Proposicional, pertencente ao Nível Representacional, e nas camadas do Ato Discursivo e do Movimento, pertencentes ao Nível Interpessoal, como já havia sido verificado por Garcia (2010) e por Garcia e Pezatti (2013) em orações concessivas do português. Além disso, observamos que a factualidade e a pressuposição da oração concessiva influenciam em sua codificação modo-temporal, e que todos esses fatores (factualidade, pressuposição, modo verbal e referência temporal) juntamente com a posição, correspondem a estratégias linguísticas condicionadas pela função que a oração introduzida por aunque desempenha. Outro fator semântico que pode determinar o modo verbal da oração concessiva é o grau de compromisso do falante com a verdade da proposição expressa. Além dos aspectos do uso linguístico que fazem parte do domínio da gramática propriamente dita, consideramos também o gênero textual. / The present study investigates the pragmatic and semantic properties of concessive clauses introduced by the aunque conjunction and seeks to find out if and how these properties determine the morphosyntactic structure of these clauses. In order to accomplish this goal, we use the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld & Mackenzie 2008) for the description of concessive clauses introduced by aunque found in written and oral texts in current Peninsular Spanish, which were produced in actual communication contexts. The corpus includes the semi-structured interviews from the PRESEEA Project, conducted in the cities of Alcalá de Henares, Granada, Madrid and Valencia, representing the oral mode, and a collection of editorials published on-line by the Spanish newspaper El País, representing the written mode. The factors which guided the description and analysis of clauses introduced by aunque were: (i) the layer of the concessive clause, according to the theoretical model of Functional Discourse Grammar; (ii) factuality; (iii) presupposition; (iv) verbal mood; (v) temporal reference expressed by the concessive; and (vi) the position occupied by the clause, considering the verb in the main clause. Phrasal or non-finite occurrences initiated by aunque were not considered objects of this study, since these constructions do not allow for the description of some morphosyntactic aspects, such as the mood-tense inflection, which is one of the factors to be taken into account, as stated before. As the present study concerns the concessive use of aunque, occurrences with this conjunction expressing adversative and minimal condition meanings were not taken into account either. The results of our analysis show that concessive clauses introduced by aunque operate at the layer of the Propositional Content, in the Representational Level, and at the Move and Discourse Act layers, in the Interpersonal Level, in the same way as do the concessive clauses in Portuguese, as described by Garcia (2010) and Garcia and Pezatti (2013). Furthermore, we observed that factuality and presupposition of concessive clauses influence their mood-tense codification, and that all these factors (factuality, presupposition, verbal mood and temporal reference), along with the position of the clause, correspond to linguistic strategies conditioned by the function performed by the clause introduce by aunque. An additional semantic factor that can influence the mood of the verb in the concessive clause is the speaker’s evaluation of the truth of the propositional content. Apart from the aspects of language use that belong to grammar proper, we will also consider the genre of the text. / El presente estudio investiga las propiedades pragmáticas y semánticas de las oraciones concesivas introducidas por la conjunción aunque y analiza si y cómo estas propiedades determinan la estructura morfosintáctica de estas oraciones. Para alcanzar nuestros objetivos, describimos, en base a la teoría de la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional de Hengeveld y Mackenzie (2008), las oraciones concesivas iniciadas por aunque encontradas en un corpus de textos orales y escritos del español peninsular actual producidos en contextos reales de comunicación. El corpus utilizado incluye las entrevistas sociolingüísticas de las ciudades de Alcalá de Henares, Granada, Madrid y Valencia, pertenecientes al proyecto PRESEEA, como representantes de la modalidad hablada, y una colección de editoriales publicados en línea por el periódico español El País, como representante de la modalidad escrita. Los siguientes factores guiaron la descripción y el análisis de las oraciones introducidas por aunque: (i) el estrato de la oración concesiva, considerando el modelo teórico de la Gramática DiscursivoFuncional; (ii) la factualidad; (iii) la presuposición; (iv) el modo verbal, (v) la referencia temporal expresados; y (vi) la posición que ocupan respecto al verbo de la oración principal. No forman parte del objeto de estudio las ocurrencias no finitas iniciadas por aunque, puesto que estas construcciones no permiten describir algunos aspectos morfosintácticos, como la conjugación modo-temporal, relevantes para este trabajo. Como este estudio trata el uso concesivo de aunque, tampoco consideramos las ocurrencias adversativas ni las de condición mínima introducidas por esta conjunción. Los resultados de nuestro análisis señalan la existencia de oraciones introducidas por aunque en el estrato del Contenido Proposicional, perteneciente al Nivel Representacional, y en los estratos del Acto Discursivo y del Movimiento, pertenecientes al Nivel Interpersonal, tal como queda descrita por Garcia (2010) y Garcia y Pezatti (2013) en las oraciones concesivas del portugués. Observamos además que la factualidad y la presuposición de la oración concesiva influyen en su codificación modotemporal, y que todos estos factores (factualidad, presuposición, modo verbal y referencia temporal), junto con su posición, configuran las estrategias lingüísticas condicionadas por la función que la oración introducida por aunque expresa. Otro factor semántico que puede determinar el modo verbal en la oración concesiva es el grado de compromiso del hablante con la verdad de la proposición. Aparte de los aspectos del uso lingüístico que forman parte del dominio de la gramática propiamente dicha, consideramos también el tipo de género textual.

Orientador: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos / Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva apresentar uma trajetória de gramaticalização para os juntores concessivos "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)", adotando como aparato teórico os estudos em gramaticalização (TRAUGOTT, 1997; BYBEE, 2003, 2006; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003, entre outros) e o modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Na análise sincrônica realizada por Parra (2016) sob a perspectiva da GDF, a autora observa que o juntor "aunque" pode marcar uma relação concessiva em três camadas distintas no espanhol peninsular atual: na do Conteúdo Proposicional, pertencente ao Nível Representacional, e nas camadas do Ato Discursivo e do Movimento, localizadas no Nível Interpessoal. A partir desse resultado, levantamos a hipótese de que, quando analisados diacronicamente, os usos de "aunque" podem revelar uma trajetória de gramaticalização que parte de um uso semântico para usos pragmáticos, e de que tal trajetória pode corresponder a um processo comum sofrido pelos juntores concessivos dessa língua. Assim, selecionamos para este estudo, além do juntor "aunque", os juntores "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)", por serem, dentre os juntores apontados por Flamenco García (1999), os que se mostraram mais frequentes nos dados e por advirem de origens distintas, tendo em vista as fontes para o desenvolvimento de juntores concessivos apontadas por König (1994). O universo de investigação desta pesquisa reúne ocorrências dos três juntores na fase ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper aims to present a path of grammaticalization for the concessive connectives "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" and "por mucho (que)" adopting as a theoretical apparatus the studies on grammaticalization (TRAUGOTT, 1997; BYBEE, 2003, 2006; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003, among others) and the model of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). In the synchronic analysis performed by Parra (2016) from the perspective of the FDG, the author notes that the connective "aunque" can mark a concessive relationship in three distinct layers in the current Peninsular Spanish: that of Propositional Content, belonging to the Representational Level, and the layers of the Move and Discourse Act, located at the Interpersonal Level. From this result, we hypothesize that, when analyzed diachronically, the uses of "aunque" may reveal a grammaticalization trajectory that starts from a semantic use for pragmatic uses, and that such trajectory may correspond to a common process suffered by the concessive connectives of that language. Thus, we selected for this study, in addition to the connective "aunque", the connectives "a pesar de (que)" and "por mucho (que)", since they are among the connectives pointed out by Flamenco García (1999), those who had the highest number of occurrences in a previous research, and because they come from different origins, considering the sources for the development of concessive joints pointed out by König (1994). The universe of this resear... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Este trabalho descreve, analisa e compara, no espanhol peninsular (EP) e no português brasileiro (PB), as estratégias de ordenação dos constituintes de Propriedade Configuracional (argumentais) ou correferenciais a eles, e que portam funções pragmáticas (Tópico, Foco e Contraste) ou retóricas (Orientação e Esclarecimento). O referencial teórico desta pesquisa é o da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional - GDF (HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, 2008; MACKENZIE, 2012; PEZATTI, 2014, 2017) e o dos estudos comparativos entre o PB e o E (GONZÁLEZ, 1994, 2008, 2014; GROPPI, 2004; FANJUL, 2014; PINHEIRO-CORREA, 2015, 2018). A unidade de análise selecionada é o Ato Discursivo, o que significa que são considerados tanto constituintes oracionais como extraoracionais. Dentre os oracionais, os analisados são os de sentenças simples de Ilocuções Declarativas e Interrogativas e de Estado-de-Coisas [+dinâmicos]. Com base nos objetivos e no referencial teórico desta pesquisa, se analisa dois subcorpora de língua oral coloquial, um extraído do projeto C-ORALROM, que contempla a variedade de Madri, e outro do C-ORAL-BRASIL, que contempla a variedade mineira. A hipótese central que se tratou de comprovar é a de que, para enunciados que não sejam contrastivos, o EP se caracteriza pela não topicalização dos Sujeitos e topicalização dos Objetos, em um processo oposto ao que ocorre em PB, que prefere topicalizar os Sujeitos e não topicalizar os Objetos. Considerando a perspectiva discursivofuncional elegida neste estudo, toma-se por base que cada posição do Enunciado tende a ser ocupada por diferentes tipos de constituintes. Para analisar quais são as preferências, motivações e limitações para os posicionamentos de constituintes com as funções pragmáticas e retóricas supracitadas, são investigados fatores como (i) a relação entre determinação/especificidade/genericidade e Tópico/Foco, e as consequências dessa relação no Nível Morfossintático de cada língua, tais como duplicações por clíticos ou por pronomes fortes, não realização versus realização de Sujeitos pronominais, etc.; (ii) estruturas especiais para a marcação de Foco e de Contraste em ambas as línguas, principalmente as obtidas exclusivamente pela ordenação; (iii) os tipos de respostas dadas às sentenças Interrogativas Polares e a posição dos constituintes nas Interrogativas de Conteúdo. A tese está dividida em duas grandes partes: a primeira concentra as bases do referencial teórico escolhido e apresenta os procedimentos metodológicos adotados; a segunda mescla teoria, descrição e análises dos dados dos corpora. Os resultados evidenciam variadas diferenças entre as línguas, tanto no que se refere à ordenação quanto a outras estratégias usadas, a depender da função sintática dos constituintes aos quais se atribuem as funções pragmáticas e retóricas. Algumas vezes os mesmos recursos estão disponíveis em ambas as línguas, mas diferem entre si pelo grau de preferencialidade entre uns e outros. Outras vezes, uma língua recorre a estratégias que não estão disponíveis na outra. De maneira geral, o sistema de esquemas de posições proposto pela GDF possibilitou entender que estruturas superficialmente iguais podem ser diferentes em sua funcionalidade. / This work describes, analyzes and compares, in Peninsular Spanish (PS) and in Brazilian Portuguese (PB), the ordering strategies of the Configurational Property constituents (argumental) or co-referential to them and that carry pragmatic functions (Topic, Focus and Contrast) and rhetorical functions (Orientation and Clarification). The theoretical reference of this research is the Functional Discourse Grammar - FDG (HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, 2008; MACKENZIE, 2012; PEZATTI, 2014, 2017) and the comparative studies between BP and S (GONZÁLEZ, 1994, 2008, 2014; GROPPI, 2004; FANJUL, 2014; PINHEIRO-CORREA, 2015, 2018). The unit of analysis selected is the Discourse Act, which means that they are considered both in the clause scope constituents and in the linguistic expression constituents. Among the clause scope ones, the analyzed are those of simple sentences of Declarative and Interrogative Ilocutions and of State-of-Affairs [+dynamic]. Based on the objectives and the theoretical reference of this research, what are analyzed are two subcorpora of colloquial oral language extracted from the project C-ORAL-ROM, that contemplates the variety of Madrid, and CORAL- BRASIL, that contemplates the Minas Gerais States variety. The central hypothesis that was sought to be confirmed was the one that, for statements that are not contrastive, the PS is characterized by the non-topicalization of the Subjects and by the topicalization of the Objects, in an opposite process to what occurs in BP, which tends to topicalize the Subjects and nontopicalize the Objects. Considering the functional discourse perspective chosen in this study, it is assumed that each position of the Statement tends to be occupied by different types of constituents. In order to analyze the preferences, motivations and limitations for constituents positions with the aforementioned pragmatic and rhetorical functions, factors such as (i) the relation between determination/specificity/genericity and Topic/Focus are investigated, as well as the consequences of this relation in Morphosyntactic level of each language, such as clitic doublings or strong pronouns, no materialization or materialization of pronominal Subjects, etc.; (ii) special structures for Focus and Contrast marking in both languages, especially those obtained exclusively by ordination; (iii) the types of responses given to the Polar Interrogative sentences and the position of the constituents in the Content Interrogatives. The thesis is divided in two major parts: the first one concentrates the bases of the chosen theoretical reference and methodological questions and the second one merges theory, description and results of the analysis of data obtained from corpora. The results show several differences between languages, both in terms of ordering and other strategies used, depending on the syntactic function of the constituents to which pragmatic and rhetorical functions are attributed. Sometimes the same resources are available in both languages, but they differ by the degree of preference between them. At other times, one language resorts to strategies that are not available in the other. In general, the system of position schemes proposed by FGD has made it possible to understand that apparently equal structures on the surface may be different in their functionality.

Spanish Republican philosophers in exile defended the Second Republic, legally proclaimed on April 14, 1931. They embraced the anti-fascist cause rising in the 1920s and the 1930s in Europe. During the Civil War, which lasted three years, they stood among the people. 1939 saw the victory of General Francisco Franco, supported by Nazi Germany and the Italy of Mussolini. Threatened with death, they had no choice but to escape from Spain. Some intellectuals experienced French concentration camps but, for the most part, they found refuge in Latin America, especially in Mexico and Venezuela. In exile, they swore to remain loyal to the Second Republic and to the spirit of the Spanish people. Moved by liberal views and humane ideals, these philosophers belonged to the vanquished, as those everywhere in Europe who rose against Fascist barbarity. As a result, their respective works are still widely unknown today – despite relentless efforts made to promote their thought to a larger audience for over half a century. In addition to the historical context of crisis during the interwar period, the situation of Spanish philosophy itself is suggestive. Indeed, Spanish philosophy was institutionalised at the beginning of the twentieth century only: the Schools of Madrid and Barcelona were created. These politics of cultural and intellectual renovation are first bestowed upon the generation of philosophers I study, born in the 1900s. When the Spanish War erupts, they had become professionals of international recognition. This shows the actual limits of academic philosophy, incapable of acknowledging unorthodox ways of philosophising. The experience of exile itself serves in my opinion as a catalyst: Spanish Republican philosophers in exile seek emancipation from academic conventions to philosophise freely; that is, in Spanish and according to the spirit of the people. No doubt “poetic reason” – the true invention of Spanish Republican exile – stems from this ideal of autonomous thinking.