Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity in cell-free extracts prepared from healthy mature flowers of Petunia hybrida (variety 'Hurrah') was studied. The SOD activity in the crude extracts was stable for more than one month when stored at -20 oC. It was found that pH 7.8 is optimal for SOD activity. Different flower tissues of petunia (stigma, style and ovary) at various stages of development were extracted and analysed for SOD activity. SOD activity was found to be significantly highest in the ovary tissue of dehiscent petunia flowers. Three SOD isozymes were detected after crude extracts of the different female reproductive tissues of petunia flowers were analysed on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Based on a difference in the sensitivity of the SOD isoforms to H2O2 and KCN, it is suggested that Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD were present in the crude extracts of the female reproductive tissues of petunia flowers. The response of the female reproductive parts of petunia flowers was also tested under water deficiency and high temperature (35 oC) stress. The SOD activity seemed to increase more in response to the high temperature than the water deficiency stress. Intense blue staining was observed from developing younger buds, and much lower formazan deposition was detected at the later stage. This indicates the lower O2- produced during later stages mainly due to increasing SOD synthesis. DEAE cellulose chromatography was successfully used to partially purify SOD from the ovaries of petunia flowers. The characteristics of the partially purified enzyme fraction were found to be very similar to those of the crude extracts.

O gênero Petunia Juss. é caracterizado pela distribuição exclusivamente sulamericana e diversificação recente. Petunia exserta Stehmann é uma espécie endêmica da região fisiográfica da Serra do Sudeste (RS). Essa região faz parte do Bioma Pampa e apresenta um relevo muito característico com a presença de grandes torres de pedra. As plantas de Petunia exserta são encontradas nessas torres, em reentrâncias semelhantes a pequenas cavernas, um habitat muito restrito e inóspito para as outras espécies do gênero. Além de P. exserta, são descritas cerca de 30 espécies de plantas endêmicas dessa região, o que faz da Serra do Sudeste um local muito importante para a preservação da biodiversidade do Bioma Pampa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal caracterizar a estrutura populacional da espécie P. exserta através de marcadores moleculares plastidiais e nucleares. Dentro desse objetivo maior, também são objetivos desse trabalho: caracterizar as novas populações encontradas quanto ao modo de vida e variabilidade fenotípica; avaliar a presença de introgressão gênica a partir de P. axillaris; e fornecer subsídios que reforcem a necessidade da criação de uma unidade de conservação na Serra do Sudeste. Foram analisados 655 indivíduos para as sequências concatenadas dos espaçadores intergênicos plastidiais trnH/psbA e trnG/trnS e 487 indivíduos foram genotipados para cinco marcadores nucleares do tipo CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences). As populações de P. exserta estudadas se caracterizam por uma ampla variabilidade fenotípica na coloração das flores e posição do aparelho reprodutivo. A análise dos dados demonstrou que a introgressão entre P. exserta e P. axillaris é restrita, possivelmente devido à seleção adaptativa, o que sugere que o habitat diferenciado pode desempenhar um papel importante nesse aspecto. A Análise de Variância Molecular (AMOVA) demonstrou grande estruturação genética, indicando o endocruzamento como uma característica da espécie. O compartilhamento de haplótipos plastidiais e alelos nucleares juntamente com a distribuição geográfica simpátrica, a ocorrência de eventos de hibridação e a pouca variabilidade genética permitem sugerir que P. exserta é uma espécie derivada de P. axillaris. Assim, a manutenção dessa espécie é dependente da manutenção do seu habitat que é limitado aos pequenos abrigos das torres da Serra do Sudeste. / Petunia Juss. is a genus characterized by an exclusive South American distribution and by its recent diversification. Petunia exserta Stehmann is an endemic species from Serra do Sudeste (RS) phisiographic region, which is parte of the Pampa biome and has a characteristic landscape with the presence of stone towers. P. exserta plants grow in these towers, in shady cracks resembling small caves. Its habitat is very restrict and inhospitable for the other species of the genus. In addition to P. exserta, more than 30 endemic plant species are described for this region, making of the Serra do Sudeste a very important region for maintaining the biodiversity of the Pampa biome. The main goal of this study was characterizing P. exserta population structure using chloroplast and nuclear markers. Within this framework, other goals of this study are: characterizing the newly discovered populations regarding its habit and phenotypic variation; evaluating the occurrence of introgression from P. axillaris; and presenting evidences that reinforce the need of a conservation unit in the Serra do Sudeste region. Overall, 655 plants were analyzed for the plastidial intergenic spacers trnH/psbA and trnG/trnS, and five CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) nuclear markers were used to genotype 487 individuals. The populations of P. exserta found were characterized by a wide phenotypic variation regarding flower color and position of the reproductive organs. Data analyses indicated low levels of introgression between P. exserta and P. axillaris, possibly due to natural selection, suggesting that the different habitat for these two species may influence this point. As shown by the Molecular Variance Analyze (AMOVA) the species presents strong genetic structure, indicating that inbreeding seems to be a characteristic of this species. The sharing of both cpDNA haplotypes and nuclear alleles, together with the sympatric geographical distribution, hybridization, and low genetic variability in P. exserta allow the suggestion that P. exserta is derived from P. axillaris. Thus, the maintenance of this species depends on the maintenance of its habitat, which is restricted to the small shelters on the towers in the Serra do Sudeste region.

Diss.--Basel. / Vita.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity in cell-free extracts prepared from healthy mature flowers of Petunia hybrida (variety 'Hurrah') was studied. The SOD activity in the crude extracts was stable for more than one month when stored at -20 oC. It was found that pH 7.8 is optimal for SOD activity. Different flower tissues of petunia (stigma, style and ovary) at various stages of development were extracted and analysed for SOD activity. SOD activity was found to be significantly highest in the ovary tissue of dehiscent petunia flowers. Three SOD isozymes were detected after crude extracts of the different female reproductive tissues of petunia flowers were analysed on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. Based on a difference in the sensitivity of the SOD isoforms to H2O2 and KCN, it is suggested that Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD were present in the crude extracts of the female reproductive tissues of petunia flowers. The response of the female reproductive parts of petunia flowers was also tested under water deficiency and high temperature (35 oC) stress. The SOD activity seemed to increase more in response to the high temperature than the water deficiency stress. Intense blue staining was observed from developing younger buds, and much lower formazan deposition was detected at the later stage. This indicates the lower O2- produced during later stages mainly due to increasing SOD synthesis. DEAE cellulose chromatography was successfully used to partially purify SOD from the ovaries of petunia flowers. The characteristics of the partially purified enzyme fraction were found to be very similar to those of the crude extracts.

Diss.--Basel. / Vita.

O gênero Petunia Juss. é caracterizado pela distribuição exclusivamente sulamericana e diversificação recente. Petunia exserta Stehmann é uma espécie endêmica da região fisiográfica da Serra do Sudeste (RS). Essa região faz parte do Bioma Pampa e apresenta um relevo muito característico com a presença de grandes torres de pedra. As plantas de Petunia exserta são encontradas nessas torres, em reentrâncias semelhantes a pequenas cavernas, um habitat muito restrito e inóspito para as outras espécies do gênero. Além de P. exserta, são descritas cerca de 30 espécies de plantas endêmicas dessa região, o que faz da Serra do Sudeste um local muito importante para a preservação da biodiversidade do Bioma Pampa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal caracterizar a estrutura populacional da espécie P. exserta através de marcadores moleculares plastidiais e nucleares. Dentro desse objetivo maior, também são objetivos desse trabalho: caracterizar as novas populações encontradas quanto ao modo de vida e variabilidade fenotípica; avaliar a presença de introgressão gênica a partir de P. axillaris; e fornecer subsídios que reforcem a necessidade da criação de uma unidade de conservação na Serra do Sudeste. Foram analisados 655 indivíduos para as sequências concatenadas dos espaçadores intergênicos plastidiais trnH/psbA e trnG/trnS e 487 indivíduos foram genotipados para cinco marcadores nucleares do tipo CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences). As populações de P. exserta estudadas se caracterizam por uma ampla variabilidade fenotípica na coloração das flores e posição do aparelho reprodutivo. A análise dos dados demonstrou que a introgressão entre P. exserta e P. axillaris é restrita, possivelmente devido à seleção adaptativa, o que sugere que o habitat diferenciado pode desempenhar um papel importante nesse aspecto. A Análise de Variância Molecular (AMOVA) demonstrou grande estruturação genética, indicando o endocruzamento como uma característica da espécie. O compartilhamento de haplótipos plastidiais e alelos nucleares juntamente com a distribuição geográfica simpátrica, a ocorrência de eventos de hibridação e a pouca variabilidade genética permitem sugerir que P. exserta é uma espécie derivada de P. axillaris. Assim, a manutenção dessa espécie é dependente da manutenção do seu habitat que é limitado aos pequenos abrigos das torres da Serra do Sudeste. / Petunia Juss. is a genus characterized by an exclusive South American distribution and by its recent diversification. Petunia exserta Stehmann is an endemic species from Serra do Sudeste (RS) phisiographic region, which is parte of the Pampa biome and has a characteristic landscape with the presence of stone towers. P. exserta plants grow in these towers, in shady cracks resembling small caves. Its habitat is very restrict and inhospitable for the other species of the genus. In addition to P. exserta, more than 30 endemic plant species are described for this region, making of the Serra do Sudeste a very important region for maintaining the biodiversity of the Pampa biome. The main goal of this study was characterizing P. exserta population structure using chloroplast and nuclear markers. Within this framework, other goals of this study are: characterizing the newly discovered populations regarding its habit and phenotypic variation; evaluating the occurrence of introgression from P. axillaris; and presenting evidences that reinforce the need of a conservation unit in the Serra do Sudeste region. Overall, 655 plants were analyzed for the plastidial intergenic spacers trnH/psbA and trnG/trnS, and five CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) nuclear markers were used to genotype 487 individuals. The populations of P. exserta found were characterized by a wide phenotypic variation regarding flower color and position of the reproductive organs. Data analyses indicated low levels of introgression between P. exserta and P. axillaris, possibly due to natural selection, suggesting that the different habitat for these two species may influence this point. As shown by the Molecular Variance Analyze (AMOVA) the species presents strong genetic structure, indicating that inbreeding seems to be a characteristic of this species. The sharing of both cpDNA haplotypes and nuclear alleles, together with the sympatric geographical distribution, hybridization, and low genetic variability in P. exserta allow the suggestion that P. exserta is derived from P. axillaris. Thus, the maintenance of this species depends on the maintenance of its habitat, which is restricted to the small shelters on the towers in the Serra do Sudeste region.

O gênero Petunia Juss. é caracterizado pela distribuição exclusivamente sulamericana e diversificação recente. Petunia exserta Stehmann é uma espécie endêmica da região fisiográfica da Serra do Sudeste (RS). Essa região faz parte do Bioma Pampa e apresenta um relevo muito característico com a presença de grandes torres de pedra. As plantas de Petunia exserta são encontradas nessas torres, em reentrâncias semelhantes a pequenas cavernas, um habitat muito restrito e inóspito para as outras espécies do gênero. Além de P. exserta, são descritas cerca de 30 espécies de plantas endêmicas dessa região, o que faz da Serra do Sudeste um local muito importante para a preservação da biodiversidade do Bioma Pampa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal caracterizar a estrutura populacional da espécie P. exserta através de marcadores moleculares plastidiais e nucleares. Dentro desse objetivo maior, também são objetivos desse trabalho: caracterizar as novas populações encontradas quanto ao modo de vida e variabilidade fenotípica; avaliar a presença de introgressão gênica a partir de P. axillaris; e fornecer subsídios que reforcem a necessidade da criação de uma unidade de conservação na Serra do Sudeste. Foram analisados 655 indivíduos para as sequências concatenadas dos espaçadores intergênicos plastidiais trnH/psbA e trnG/trnS e 487 indivíduos foram genotipados para cinco marcadores nucleares do tipo CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences). As populações de P. exserta estudadas se caracterizam por uma ampla variabilidade fenotípica na coloração das flores e posição do aparelho reprodutivo. A análise dos dados demonstrou que a introgressão entre P. exserta e P. axillaris é restrita, possivelmente devido à seleção adaptativa, o que sugere que o habitat diferenciado pode desempenhar um papel importante nesse aspecto. A Análise de Variância Molecular (AMOVA) demonstrou grande estruturação genética, indicando o endocruzamento como uma característica da espécie. O compartilhamento de haplótipos plastidiais e alelos nucleares juntamente com a distribuição geográfica simpátrica, a ocorrência de eventos de hibridação e a pouca variabilidade genética permitem sugerir que P. exserta é uma espécie derivada de P. axillaris. Assim, a manutenção dessa espécie é dependente da manutenção do seu habitat que é limitado aos pequenos abrigos das torres da Serra do Sudeste. / Petunia Juss. is a genus characterized by an exclusive South American distribution and by its recent diversification. Petunia exserta Stehmann is an endemic species from Serra do Sudeste (RS) phisiographic region, which is parte of the Pampa biome and has a characteristic landscape with the presence of stone towers. P. exserta plants grow in these towers, in shady cracks resembling small caves. Its habitat is very restrict and inhospitable for the other species of the genus. In addition to P. exserta, more than 30 endemic plant species are described for this region, making of the Serra do Sudeste a very important region for maintaining the biodiversity of the Pampa biome. The main goal of this study was characterizing P. exserta population structure using chloroplast and nuclear markers. Within this framework, other goals of this study are: characterizing the newly discovered populations regarding its habit and phenotypic variation; evaluating the occurrence of introgression from P. axillaris; and presenting evidences that reinforce the need of a conservation unit in the Serra do Sudeste region. Overall, 655 plants were analyzed for the plastidial intergenic spacers trnH/psbA and trnG/trnS, and five CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) nuclear markers were used to genotype 487 individuals. The populations of P. exserta found were characterized by a wide phenotypic variation regarding flower color and position of the reproductive organs. Data analyses indicated low levels of introgression between P. exserta and P. axillaris, possibly due to natural selection, suggesting that the different habitat for these two species may influence this point. As shown by the Molecular Variance Analyze (AMOVA) the species presents strong genetic structure, indicating that inbreeding seems to be a characteristic of this species. The sharing of both cpDNA haplotypes and nuclear alleles, together with the sympatric geographical distribution, hybridization, and low genetic variability in P. exserta allow the suggestion that P. exserta is derived from P. axillaris. Thus, the maintenance of this species depends on the maintenance of its habitat, which is restricted to the small shelters on the towers in the Serra do Sudeste region.

The excessive accumulation of salt in the root zone of plants is a problem which is widespread in area, increasing in magnitude, and limiting in its effect upon productivity. Accumulation of salt in the rhizosphere has an effect upon moisture availability for plant use, the nutritional balance of the essential elements, and causes a reduction in plant growth with toxicity often resulting. When plants grow on substrates high in salt, the salt content of the plant also increases. This uptake of salt often results in changes in the morphology of the plant. Accumulation of salt within the plant cells interferes with the protoplasmic activity.

Am "Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung Köln-Vogelsang" wurde Mitte der achtziger Jahre in eine weißblühende Linie von Petunia hybrida Hort. (Vilm.) ein Anthocyansynthese-Gen von Zea mays L. transferiert. Unter den nach diesem Gentransfer entstandenen ziegelrot blühenden Pflanzen befand sich auch ein Typ, der ein Sternmuster in der Blüte zeigt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte diese Musterbildung auf eine chimärische Konstitution zurückgeführt werden: Die Instabilität des A1-Gens in der Petunie resultiert in einen Farbstoffausfall in der alleinig farbstofführenden Epidermis, die von der ersten Scheitelschicht (L1) des Sproßscheitels gebildet wird. Subepidermale Gewebe können als genetisch intakt im Sinne einer potentiellen Fähigkeit zur Farbstoffsynthese charakterisiert werden. Deutlich wird das unter anderem an den partnerinduktiven Wirkungen, die von subepidermalem, L2-bürtigen Gewebe ausgehen und die Anthocyanbildung in der benachbarten, farbstoffdefekten Epidermis veranlaßt. Da die L1 am Kronblattrand alle Gewebe, also auch das Mesophyll bildet, bleiben diese Bereiche weiß gefärbt. Nur im Binnenfeld der Petalen, wo L2-bürtiges, intaktes Gewebe an die Epidermen anschließt, treten diese partnerinduktiven Wirkungen auf. Das Resultat ist ein Sternmuster der aus fünf Petalen zusammengewachsenen Kronröhre. Spontan und nach in-vitro-Kalluskultur entmischen die Pflanzen in ihre einzelnen Komponenten, so daß rot und weiß blühende Typen entstehen, die mit ihrer Blütenfarbe und ihrem Ploidiegrad (unterscheidbar bei Ploidiemarkierung) die jeweilige Scheitelschicht repräsentieren, von der sie abstammen. Bei Kreuzung spaltet die Nachkommenschaft in rot und weiß blühende Pflanzen auf. Aufgrund der Instabilität des transferierten A1-Gens ergibt sich kein Mendelsches Aufspaltungsverhältnis für die Blütenfarbe, wie das dem heterozygotem Zustand entsprechen würde. Auch existieren (wie bei den Entmischungsprodukten) gesprenkelte Blütentypen. Die Instabilität konnte als licht- und temperaturabhängig erkannt werden. Sie ist gleichzeitig der Grund dafür, daß sich an weiß blühenden Kallusregeneraten bzw. Sämlingen, die das A1-Gen in inaktiver Form besitzen, ein Sternmuster jederzeit neu bilden kann. Aufgrund dieses modifikativen Charakters dieser Sternmuster-Chimäre wird der Begriff "Epigenetische Periklinalchimäre" vorgeschlagen. In Sorteneinkreuzungen konnten Instabilitäten bis in die F2-Generation verfolgt werden, möglicherweise übertragen sich die Ursachen der Farbstoffausfälle der transgenen Form auch auf die Farbkomponente des Kreuzungspartners. Weiterhin enthält die Arbeit einen vorläufigen Bestimmungsschlüssel zur generellen Einordnung von Blütenfarbvariation nach ihren Ursachen.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.