<p>Den snabba utvecklingen och urbaniseringen i stora delar av Kina har ett flertal konsekvenser för miljön. Yangtzedeltats ytvatten är till stor del eutrofierade, delvis p.g.a. diffusa förluster från jordbruket. I denna studie har kväve- och, till viss del, fosforflöden och förluster från två odlingsrutor i ett intensivt odlat grönsaksfält i ett tätortsnära område i Nanjing, med hög tillförsel av organiskt gödsel, undersökts med hjälp av den fältskaliga simuleringsmodellen GLEAMS. GLEAMS parametriserades och kalibrerades mot mätvärden av jordens vatten- och kväveinnehåll. Ett scenario med minskad kvävetillförsel simulerades sedan.</p><p>Simuleringen av vattenhalten i de olika horisonterna var inte utmärkt. Den simulerade mängden mineralkväve i marken var avsevärt lägre än den uppmätta. Detta kan bero på en felaktig simulering av mineraliseringen av organiskt kväve eller en för långsam nedbrytning av gödsel. Det är också möjligt att felen i vattensimuleringarna bidrog till underskattningen av mängden mineralkväve i marken. Simuleringarna på de båda odlingsrutorna gav liknande resultat, förutom att ruta B hade 20% större förluster av N via simulerad erosion och läckage. För fortsatt simulering av alternativa odlingsmetoder bör modellens parametrisering förbättras, särskilt vad avser parametrar kopplade till gödselns mineralisering.</p> / <p>Many parts of China are going through a rapid development and urbanization resulting in various environmental impairities. The Yangtze Delta Region surface water bodies are affected by eutrophication, partly caused by diffuse losses from agriculture. In this study, nitrogen, and to some extent also phosphorus, flows and losses from two plots in an intensively cultivated vegetable field in a peri-urban area of Nanjing, with a high input of organic fertilizer, were analysed by the use of the field-scale simulation model GLEAMS. The GLEAMS model was parameterized and calibrated against measurements of soil water and nitrogen content in two plots. A scenario with a reduced input of nitrogen was then simulated.</p><p>The resemblance between simulated and measured water content in the different soil layers was quite poor. The simulated inorganic nitrogen content in the soil was significantly lower than the measured during great parts of the simulation period. This could be due to an inappropriate simulation of the mineralization of organic N under these conditions, or an underestimated decomposition rate of manure. It is also possible that the poor water simulations contributed to the underestimated inorganic N content in the soil. There were similar results for the two plots, except for an unexplained 20% increase in leaching and erosion losses of N in Plot B. For simulation of scenarios to find best management practices, the model parameterization should be further refined.</p>

Thesis (M.M. (Public Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2013. / This research set out to explore the feasibility of developing Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA) collaborative policy networks in South African metros. The study explored related challenges and barriers, and investigated the role of the state (national, provincial and local/metro) and other sectoral development stakeholders (private sector, research institutions, non-governmental-organisations, development partners, donors, and farmers) in the substantive UPA policy management process in South Africa. The research was conducted against the backdrop of institutional/procedural policy and collaborative policy networks’ theory was used as framework. The research goal was to contribute to and generate new information and knowledge to enhance UPA collaborative governance and procedural policy. This was done through the application of collaborative policy networks as a contemporary procedural policy arrangement framework. Collaborative policy networks in this research are patterned relationships between state and society. These networks link a variety of actors (in the public and private sector) in a set of relatively stable relationships, that are non-hierarchical and interdependent, that share similar policy interests and exchange resources. The purpose is to collaboratively pursue specific policy goals as outlined by Börzel (1997:1). This research applies institutional/procedural theory as formal and legal aspects of government structure and particularly focuses on the way governments are arranged, their legal powers, and their rules and procedures in policy management (Kraft and Furlong, 2004). South Africa’s metros have continuously demonstrated an appreciation of the developmental role of UPA through small and concrete initiatives, including the development and implementation of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) development policies. In line with Mougeot (1994:1), this research however notes that the focus on UPA development in South Africa overemphasises agricultural production as the major component of the UPA definition. According to Dr Jane Battersby-Lennard, Head of the Urban Food Security programme of the African Centre for Cities at the University of Cape Town, the overemphasis on agricultural production can mainly be attributed to the peri-urban agriculture vi (UPA) terminology, which accentuates agriculture – even in metros where agricultural production is not feasible. As a result, this research recommends that the UPA terminology in South Africa be rephrased as ‘Urban Food-security Systems’ (UFS). In this context UFS is defined as a systems approach to develop sustainable and equitable urban food value chains while incorporating a strong focus on elements of urban land-use planning, access to production resources (land and water), food production, safe supply of production inputs, value adding and processing, market development and access. Such an approach also develops responsive institutional/procedural and substantive policy management instruments. The emerging trend noted through this research is that South African metros have not made much progress on the ground in terms of UPS substantive policy management. This also applies to UPA institutional policy in South Africa, which in its current form offers limited opportunities to UFS development in South African metros. This type of development still faces a number of barriers and challenges that relate to institutional ad substantive policy issues. Even with the metros’ demonstrated interest in advancing the sector, UPA policy management capacity and resources (human, social, physical, economic and environmental capital) remain limited. UPA suffers overall limited state attention and commitment and consequently restrictive legislation, bureaucratic red tape and limited institutional, technical and financial support. The research argues that UPA development initiatives could benefit from government’s commitment and prioritisation at all spheres (metro, provincial and national). The research gathers that UPA governance could be enhanced through institutional policy improvements that emphasise wider stakeholder participation through collaborative policy networks. The researcher argues that there is a strong need for state sanctioned interventions that initially focus on developing strategic institutional policy networks as a development foundation for comprehensive, accelerated, equitable and sustainable UFS interventions rather than just agricultural production. This calls for the engagement of multiple stakeholders from social, economic and environmental vii development sectors (including agriculture, food security, natural resources management, social development, political management, climate change, environment and health, etc.) as active UFS development partners in South Africa. This research emphasises collaborative policy networks as an appropriate form of UPA institutional/procedural policy arrangements to help ensure trust, transparency, participation, reciprocity and a good balance of vertical and horizontal power/governance structure (as also defined by Deleon and Varda, 2009:67-71). Here the researcher argues that institutional policy networks articulate very well with the desired objectives of achieving collaborative UPA governance, and that these objectives are key to efficient UPA substantive policy management for South Africa. As a justification for policy networks, the study found that UFS development as a multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral public policy issue could benefit not only from the distributed intelligence presented as a benefit of policy networks, but also from the distributed human, social, physical, financial, and political capital/resources that can be accessed and utilised collaboratively to pursue overarching and specific substantive UFS policy goals at national, provincial and local levels. The study recommends the establishment of a national level UFS policy network that could be led by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) in partnership with the metros and other strategic state and non-state actors. The research recommends that a national UFS Secretariat be established at part of DAFF, to deal with national UFS policy issues (substantive and institutional) and to provide strategic programming and technical support to metros. The research also notes that developing efficient UFSs would require engaging numerous specialised skills and capacity sources that thus calls for the establishment of smaller specific substantive policy networks within the national UFS policy network. This could be led and constituted by specialist institutions with the required capacity and skills. Potential smaller specific substantive policy networks could include: agricultural production, trade, food/nutrition security and research; trade and marketing and research; environmental management and research; and spatial development and land-use planning and research. The research recommends that such policy networks be institutionalised at national, provincial and local/metro levels and that viii these policy networks are referred to as the Urban Food-security Systems – Community of Practice (UFS-COP). The research also notes that although there is a strong appreciation of the characteristic benefits of policy networks for managing multi-dimensional policy issues such as UFS, it must be noted however, that policy networks are not a panacea and that they do exhibit a hind-side of major challenges (for collaborative governance) that must be continuously addressed in search of efficient collaborative policy governance structures that emphasis the active engagement of multi-sectorial and multi-level policy management stakeholders for collective action.

Den snabba utvecklingen och urbaniseringen i stora delar av Kina har ett flertal konsekvenser för miljön. Yangtzedeltats ytvatten är till stor del eutrofierade, delvis p.g.a. diffusa förluster från jordbruket. I denna studie har kväve- och, till viss del, fosforflöden och förluster från två odlingsrutor i ett intensivt odlat grönsaksfält i ett tätortsnära område i Nanjing, med hög tillförsel av organiskt gödsel, undersökts med hjälp av den fältskaliga simuleringsmodellen GLEAMS. GLEAMS parametriserades och kalibrerades mot mätvärden av jordens vatten- och kväveinnehåll. Ett scenario med minskad kvävetillförsel simulerades sedan. Simuleringen av vattenhalten i de olika horisonterna var inte utmärkt. Den simulerade mängden mineralkväve i marken var avsevärt lägre än den uppmätta. Detta kan bero på en felaktig simulering av mineraliseringen av organiskt kväve eller en för långsam nedbrytning av gödsel. Det är också möjligt att felen i vattensimuleringarna bidrog till underskattningen av mängden mineralkväve i marken. Simuleringarna på de båda odlingsrutorna gav liknande resultat, förutom att ruta B hade 20% större förluster av N via simulerad erosion och läckage. För fortsatt simulering av alternativa odlingsmetoder bör modellens parametrisering förbättras, särskilt vad avser parametrar kopplade till gödselns mineralisering. / Many parts of China are going through a rapid development and urbanization resulting in various environmental impairities. The Yangtze Delta Region surface water bodies are affected by eutrophication, partly caused by diffuse losses from agriculture. In this study, nitrogen, and to some extent also phosphorus, flows and losses from two plots in an intensively cultivated vegetable field in a peri-urban area of Nanjing, with a high input of organic fertilizer, were analysed by the use of the field-scale simulation model GLEAMS. The GLEAMS model was parameterized and calibrated against measurements of soil water and nitrogen content in two plots. A scenario with a reduced input of nitrogen was then simulated. The resemblance between simulated and measured water content in the different soil layers was quite poor. The simulated inorganic nitrogen content in the soil was significantly lower than the measured during great parts of the simulation period. This could be due to an inappropriate simulation of the mineralization of organic N under these conditions, or an underestimated decomposition rate of manure. It is also possible that the poor water simulations contributed to the underestimated inorganic N content in the soil. There were similar results for the two plots, except for an unexplained 20% increase in leaching and erosion losses of N in Plot B. For simulation of scenarios to find best management practices, the model parameterization should be further refined.

O mundo passa por um acelerado processo de urbanização marcado por desequilíbrios sociais e ambientais. As cidades concentram parte relevante do impacto ambiental e consomem recursos e geram resíduos a uma taxa muito maior do que seu território pode absorver, fazendo com que as áreas urbanas sejam cada vez mais importantes na busca pela sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, a agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) surge como uma alternativa para a urbanização sustentável, devido, principalmente, à sua contribuição para o aumento da segurança alimentar, redução de impacto ambiental, reutilização de resíduos orgânicos, revitalização de áreas, desalienação dos moradores e aumento do bem-estar físico e psicológico. Além da falta de dados, a análise da AUP é dificultada pela sua heterogeneidade, nos mais diversos ângulos de análise: interpretação de seus significados, local, forma de governança e técnicas. Esta dissertação propõe sua divisão em quatro tipologias: (i) fazendas urbanas; (ii) terrenos intraurbanos vazios sem interesse imobiliário; (iii) telhados com produção intensiva; e (iv) residencial e institucional. São Paulo é a maior cidade do Brasil, com 12 milhões de habitantes e, apesar de a AUP acontecer no município em diversas tipologias, são escassos os dados sobre a quantidade de alimentos produzidos atualmente e o crescimento dessa atividade na cidade. O objetivo desta dissertação é, por meio de revisão bibliográfica e de estudos de casos, identificar e analisar os fatores que interferem no crescimento da AUP na cidade de São Paulo. A AUP é aqui interpretada pela lente teórica da teoria das práticas, destacando-se as relações recursivas entre seus agentes e as estruturas, por meio dos recursos, normas e esquemas interpretativos. Conclui-se que são onze os principais fatores que interferem no crescimento da AUP na cidade de São Paulo: (i) acesso à terra; (ii) acesso a equipamentos manuais, insumos e máquinas; (iii) acesso a conhecimento técnico e mão de obra; (iv) capacidade de cumprir normas de viabilidade financeira e regras de mercado/empresariais; (v) capacidade de obtenção de certificação; (vi) presença em leis de ocupação da cidade; (vii) poder de mobilização social e audiência nas mídias sociais; (viii) capacidade de gerar atividade profissional com geração de renda; (ix) capacidade de gerar empreendedorismo social; (x) capacidade de desempenhar produção ecologicamente correta; e (xi) capacidade de engajar e promover o ativismo de ocupação do espaço público, senso de comunidade e desenvolvimento de relações não capitalistas. Nota-se que a importância de cada fator é diferente entre as tipologias, conforme demonstraram os estudos de caso. Destaca-se que para as três primeiras tipologias, apesar de seus benefícios ambientais e sociais, a AUP está inserida em normas de mercado tradicionais, e sua possibilidade de crescer e produzir alimentos em quantidade relevante depende do atingimento de viabilidade financeira. Para isso, a AUP se vale de seu discurso pautado pela sustentabilidade para obtenção de cessões de terras, doações de recursos, leis de incentivo e valores de venda acima de mercado. Para a última tipologia, seu crescimento está sujeito a uma mudança mais radical na lógica de consumo e na disseminação do ativismo e de relações não mercantis / The world goes through an accelerated process of urbanization marked by social and environmental imbalances. Cities concentrate a significant part of the environmental impact and consume resources and generate waste at a much higher rate than their land can absorb, making urban areas increasingly important in the pursuit of sustainability. In this context, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) emerges as an alternative to sustainable urbanization, mainly due to its contribution to increasing food security, reducing environmental impact, reusing organic waste, revitalizing areas, de-alienating citizens and increasing physical and psychological well-being. In addition to the lack of data, analysis of UPA is hampered by its heterogeneity, at the most diverse angles of analysis: interpretation of its meanings, location, form of governance and techniques. This dissertation proposes its division into four typologies: (i) urban farms; (ii) empty intra-urban land with no interest of real estate development; (iii) intensive production rooftops; and (iv) residential and institutional. São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil with 12 million inhabitants, and although the UPA happens in the city in several types, data on the quantity of food currently produced and the growth of this activity in the city are scarce. The objective of this dissertation is, through bibliographical review and case studies, to identify and analyze the factors that interfere in the growth of AUP in the city of São Paulo. The UPA is here interpreted by the theoretical lens of the theory of practices, highlighting the recursive relations between its agents and the structures, through resources, norms and interpretative schemes. It is concluded that there are eleven main factors that interfere in the growth of UPA in the city of São Paulo: (i) access to land; (ii) access to equipment, supplies and machines; (iii) access to technical knowledge and labor; (iv) ability to comply with financial viability standards and market / business rules; (v) ability to obtain certification; (vi) presence in occupancy laws of the city; (vii) power of social mobilization and audience in social media; (viii) ability to generate professional activity with income generation; (ix) ability to generate social entrepreneurship; (x) ability to perform ecologically correct production; and (xi) ability to engage and promote the activism of public space occupation, sense of community and development of non-capitalist relations. It is noted that the importance of each factor is different between the typologies, as the case studies showed. It should be noted that for the first three typologies, despite its environmental and social benefits, the UPA is embedded in traditional market norms, and its ability to grow and produce food in a relevant quantity depends on the attainment of financial viability. For this, the UPA relies on its sustainability-based discourse to obtain land assignments, resource donations, incentive laws and above-market sales values. For the latter typology, its growth is subject to a more radical change in the logic of consumption and the spread of activism and non-market relations

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim / Resumo: O acelerado crescimento das cidades associado a um planejamento ineficiente ocasionou inúmeros problemas ambientais que recaem sobre a qualidade de vida da população. Nesse contexto de alterações das condições do ambiente natural, inúmeros estudos científicos foram suscitados, dentre eles, destacam-se os que se propuseram a estudar o clima das cidades. Diante disso, esta pesquisa baseou-se na proposta teórica e metodológica do Sistema Clima Urbano (S.C.U), com enfoque no subsistema termodinâmico e teve como objetivo central investigar os efeitos de áreas agrícolas urbanas na intensidade das ilhas de calor em Florianópolis - SC, no que se refere às condições de temperatura, um dos principais elementos climáticos responsáveis pelo conforto térmico. A ênfase dada à Florianópolis relaciona-se à presença de um marco legal que prevê a implantação e apoio à prática agrícola nos espaços intraurbano e periurbano. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados, consistiram na busca por dados de temperatura a partir de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e pontos fixos. Foram tratadas e analisadas as imagens do satélite Landsat-8, que mostraram diferenças nas características térmicas dos alvos, comparando-se áreas densamente construídas com áreas não construídas, apresentando intensidades de ilhas de calor de superfície de até 14ºC. As áreas com maior desenvolvimento vegetativo, com destaque para aquelas localizadas nos topos dos morros, apresentaram as menores temperaturas das cenas e as áreas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The accelerated growth of cities associated with inefficient planning has caused numerous environmental issues that affect the population quality of life. In this context of changes in natural environment conditions, several scientific studies have been carried out, among which stand out those who focused on studying the climate of cities. Therefore, the present research was based on the theoretical and methodological proposal of the Urban Climate System (UCS), with emphasis on the thermodynamic subsystem. The main objective was to investigate the effects of urban agricultural areas on the intensity of heat islands in Florianópolis - SC, with regard to temperature conditions, one of the main climatic elements responsible for thermal comfort. The emphasis given to Florianópolis is related to the presence of a legal framework that provides for the implementation and support of agricultural practice in intra-urban and peri-urban spaces. The methodological procedures performed consisted of researching temperature data using remote sensing techniques and fixed points. Landsat-8 satellite images were treated and analyzed, which presented differences in the thermal characteristics of the targets, comparing densely built areas with non-built spaces, revealing intensities of surface heat islands of up to 14ºC. The areas with the highest vegetative development, with emphasis on those located at the top of hills, presented the lowest temperatures in the scenes, and the areas of urban an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Ainda que o cultivo de alimentos em meio urbano seja uma atividade milenar, foi na segunda metade da década de 1990 que a chamada agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) adquiriu destaque no cenário nacional e mundial, afirmando-se como um instrumento de integração nos processos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Alinhada aos princípios do direito humano à alimentação e da soberania alimentar, a implantação de uma Política Nacional de Agricultura Urbana constitui uma das metas do Plano Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional para o período 2012- 2015. Como uma temática ainda pouco estudada pela academia, cabe investigar mais profundamente, no âmbito da saúde pública, as conexões entre a Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana e a Promoção da Saúde. Com o objetivo geral de compreender a importância, os desafios e as possibilidades da prática da AUP, a partir da experiência do município do Embu das Artes/SP, localizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, o estudo se propôs a identificar os projetos de AUP no município; identificar os valores e significados atribuídos às experiências pelos participantes, membros de conselhos, técnicos e profissionais das Unidades Básicas de Saúde; explorar as conexões da agricultura urbana com as dimensões dos Serviços de Saúde no nível da Atenção Primária, do Abastecimento e do Planejamento Territorial; pesquisar as interfaces entre a agricultura urbana e as diretrizes da Promoção da Saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário sócio-demográfico junto aos participantes dos projetos, entrevistas individuais e grupos focais. Para complementar as informações, realizou-se análise documental de materiais produzidos pelo governo e pela sociedade civil. A sistematização dos dados seguiu os parâmetros da perspectiva dialética, que destaca a importância da compreensão das contradições na análise das estruturas e do caráter histórico e dinâmico das ações. Os resultados apontam uma estreita ligação entre a prática das hortas e as diretrizes da Promoção da Saúde. Foi possível identificar significados e valores, tanto no nível individual como no coletivo, convergentes com o ideário da Promoção da Saúde, associados aos seus diferentes campos e princípios, como a criação de ambientes saudáveis, o reforço da ação comunitária, o desenvolvimento de habilidades pessoais, o resgate de práticas e hábitos tradicionais, o estímulo à autonomia e ao empoderamento e demandas por reorientação dos serviços. A partir do componente da multifuncionalidade da Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana aqui estudada com ênfase em suas conexões com a Atenção Básica da Saúde, com o campo do Abastecimento Alimentar e do Planejamento Territorial, um aspecto a ser aprofundado diz respeito à necessidade de definição de estratégias intra e inter setoriais, para viabilizar maior integração junto às secretarias que realizam interfaces com o tema, de forma a efetivar o comprometimento do conjunto da gestão, em parceria com as organizações sociais e referenciada no território. / Although the growing of food in urban areas is an ancient activity, it was in the second half of the 1990s that the so-called urban and peri-urban agriculture (PUA) acquired prominence in the national and world stage, asserting itself as an integration tool in sustainable development processes. Aligned with the principles of the human right to food and food sovereignty, the establishment of a National Agricultural Urban Policy is one of the goals of the National Food Security and Nutrition Plan for the period of 2012-2015. As a thematic still not appropriate by the academy, there is room for further investigation,within the public health system, to understand the connections between PUA and Health Promotion. With the overall goal to understand the importance, challenges and possibilities of the practice of PUA, from the experience of the city Embu das Artes / SP, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, this study aimed to identify the PUA projects in the municipality; identify the values and meanings attributed to the experiences by the participants, board members, technicians and professionals of the Basic Health Units; explore the connections of urban agriculture with the dimensions of Health Primary Care, Supply and Urban Planning; research interfaces between urban agriculture and health promotion guidelines. Data were collected by using a socio-demographic questionnaire with the participants of the projects, individual interviews and focus groups. To complement the information, a documentary analysis of materials, produced by the government and civil society, was performed. The systematization of the data followed the parameters placed by the dialectical perspective that highlights the importance of understanding the contradictions in the analysis of structures and the historic and dynamic character of the actions. The results show a close link between the practice of gardens and Health Promotion guidelines. It was possible to identify meanings and values, both individually and collectively, convergent with the ideas of Health Promotion, associated with their different fields and principles such as the creation of healthy environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, the rescue of traditional practices and habits, the encouragement of autonomy and empowerment and demands for reorientation of services. From the multifunctional component of Peri-Urban Agriculture, studied here, with emphasis on its connections to Primary Health, with the field of Food Supply and Urban Planning, an aspect, which deserves deeper study, concerns the need to clearly define intra- and inter-sector strategies, to enable a greater integration within the departments that perform interfaces with this theme, in order to carry out the commitment of the entire management, in partnership with social and referenced in territory organizations.

In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers’ livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of peri-urban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam’s land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the ‘bottom-up’ mechanism, through which Vinh’s local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city’s goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers’ livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.

In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers’ livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of peri-urban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers’ livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam’s land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the ‘bottom-up’ mechanism, through which Vinh’s local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city’s goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers’ livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.

abstract: City governments are increasingly incorporating urban and peri-urban agriculture into their policies and programs, a trend seen as advancing sustainability, development, and food security. Urban governance can provide new opportunities for farmers, but it also creates structures to control their activities, lands, and purposes. This study focused on Mexico City, which is celebrated for its agricultural traditions and policies. The study examined: 1) the functions of urban and peri-urban agriculture that the Government of Mexico City (GMC) manages and prioritizes; 2) how the GMC’s policies have framed farmers, and how that framing affects farmers’ identity and purpose; and 3) how the inclusion of agrarian activities and lands in the city’s climate-change adaptation plan has created opportunities and obstacles for farmers. Data was collected through participant observation of agricultural and conservation events, informal and semi-structured interviews with government and agrarian actors, and analysis of government documents and budgets. Analysis of policy documents revealed that the GMC manages agriculture as an instrument for achieving urban objectives largely unrelated to food: to conserve the city’s watershed and provide environmental services. Current policies negatively frame peri-urban agriculture as unproductive and a source of environmental contamination, but associate urban agriculture with positive outcomes for development and sustainability. Peri-urban farmers have resisted this framing, asserting that the GMC inadequately supports farmers’ watershed conservation efforts, and lacks understanding of and concern for farmers’ needs and interests. The city’s climate plan implicitly considers farmers to be private providers of public adaptation benefits, but the plan’s programs do not sufficiently address the socioeconomic changes responsible for agriculture’s decline, and therefore may undermine the government’s climate adaptation objectives. The findings illuminate the challenges for urban governance of agriculture. Farms do not become instruments for urban sustainability, development, and food security simply because the government creates policies for them. Urban governments will be more likely to achieve their goals for agriculture by being transparent about their objectives, honestly evaluating how well those objectives fit with farmers’ needs and interests, cultivating genuine partnerships with farmers, and appropriately compensating farmers for the public benefits they provide. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017

Submitted by Josiane ribeiro (josiane.caic@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T18:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_versao_final_maria_de_fatima_com_alteracoes_propostas_pela_banca.pdf: 2809962 bytes, checksum: 62236ef1d0de4d1761e5bbf72bcab1bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T18:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_versao_final_maria_de_fatima_com_alteracoes_propostas_pela_banca.pdf: 2809962 bytes, checksum: 62236ef1d0de4d1761e5bbf72bcab1bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A Educação Ambiental, em sua vertente transformadora, tem papel importante para a concretização de processos formativos e práticas relacionadas à constituição da agricultura de base agroecológica e a busca por Justiça Ambiental e Soberania Alimentar. Nesse sentido, a presente tese é resultado de um estudo efetivado junto/com os agricultores envolvidos no Projeto de Agricultura Urbana e Peri-Urbana realizado pelo Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (NUDESE/FURG) no biênio 2008/2009 e que apresentava como proposta a transição agroecológica. As políticas públicas relacionadas à questão da fome e produção de alimentos no Brasil defendem a Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana como uma prática que pode garantir a Segurança Alimentar das populações, mas essa é uma questão que carece ser problematizada e se configura no cerne do problema de pesquisa aqui desenvolvido. Então, partindo das leituras e pesquisas empíricas realizadas essa assertiva é confrontada tomando por base os fundamentos e princípios da Educação Ambiental Transformadora. A tese afirmada é a de que para além dos limites impostos pelo Capitalismo, o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura de base agroecológica – que traz em seu bojo a diversificação da produção e a criação de espaços de formação junto aos agricultores – contribui para a garantia de avanços na busca pela Soberania Alimentar. Além disso, possibilita espaços formativos importantes para a necessária aproximação entre a teoria e as práticas/ações desenvolvidas no campo da Educação Ambiental e da Agroecologia. Os objetivos do estudo foram identificar as mudanças/permanências na forma de organização da produção agrícola de base agroecológica realizadas pelas famílias; apontar os aspectos limitantes e as potencialidades do Projeto e analisar os desafios das ações da Educação Ambiental em sua vertente transformadora frente tal contexto, no que se refere às mudanças nas/das condições materiais e subjetivas que constituem a agricultura de base familiar. A metodologia desenvolvida na pesquisa partiu da revisão bibliográfica, envolvendo a observação participante e a realização de entrevistas. No que tange à discussão/reflexão dos dados/fontes utilizou-se da Análise Textual Discursiva. A partir do estudo realizado, cabe afirmar, corroborando para a ratificação da tese, que as ações desenvolvidas pelo NUDESE, seja no que se refere ao processo formativo ou voltadas à transição agroecológica, foram fundamentais na constituição de espaços de esperança/possibilidades de mudança das condições de injustiça socioambientais hodiernas. De toda sorte, há aspectos que limitaram a proposta em questão e que corroboram para a reafirmação da necessidade de superação do Capitalismo. Esse é o caso da não continuidade de financiamento do Projeto por parte do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS); a falta de dialogo e articulação mais intensa com o Poder Público Municipal em ambas as cidades estudadas; os problemas estruturais que estão presentes nas feiras livres; a ausência de discussões fundamentais ao longo do processo formativo desenvolvido pelo NUDESE, como é o caso da crítica a forma de organização da produção atual, e seus limites, a relação estabelecida entre os homens entre si e desses com a natureza da qual fazem parte e o protagonismo que os agricultores devem ter com relação às mudanças em sua forma de produzir e viver em um processo como esse. / This dissertation was based on a study carried out with farmers involved in the Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture Project which was developed by the Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (NUDESE/FURG), located in Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, in 2008 and 2009. Results show that, beyond the limits imposed by capitalism, the development of Agroecologybased agriculture – which means the diversification of production and the elaboration of educational programs for farmers – has contributed to ensure advances in the search for Food Sovereignty. Furthermore, it has become an important space to discuss and work in Transformative Environmental Education in order to intertwine its theory and its effective practice/action along with the farmers. This study aimed at verifying whether the development of the proposal contributed to ensure the families’ Food Sovereignty and at identifying the limits and possibilities of this action regarding changes it generated and reflections/actions that helped to overcome Environmental Injustice which has been experienced as a whole nowadays. Besides, this research has three specific objectives, namely: to identify changes, if any, in the organization of the families’ Agroecology-based agricultural production; to show the limits and the potentiality the Project has; and to analyze the challenges of actions in Environmental Education in its transformative trend in this context, regarding changes in the material and subjective conditions that constitute family farming. The methodology comprised a literature review, participant observation and interviews with the farmers. Discursive Textual Analysis was used to discuss and reflect upon the data and sources. Actions developed by NUDESE, in terms of the educational process and practices that aim at agroecological transition, were fundamental to create spaces where hope and changes may happen, as opposed to the form of economic organization that prevails these days by defending the interests of agribusiness, rather than little units of family farming. However, there were aspects that limited the actions under investigation and that corroborated the need to cope with capitalism. One of them was the reason why the Project was not funded by the Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS) anymore. In addition, this study pointed out the lack of dialogue and close interaction with the City Government in both cities under study, structural problems faced in street fairs and the lack of discussion throughout the educational program developed by NUDESE concerning the criticism aimed at the organization of the current production, the limits of capitalism, the relations that humans have established among themselves and with nature they live in and, finally, the farmers’ participation in changes related to how they can produce and life in a process like this one.