Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1920. / Vita.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1932. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 31.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-263). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-60). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-10-13Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806944_20151210.pdf: 209568 bytes, checksum: 5bea09dcdfa1d8c01a664c66d6bd2f7e (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-12-11T11:22:37Z: 000806944_20151210.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-11T11:23:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806944.pdf: 1712440 bytes, checksum: 0469e534a938c844721a175be77e6aae (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os compostos fenólicos ocorrem de maneira universal no reino vegetal, sendo os ácidos cinâmicos integrantes desse grupo de compostos orgânicos. O ácido cafeico (AC) é um desses representantes, com potente ação antioxidante e induz a produção de colágeno, prevenindo o envelhecimento precoce da pele. As clássicas emulsões são muito utilizadas pelo consumidor pelo sensorial agradável e refrescante que proporcionam, no entanto, preparações desenvolvidas na forma de filme ou película seca apresentam-se como uma alternativa tecnológica pela sua facilidade e segurança no transporte, já que o peso e risco de vazamento são inconvenientes praticamente eliminados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar da eficácia, citotoxicidade, estabilidade, liberação, permeação e retenção do ácido cafeico veiculado em um filme e uma emulsão através de experimentos in vitro. Dentre os estudos realizados constam as avaliações do Fator de Proteção Solar in vitro, da atividade inibidora da tirosinase, da atividade antioxidante através de duas metodologias analíticas (DPPH e ABTS), avaliação do potencial citotóxico, caracterização qualitativa do AC por ultravioleta e infravermelho, validação de uma metodologia analítica para quantificação de AC por CLAE e espectrofotometria no UV e estudos de liberação, permeação e retenção cutânea in vitro. O AC apresentou elevada atividade antioxidante, pode ser usado como um aditivo para incremento do FPS de formulações e sua atividade despigmentante poderia até ser considerada quando for aplicado em elevadas concentrações. Pelos estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro realizados verificou-se que o AC é seguro nas concentrações utilizadas. Também foi observada uma elevada liberação do ativo da formulação e permeação reduzida, indicando que ele foi capaz de permanecer retido na epiderme/derme, local onde deve ter ação. Os métodos analíticos desenvolvidos foram validados ... / Phenolic compounds occur universally in the plant kingdom and cinnamic acids are part of this group of organic compounds. The caffeic acid is one of these representatives with powerful antioxidant activity, increasing collagen production and preventing premature aging of the skin. The classic emulsions are widely used by the consumer by providing pleasant refreshing sensorial, however, preparations developed in the form of dry film are presented as a technological alternative for its ease and safety in transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, cytotoxicity, stability, release, permeation and retention of caffeic acid in a film and an emulsion through in vitro experiments. Among the studies are the evaluations of the Sun Protection Factor, the inhibiting tyrosinase activity, antioxidant activity using two analytical methodologies (DPPH and ABTS), evaluation of the cytotoxic potential, qualitative characterization of caffeic acid by ultraviolet and infrared absorptions, validation of analytical methods for quantification of caffeic acid by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry, and release studies, skin permeation and retention in vitro. Caffeic acid showed high antioxidant activity. It can be used as an additive to increase the SPF of formulations and its depigmenting activity could even be considered when applied at high concentrations. It was found that the caffeic acid is safe in the concentrations used, for in vitro cytotoxicity studies. A high release of active compound and reduced permeation was also observed, indicating that it was able to remain retained in the epidermis/dermis, where it should have action. The analytical methods developed were validated ensuring all parameters of linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness established. The emulsion was subjected to various stress conditions and remained stable throughout the 90 days in the accelerated stability study.

Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado / Coorientador: Marcos Antonio Corrêa / Banca: Gislaine Leonardi Ricci / Banca: Lorena Rigo Gaspar Cordeiro / Resumo: Os compostos fenólicos ocorrem de maneira universal no reino vegetal, sendo os ácidos cinâmicos integrantes desse grupo de compostos orgânicos. O ácido cafeico (AC) é um desses representantes, com potente ação antioxidante e induz a produção de colágeno, prevenindo o envelhecimento precoce da pele. As clássicas emulsões são muito utilizadas pelo consumidor pelo sensorial agradável e refrescante que proporcionam, no entanto, preparações desenvolvidas na forma de filme ou película seca apresentam-se como uma alternativa tecnológica pela sua facilidade e segurança no transporte, já que o peso e risco de vazamento são inconvenientes praticamente eliminados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar da eficácia, citotoxicidade, estabilidade, liberação, permeação e retenção do ácido cafeico veiculado em um filme e uma emulsão através de experimentos in vitro. Dentre os estudos realizados constam as avaliações do Fator de Proteção Solar in vitro, da atividade inibidora da tirosinase, da atividade antioxidante através de duas metodologias analíticas (DPPH e ABTS), avaliação do potencial citotóxico, caracterização qualitativa do AC por ultravioleta e infravermelho, validação de uma metodologia analítica para quantificação de AC por CLAE e espectrofotometria no UV e estudos de liberação, permeação e retenção cutânea in vitro. O AC apresentou elevada atividade antioxidante, pode ser usado como um aditivo para incremento do FPS de formulações e sua atividade despigmentante poderia até ser considerada quando for aplicado em elevadas concentrações. Pelos estudos de citotoxicidade in vitro realizados verificou-se que o AC é seguro nas concentrações utilizadas. Também foi observada uma elevada liberação do ativo da formulação e permeação reduzida, indicando que ele foi capaz de permanecer retido na epiderme/derme, local onde deve ter ação. Os métodos analíticos desenvolvidos foram validados ... / Abstract: Phenolic compounds occur universally in the plant kingdom and cinnamic acids are part of this group of organic compounds. The caffeic acid is one of these representatives with powerful antioxidant activity, increasing collagen production and preventing premature aging of the skin. The classic emulsions are widely used by the consumer by providing pleasant refreshing sensorial, however, preparations developed in the form of dry film are presented as a technological alternative for its ease and safety in transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, cytotoxicity, stability, release, permeation and retention of caffeic acid in a film and an emulsion through in vitro experiments. Among the studies are the evaluations of the Sun Protection Factor, the inhibiting tyrosinase activity, antioxidant activity using two analytical methodologies (DPPH and ABTS), evaluation of the cytotoxic potential, qualitative characterization of caffeic acid by ultraviolet and infrared absorptions, validation of analytical methods for quantification of caffeic acid by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry, and release studies, skin permeation and retention in vitro. Caffeic acid showed high antioxidant activity. It can be used as an additive to increase the SPF of formulations and its depigmenting activity could even be considered when applied at high concentrations. It was found that the caffeic acid is safe in the concentrations used, for in vitro cytotoxicity studies. A high release of active compound and reduced permeation was also observed, indicating that it was able to remain retained in the epidermis/dermis, where it should have action. The analytical methods developed were validated ensuring all parameters of linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness established. The emulsion was subjected to various stress conditions and remained stable throughout the 90 days in the accelerated stability study. / Mestre

Olive mill wastewater is produced in large quantities during the production of olive oil and olive production effluents are produced during the processing of olives. This project was planned to find a use for constituents found in olive production wastewater. The task was carried out by first characterizing the olive effluents, then screening microorganisms for growth in the effluents and reduction of the pollutant properties of the effluents. An investigation into the biotransformation of aromatic compounds present in the effluents into useful chemicals, was carried out. The olive production effluents were collected from different stages in the process for treating olive wastewater, viz, a fermentation tank (FB), the surface of a digester (LV) and an evaporation pond (SO). The three effluents were characterized by investigating their phenolic composition. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid were identified in an olive effluent, FB, using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High perfomance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hydroxyphenyl acetic acid constitutes almost 60% of the organics in olive effluent FB. Five bacteria, namely RU-LV1; RU-FBI and RU-FB2; RU-SOI and RU-S02, were isolated from the olive effluents LV, FB and SO respectively. These isolates were found to be halotolerant and were able to grow over a broad temperature and pH range, with the maximum temperature and pH for growth being 28°C and pH 7 respectively. A range of microorganisms were evaluated for their ability to grow and reduce the total phenolic content of the olive effluents. Among these Neurospora crassa showed the highest potential for the biological reduction of total phenolics in olive effluents. Approximately 70% of the total phenolic content was removed by N. crassa. Trametes verscilor, Pseudomonas putida strains, RU-KMI and RU-KM3s, and the bacteria isolated from olive effluents could also degrade the total phenolic content of olive effluents, but to a lesser extent. The ability of the five bacterial isolates to grow and degrade aromatic compounds was assessed by growing them in medium with standard aromatic compounds. RU-L V1 degraded 96%, 100%, 73% and 100% of caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid respectively. The other isolates degraded caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid, but their ability to degraded p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid was found to be lesser than the ability of RU-LV1 to degrade the same aromatic compounds. Whole cells of RU-LV1 degraded vanillic acid but no metabolic products were observed on HPLC analysis. Resting cells, French pressed extract, cell free extracts and cell debris from RU-LV1 cells induced with vanillic acid degraded vanillic acid, ferulic acid and vanillin at rates higher than those obtained from non-induced cultures. No products were observed during the degradation of vanillic acid. Ferulic acid was converted into vanillic acid by French pressed extract, cell free extract and cell debris of RU-LV1. The maximum yield of vanillic acid as a product (0 .23 mM, 50 %yield) was obtained when cell free extracts of RU-LVI, grown in glucose and induced by vanillic acid, were used for the degradation of 0.4 mM ferulic acid. Vanillin was rapidly converted into vanillic acid by resting cells, cell free extracts and French pressed extract of RU-LVI. Using molecular techniques, the similarity ranking of the RU-LVI 16S rRNA gene and its clone showed a high similarity to Corynebacterium glutamicum and Corynebacterium acedopltilum. The rapid degradation of vanillin to vanillic acid suggests that extracts from RU-LV1 degrade ferulic acid into vanillin which is immediately oxidized to vanillic acid. Vanillic acid is also considered as a high value chemical. This project has a potential of producing useful chemicals from cheap substrates that can be found in olive effluents. / KMBT_363