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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Understanding Solvent Effect On Triplet State Structure Of Thioxanthone And Its Derivatives Using Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Pandey, Rishikesh 09 1900 (has links) (PDF)
It has long been recognized that course and efficiency of a chemical reaction is largely mediated by the short-lived transient species (excited state or radicals) which are formed as reactive intermediates during a chemical reaction. Subtle changes not only in the bonding and electronic distributions but also in the conformations and geometries of these intermediates have a dramatic influence on the reactivity. A detailed understanding of the structural and dynamical aspects of electronic excited states is therefore essential towards unraveling photoinduced natural processes and for designing novel photonic materials. Time-resolved techniques have been widely used to study the transient species (or intermediates) formed during photochemical and photophysical reactions for better understanding of the reaction mechanism and dynamics. Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy is a promising tool to study the temporal dynamics and the kinetics of photophysical processes. But the absorption spectra of species in solution usually consist of broad spectral band revealing little or no information about the structure of the transient species under investigation. Time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy, on the other hand, is a potential sensitive modality, which not only allows one to study the dynamics but also provides the vibrational structure of the transient species of interest in microsecond to picosecond time scale. Moreover, by choosing the wavelength of excitation one can selectively probe the particular transient species from a complex molecular system especially a biological molecule. Thioxanthone (TX) is well known for its dramatic solvatochromic behavior and has drawn enormous attention in the recent years. The objective of present thesis has been to understand the solvent-induced structural changes on the lowest excited triplet state of TX and its derivatives. We have primarily employed nanosecond TR3 spectroscopy, a pump-probe technique, to investigate structure of the lowest excited triplet state. Transient absorption experiments have also been carried out to study the excited electronic states. In order to substantiate our experimental findings and also to get more insight into the triplet-state structure, we have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The polarizable continuum solvation model has been employed to account for the solvent effect into the computation. Time dependent (TD) -DFT calculations have also been performed to get the energy and the structure of the excited states. The present thesis has been divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 gives brief literature review on photochemistry and photophysics of TX and the introduction to the TR3 technique. In this chapter we have briefly introduced key concepts which form the basis of the thesis. Chapter 2 covers the experimental and theoretical methodologies used in the present thesis work. The major components of the TR3 spectrometer as well as the important technical aspect of the TR3 technique have been discussed in detail. In the section of the theoretical method, basic concepts of the computational method, density functional theory and key concepts related to the solvation are briefly discussed. Chapter 3 focuses on a systematic vibrational study of the ground and lowest triplet states of TX. TR3 experiments have been carried out and the observed vibrational frequencies have been assigned. It has been observed that electronic excitation distorts the molecule, enabling the increased electron delocalization in the central ring keeping the ground state symmetry intact. The largest structural reorganization is observed in the central ring of TX, consisting of an oxygen atom. Normal mode analyses show that the normal mode composition is significantly influenced by the electronic excitation. The C=C stretching and C=O stretching modes are coupled to a greater extent in the triplet state as compared to the ground state. In the ground state, the two high-frequency modes can be assigned almost exclusively to the C=O stretching and C=C stretching, whereas in the triplet state, both of these coordinates have comparable contributions to the two totally symmetric modes. Chapter 4 deals with a very unique observation of simultaneous detection of two triplets. This is the first time when two triplet states have been simultaneously deleted using TR3 experiments. We have performed TR3 experiments in wide variety of solvents differing in their polarities and hydrogen atom donor abilities. The transient Raman signal has been observed from both n - π∗ and π - π∗ triplet states simultaneously. The population ratio of the two triplet states has been found to be dependent on the solvent polarity. Additionally, the excitation wavelength study has revealed that the relative ratios of the transient Raman peaks (assigned to two different triplet states) change with the excitation wavelength. Our claim of simultaneous detection of two triplets has been reconfirmed by triplet quenching experiments carried out at different temperature. It has also been observed that the CO bond length is very sensitive to the solvent polarity and specific interactions play an important role in determining the structure of lowest triplet-state. In Chapter 5, we focus on the understanding of the effect of chlorine substitution on the lowest excited triplet state of TX. TR3 spectroscopy has been used as an experimental tool to study the vibrational structure of 2-chlorothioxanthone (CTX). TR3 results indicate the coexistence of two lowest triplet states in the thermal equilibrium akin to the parent compound. The above observation has been further substantiated by probe wavelength dependent study. The configuration of the T1 state has been assigned to π – π∗, whereas the T2 state has been ascribed as n - π∗. The population ratio of 3n - π∗ to 3 π - π ∗ triplet states has been found to be more for CTX as compared to TX which has been substantiated by the flash photolysis experiments. Chapter 6 highlights the influence of solvent effect on lowest triplet state structure of CTX. Transient absorption spectroscopy has been employed to understand the triplet state electronic structure; whereas solvent induced changes in the structure of the lowest triplet state have been studied using TR3 spectroscopy. Time-resolved absorption measurements show that solvent polarity has dramatic dependence on the wavelength of T1 - Tn absorption maximum. A good correlation between the wavelength of T1 - Tn absorption maximum and ET(30) value of the solvent is observed. TR3 experiments carried out in solvents of varying polarities indicate that the contribution of n - π∗ character to the lowest excited triplet state increases with the increase in the solvent polarity. Both transient absorption and TR3 studies reveal that specific solvent effect is more pronounced in comparison to the nonspecific solvent effect. Chapter 7 of the thesis deals with the study on the triplet state structure and solvent effect on 2-trifluoromethyl Thioxanthone. Flash photolysis in tandem with TR3 spectroscopy has been employed to understand both the electronic and the vibrational structures of this pharmaceutically important thioxanthone derivative. Experiments have also been carried out in solvents of varying polarities to study solvent-induced changes in the triplet-state electronic spectra. We have observed the coexistence of two lowest triplet states alike the parent compound. The T1 state has been assigned to π - π∗ state, whereas n - π∗ configuration has been attributed to the T2 state. The wavelength of triplet-triplet absorption maximum of the lowest triplet state has been found to be sensitive to the solvent polarity and good correlation has been observed with the ET(30) value. The transient Raman results indicate that the CF3 substitution leads to increase in the population ratio of n - π∗ and π - π ∗ triplet states. Finally, Chapter 8 contains overall summary of the thesis and future directions of the present investigation.
132

Complexes organométalliques fluorescents : quand le photovoltaïque mène aux théranostiques / Fluorescent organometallic complexes : when the photovoltaic leads to theranostics

Tasan, Semra 15 November 2013 (has links)
Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire avait pour but de synthétiser de nouvelles molécules dontl’architecture donne accès à des complexes organométalliques fluorescents aux propriétésintéressantes pour le photovoltaïque et la théranostique. Ce projet a donc abordé plusieurs pointsprincipaux.La première partie a été consacrée à la synthèse de nouveaux complexes organométalliquesphotoniques à base de titanocènes et de métalloporphyrines visant à la conception de cellulessolaires. Après une brève introduction, nous avons présenté la synthèse des complexes de titane etde métalloporphyrines dans le premier chapitre. En particulier, nous avons décrit la synthèse descomposés modèles et les difficultés rencontrées lors du passage aux dérivés porphyriniques.Cependant, au grès des résultats et des opportunités, le projet a été peu à peu tourné versl’application de ce type d’objet « complexe organométallique – fluorophore » au domaine médicalet plus particulièrement de la théranostique.La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit traite de l’application de ce type de composés à la théranostiqueet plus précisément aux théranostiques optiques. Elle commence par une introduction détaillée quidéfinit les enjeux de cette thématique émergente autant du point de vue de l’imagerie que de lathérapie. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons présenté la synthèse d’agents théranostiquesprésentant un fragment métallique à activité thérapeutique lié à un BODIPY, sonde fluorescenteconnue pour ses propriétés optiques intéressantes. Leur caractérisation et l’étude de leurs propriétésbiologiques sont également décrites. Le troisième chapitre porte sur la synthèse de complexeshétérobimétalliques incorporant des métaux d’intérêt pour l’oncologie. Ces complexes sontégalement développés pour la recherche d’agents théranostiques. Le ligand utilisé pour l’imageriemédicale est la porphyrine. Ce chapitre inclut aussi les études photophysiques de nos complexes. / The goal of my PhD thesis was to synthesize new molecules, which give access to fluorescentorganometallic complexes with interesting properties for photovoltaic and theranostic. In thisproject, several main points have been studied.The first part of this manuscript concerns the synthesis of new metallocene and metalloporphyrinsbasedorganometallic complexes to the design of solar cells. After a short introduction, wepresented the synthesis of titanium complexes and metalloporphyrins in the first chapter. Inparticular, we described the synthesis of model compounds and the difficulties encountered duringthe transition to porphyrin derivatives. However, in view of results obtained and opportunities, theproject has gradually turned towards the application of this type of object « organometallic complex- fluorophore » to the medical field and more particularly the theranostic.The second part of this manuscript describes the application of this type of compounds to thetheranostic field and more specifically the optical theranostic. It begins with a detailed introductionthat defines the challenges of this emerging topic both from the point of view of the imaging astherapy. In the second chapter, we presented the synthesis of theranostic agents including a metalfragment with therapeutic activity linked to a BODIPY, a fluorescent probe known for itsinteresting optical properties. Their characterization and study of their biological properties are alsodescribed. The third chapter focuses on the synthesis of heterobimetallic complexes incorporatingmetals of interest in oncology. These complexes are also being developed for research theranosticagents. The ligand used for medical imaging is the porphyrin. This part also includes thephotophysical studies of our complexes.
133

Teoretická studie vlivu spin-orbitální interakce na spektra a fotofyziku rheniových komplexů / Theoretical study of spin-orbit coupling on spectra and photophysics of rhenium complexes

Heydová, Radka January 2017 (has links)
Title: Theoretical study of spin-orbit coupling on spectra and photophysics of rhenium complexes Author: RNDr. Radka Heydová Department: Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Supervisor: Ing. Stanislav Záliš, CSc., JHI AS CR, v.v.i. Supervisor's e-mail address: stanislav.zalis@jh.inst-cas.cz Abstract: Relativistic effects, especially spin-orbit coupling (SOC), play an essential role in transition metal chemistry and SOC treatment is indispensable for a correct theoretical description. To demonstrate the importance of SOC, the energies and oscillator strengths of vertical transitions for a series of [ReX(CO)3(2,2'-bipyridine)] (X = Cl, Br, I) and [Re(imidazole)(CO)3(1,10-phenanthroline)]+ complexes were calculated in the spin-free (SF) and spin-orbit (SO) conceptual frameworks. Two different computational approaches were adopted: SO-MS-CASPT2 where SOC was added a posteriori using a configuration interaction model (SO-RASSI), and the approximate perturbative SO-TD-DFT method. Relativistic effects were included via the two-component Douglas-Kroll-Hess transformation and the zeroth-order regular approximation in the former and the latter technique, respectively. The SF (i.e. accounting only for the scalar relativistic effects) and SO results from both methods were compared with each other and to available...
134

Photophysics and photochemistry of diiodomethane and hexabromoiridate - paradigm molecules for organic and inorganic chemistry - studied with sub-50-fs broadband pump-probe spectroscopy

Matveev, Sergey M. 15 July 2016 (has links)
No description available.
135

Vers des assemblages de complexes métalliques oligonucléaires, servant d’antenne solaire au niveau moléculaire

Chartrand, Daniel 12 1900 (has links)
Les fichiers additionnels sont les données cristallographiques en format CIF. Voir le site de la Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre pour un visualiseur: http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk / Ce projet de recherche vise l’élaboration de systèmes métallosupramoléculaires artificiels imitant le processus naturel de la photosynthèse. Idéalement, ces systèmes seraient capables de fournir l’énergie et la séparation de charge nécessaire pour catalyser des réactions à transfert multiélectroniques, tel que l’hydrolyse de l’eau ou la réduction du gaz carbonique. La réalisation d’un tel système catalytique créerait une source d’énergie renouvelable, sous forme d’énergie chimique, crée directement à partir de l’énergie solaire. Le système envisagé, schématisé sous la forme d’une antenne, possède trois parties distinctes. Tout d’abord, des chromophores forment un état excité en captant l’énergie de la lumière visible du soleil. Vient ensuite un centre de liaison qui lie tous les chromophores et qui collecte l’énergie de cet état excité à travers un transfert d’électron. Cet électron est de nouveau transféré vers la dernière partie, un centre réactionnel catalytique. Cet assemblage permet de créer une séparation de charge entre le chromophore et le centre réactionnel qui sont séparés par le centre de liaison, évitant ainsi la recombinaison de charge. Le projet se focalise sur la synthèse, la caractérisation et l’application en photocatalyse d’assemblages chromophore–centre de liaison–catalyseur. Tout d’abord, une étude de chromophores à base de fluorène et de rhénium a été effectuée dans le but d’évaluer le transfert électronique entre ces deux composants. Ensuite, des centres de liaisons à base de dimère de rhodium tétraamidinate ont été créés et étudiés afin d’établir leurs caractéristiques photophysiques et électrochimiques. Puis un d’entre eux a été assemblé avec des chromophores de rhénium, créant ainsi des espèces moléculaires discrètes contenant d’un à quatre chromophores. Et pour finir, ces assemblages ont été combinés avec un catalyseur à base de cobalt, puis ont été testés dans des expériences de photoproduction d’hydrogène. Cette dernière partie a requis l’élaboration d’un photoréacteur qui est aussi décrite en détail dans cet ouvrage. / This research project involves synthetic metallosupramolecular systems developed to mimic the natural process of photosynthesis. Ideally, these systems would be able to provide the energy and the charge separation needed to catalyze multielectron-transfer reactions, such as water-splitting or carbon dioxide reduction. The realization of such a catalytic system would create a renewable energy source, in the form of chemical energy, created directly from solar energy. The system envisioned has three distinct parts in the form of an antenna. First of all, chromophores go into an excited state, while capturing the visible light energy of the Sun. Then comes a hub which binds all the chromophores and collects this excited state energy through an electron transfer. This electron is then transferred again to the last part, a catalytic reaction center. This assembly creates a charge separation between the chromophore and the reaction center which are separated by the hub, thus avoiding the recombination of charge. The project focuses on the synthesis, characterization and application in photocatalysis of chromophore-hub-catalyst assemblies. First of all, a study of fluorene and rhenium based chromophores was made to assess the electronic transfer between these two components. Then, tetraamidinate rhodium dimer based hubs have been created and studied in order to establish their photophysical and electrochemical characteristics. Then one of these assemblies was formed with chromophores of rhenium, thus creating discrete molecular species containing one to four chromophores. And finally, these assemblies were combined with a cobalt-based catalyst and were tested for hydrogen photoproduction. The latter required the development of a photoreactor which is also described in detail in this thesis.
136

Synthesis and properties of d6 metal complexes of bidentate and tridentate ‘super donor’ ligands

Pal, Amlan Kumar 03 1900 (has links)
La polyvalence de la réaction de couplage-croisé C-N a été explorée pour la synthèse de deux nouvelles classes de ligands: (i) des ligands bidentates neutres de type N^N et (ii) des ligands tridentates neutres de type N^N^N. Ces classes de ligands contiennent des N-hétérocycles aromatiques saturés qui sont couplés avec hexahydropyrimidopyrimidine (hpp). Les ligands forment de cycles à six chaînons sur la coordination du centre Ru(II). Ce fait est avantageux pour améliorer les propriétés photophysiques des complexes de polypyridyl de Ru(II). Les complexes de Ru(II) avec des ligands bidentés ont des émissions qui dépendent de la basicité relative des N-hétérocycles. Bien que ces complexes sont électrochimiquement et photophysiquement attrayant, le problème de la stereopurité ne peut être évité. Une conception soigneuse du type de ligand nous permet de synthétiser un ligand bis-bidentate qui est utile pour surmonter le problème de stereopurité. En raison de la spécialité du ligand bis-bidentate, son complexe diruthénium(II,II) présente une grande diastéréosélectivité sans séparation chirale. Alors que l'unité de hpp agit comme un nucléophile dans le mécanisme de C-N réaction de couplage croisé, il peut également agir en tant que groupe partant, lorsqu'il est activé avec un complexe de monoruthenium. Les complexes achiraux de Ru(II) avec les ligands tridentés présentent des meilleures propriétés photophysiques en comparason avec les prototypes [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (tpy = 2,2′: 6′, 2′′-terpyridine). L’introduction de deux unités de hpp dans les ligands tridentates rend le complexe de Ru(II) en tant que ‘absorbeur noir’ et comme ‘NIR émetteur’ (NIR = de l’anglais, Near Infra-Red). Cet effet est une conséquence d'une meilleure géométrie de coordination octaédrique autour de l'ion Ru(II) et de la forte donation sigma des unités hpp. Les complexes du Re(I) avec des ligands tridentates présentent un comportement redox intéressant et ils émettent dans le bleu. L'oxydation quasi-réversible du métal est contrôlée par la donation sigma des fragments hpp, tandis que la réduction du ligand est régie par la nature électronique du motif N-hétérocycle central du ligand lui-même. Cette thèse presente également l'auto-assemblage des métal-chromophores comme ‘métallo-ligands’ pour former des espèces supramoléculaires discretes utilisant des complexes neutres. Les synthèses et propriétés des métaux-chromophores précités et les supramolécules sont discutées. / The versatility of C-N cross coupling reactions has been explored for the synthesis of two novel classes of ligands : (i) neutral bidentate N^N ligands and (ii) neutral tridentate N^N^N ligands. Both classes of ligands contain saturated aromatic N-heterocycles coupled with the unsaturated hexahydropyrimidopyrimidine (hpp) unit. The ligands form six-membered chelate rings upon coordination to a Ru(II) center. This fact is advantageous to improve the photophysical properties of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes. Ru(II) complexes of bidentate ligands can act as red-emitters. The red-emission is dependent on the relative basicity of the N-heterocycles. While these complexes are electrochemically and photophysically appealing, the problem of stereopurity can not be avoided. Careful ligand design affords bis-bidentate ligand that is useful to overcome the problem of stereopurity. Due to the speciality of this bis-bidentate ligand, its diruthenium(II,II) complex exhibits high diastereoselectivity without any chiral separation. While the hpp unit acts as a nucleophile in the mechanism of C-N cross coupling reaction, it can also act as a leaving group when activated as a monoruthenium complex. Achiral Ru(II) complexes of the tridentate ligands display improved photophysical properties over the prototype complex [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (tpy = 2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine). Introduction of two hpp units in the tridentate ligands renders the Ru(II) complex into a ‘black absorber’ and a ‘NIR emitter’ (NIR = Near Infra-Red). This fact is a consequence of better octahedral geometry around the Ru(II) ion and strong sigma-donation from the hpp units. The blue-emitting Re(I) complexes of the tridentate ligands also exhibit interesting redox behavior. The metal-based quasi-reversible oxidation is controlled by the sigma-donation from the hpp moieties, while the ligand-based reduction is governed by the electronic nature of the central N-heterocycle of the same ligand moiety. This thesis also incorporates self-assembly of metal-chromophores as ‘metallo-ligands’ to form discrete supramolecular species using neutral metal-complexes. The syntheses and properties of the aforesaid metal-chromophores and the supramolecules are discussed.
137

Synthèse et études photophysiques de matériaux PI-conjugés - Complexes de difluorure de Bore des ligands Beta-dicétone à conjugaison PI-étendue / Synthesis and Photophysical studies of π-conjugated materials-Boron difluoride complexes of β-diketonates ligands with extended π-conjugation

Felouat, Abdellah 30 September 2014 (has links)
Une nouvelle famille de complexes de difluorure de bore photosensibles est développée. Elle est basée sur des structures moléculaires contenant une unité β-dicétone à conjugaison électronique π.La grande variété de groupements aromatiques et la nature donneur ou accepteur d'électrons des différents substituants permet l'élaboration de systèmes électroniques donneur-accepteur-donneur d'électrons (D1-A-D1) et donneur-accepteur (D2-A).L'absorption électronique de cette famille de molécule se situe dans la partie visible du spectre électromagnétique et une partie du spectre ultraviolet, et est caractérisée par une bande d'absorption π-π* intense avec des coefficients d'absorption molaire supérieurs à 50 000 M-1cm-1.L'émission de fluorescence couvre une plage spectrale qui va du visible au proche infrarouge avec des rendements quantiques de fluorescence en solution relativement élevés pouvant atteindre 62 %.En fin, cette famille de molécule est photochimiquement stable et est, contrairement à d'autres familles de complexes de difluorure de bore, chimiquement très stable en solution.Mots-clés : Difluorure de bore, β-dicétone, matériaux π-conjugués, luminescence, fluorescence stationnaire et résolue dans le temps (TRES), synthèse organique, RMN-19F dynamique, complexes & colorants fluorescents, curcumine & curcuminoide, complexe BF2, photophysique. / A new photosensitive family of boron difluoride complex is developed. It is based on π-conjugated molecular structures containing β-diketonates unit.The wide variety of aromatic groups and the nature of donor or electron acceptor of the different substituents allow the development of electron donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) and donor-acceptor (DA) electronic systems.The electronic absorption of this family of molecules is in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and a portion of the ultraviolet spectrum, and is characterized by an intense π-π* absorption band with molar absorption coefficient greater than 50 000 M-1.cm-1.The fluorescence emission covers a spectral range going from visible to near infrared, with relatively high fluorescence quantum yields of up to 62 % in solution.This new material family is photochemically stable and, unlike some other families of boron difluoride complexes, chemically very stable in solution.
138

Naphthalene based plant regulating compounds : photophysics, direct an polyoxometalate catalysed degradation in homogeneous and heterogeneous media by layered double hydroxides / Etudes de dérivés de naphtalène utilisés comme pesticides régulateurs de la croissance de plantes : caractérisations photophysiques et études de la photodégradation directe et catalysée par les polyoxométalates en phase homogène et en phase hétérogène fixés sur des hydroxydes doubles lamellaires

Silva, Eliana Sousa da 29 July 2014 (has links)
Résumé non disponible. / Résumé non disponible.
139

Evaluación del potencial fotoquímico y fotobiológico de los inhibidores de la poli (ADP-ribosa) polimerasa

Mateos Pujante, Alejandro 07 September 2023 (has links)
[ES] En la presente tesis doctoral se ha desarrollado una metodología multidisciplinar para la evaluación del potencial fotoquímico y fotobiológico in vitro de los fármacos inhibidores de la poli (ADP-ribosa) polimerasa (PARP), combinando tanto estudios fotofísicos y de caracterización como estudios fotobiológicos en biomoléculas modelo y en cultivos celulares, concretamente en queratinocitos humanos inmortalizados (HaCaT). Así, el objetivo general es investigar si estos fármacos, en combinación con la radiación solar, son capaces de inducir reacciones de fotosensibilidad y, por tanto, poder alertar a los oncólogos de estos hallazgos para que puedan indicar pautas de fotoprotección adecuadas a sus pacientes, y así prevenir estos efectos indeseados. Esta tesis se divide en un total de 7 capítulos. En el primero (introducción), se recogen los hitos más importantes relacionados con los inhibidores de la PARP, así como un resumen acerca de las reacciones de fotosensibilización y de los mecanismos químicos y biológicos involucrados en las mismas. Tras una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica acerca de estos fármacos, se hizo un primer cribado de los cinco de la tercera y última generación (rucaparib, talazoparib, niraparib, olaparib y veliparib), identificando así tres de ellos como posibles agentes fotosensibilizantes: rucaparib, talazoparib y niraparib, cuyo estudio se describe en profundidad en los capítulos 4, 5 y 6 de la tesis. En el capítulo 4 se evalúa la fototoxicidad del rucaparib (RCP), un fármaco que, a pesar de tener un cromóforo indol en su estructura química, posee un desplazamiento batocrómico hacia la región UVA de la luz solar, siendo así capaz de inducir reacciones de fotosensibilidad. Se observó mediante experimentos de fluorescencia y fotólisis de destello láser que, tras absorción de luz en esta región del espectro, tiene lugar la generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), que podrían ser las responsables de generar un daño fotooxidativo hacia el ADN celular y a las proteínas transmembranales, originando como resultado una foto(geno)toxicidad. Además, se estableció que el mecanismo de la muerte celular fotoinducida por RCP es por apoptosis. El capítulo 5 se centra en la evaluación del perfil de fotoseguridad de talazoparib (TLZ), el cual, tras su irradiación con luz UVA da lugar a un fotoproducto que, tras su aislamiento y caracterización, resultó no presentar fotorreactividad. Este fotoproducto resultó además ser el responsable de reducir significativamente el potencial fototóxico del fármaco original, ya que no se detectaron especies transitorias tras su irradiación con luz UVA. Además, para el TLZ se reveló la producción in vitro de ROS, especies que podrían ser las responsables de generar un daño fotooxidativo tanto hacia el ADN celular como a las proteínas de membrana, originando como resultado una foto(geno)toxicidad. En el capítulo 6 se evalúa la fototoxicidad del niraparib (NRP) y su principal metabolito (N-M1). A pesar de que ambos compuestos resultaron ser fototóxicos, dicha fototoxicidad no afectó igual a las principales dianas celulares, ya que el daño fotooxidativo de NRP se observó en lípidos, en proteínas transmembranales y en el ADN celular, mientras que en N-M1 se aprecia fundamentalmente en las proteínas de membrana. Además, la toxicidad observada del NRP en células de cáncer de ovario (A2780 y A2780cis) indicó que este fármaco podría contemplarse como candidato para su uso en un futuro en la terapia fotodinámica para el tratamiento del cáncer de ovario. Finalmente, con todo ello se concluye que estos fármacos de la familia de los inhibidores de la PARP (RCP, TLZ y NRP) son capaces de inducir reacciones de fotosensibilidad, con valores de factor de fotoirritación (PIF) de 41, 7 y 46, respectivamente. / [CAT] En la present tesi doctoral s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia multidisciplinària per a l'avaluació del potencial fotoquímic i fotobiològic in vitro dels fàrmacs inhibidors de la poli(ADP-ribosa) polimerasa (PARP), combinant tant estudis fotofísics i de caracterització com estudis fotobiològics en biomolècules model i en cultius cel·lulars, concretament en queratinòcits humans immortalitzats (HaCaT). Així, l'objectiu general és investigar si aquests fàrmacs, en combinació amb la radiació solar, són capaços d'induir reaccions de fotosensibilitat i, per tant, poder alertar als oncòlegs d'aquestes fites perquè puguen indicar pautes de fotoprotecció adequades als seus pacients, i així previndre aquests efectes no desitjats. Aquesta tesi es divideix en un total de 7 capítols. En el primer (introducció), es recullen les fites més importants relacionades amb els inhibidors de la PARP, així com un resum sobre les reaccions de fotosensibilització i dels mecanismes químics i biològics involucrats en aquestes. Després d'una exhaustiva cerca bibliogràfica sobre aquests fàrmacs, es va fer un primer estudi dels cinc de la tercera i última generació (rucaparib, talazoparib, niraparib, olaparib i veliparib), identificant així tres d'ells com a possibles agents fotosensibilizants: rucaparib, talazoparib i niraparib, l'estudi del qual es descriu en profunditat en els capítols 4, 5 i 6 de la tesi. En el capítol 4 s'avalua la fototoxicitat del rucaparib (RCP), un fàrmac que, malgrat tindre un cromòfor indole en la seua estructura química, posseeix un desplaçament batocròmic cap a la regió UVA de la llum solar, sent així capaç d'induir reaccions de fotosensibilitat. Mitjançant experiments de fluorescència i fotòlisi de flaix làser es va observar que, després de l¿absorció de llum en aquesta regió de l'espectre, té lloc la generació d'espècies reactives d'oxigen (ROS), que podrien ser les responsables de generar un dany fotooxidatiu cap a l'ADN cel·lular i a les proteïnes transmembranals, originant com a resultat una foto(geno)toxicitat. A més, es va establir que el mecanisme de la mort cel·lular fotoinduïda per RCP és per apoptosi. El capítol 5 se centra en l'avaluació del perfil de fotoseguretat de talazoparib (TLZ), el qual, després de la seua irradiació amb llum UVA dona lloc a un fotoproducte que, després del seu aïllament i caracterització, va resultar no presentar fotorreactivitat ninguna. Aquest fotoproducte va resultar a més ser el responsable de reduir significativament el potencial fototòxic del fàrmac original, ja que no es van detectar espècies transitòries després de la seua irradiació amb llum UVA. A més, per al TLZ es va revelar la producció in vitro de ROS, espècies que podrien ser les responsables de generar un dany fotooxidatiu tant cap a l'ADN cel·lular com a les proteïnes de membrana, originant com a resultat una foto(geno)toxicitat. En el capítol 6 s'avalua la fototoxicitat del niraparib (*NRP) i el seu principal metabòlit (N-M1). A pesar que tots dos compostos van resultar ser fototòxics, aquesta fototoxicitat no va afectar per igual a les principals dianes cel·lulars, ja que el dany fotooxidatiu de NRP es va observar en lípids, en proteïnes i en l'ADN cel·lular, mentre que en N-M1 s'aprecia fonamentalment en les proteïnes de membrana. A més, la toxicitat observada del NRP en cèl·lules de càncer d'ovari (A2780 i A2780cis) va indicar que aquest fàrmac podria contemplar-se com a candidat per al seu ús en un futur en la teràpia fotodinàmica per al tractament del càncer d'ovari. Finalment, amb tot això es conclou que aquests fàrmacs de la família dels inhibidors de la PARP (RCP, TLZ i NRP) són capaços d'induir reaccions de fotosensibilitat, amb valors de factor de fotoirritació (PIF) de 41, 7 i 46, respectivament. / [EN] In this doctoral thesis, a multidisciplinary methodology has been performed for the evaluation of the in vitro photochemical and photobiological potential of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, combining photophysical and photobiological studies in biomolecules and cell cultures, specifically in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT). Thus, the general objective is to investigate if these drugs, in combination with solar radiation, can trigger photosensitivity reactions; this will allow oncologists to indicate appropriate photoprotective guidelines to their patients in order to prevent these undesirable effects. This thesis is divided into 7 chapters. The first one (introduction) contains the essential issues concerning PARP inhibitors, a background of the photosensitization reactions and a description of the involved chemical and biological mechanisms. After in-depth bibliographical research about these drugs, a screening of the five PARP inhibitors (rucaparib, talazoparib, niraparib, olaparib and veliparib) of the third and last generation was carried out, identifying three of them as possible photosensitizing drugs: rucaparib, talazoparib and niraparib. Their behaviour is thoroughly described in chapters 4, 5 and 6. Chapter 4 evaluates the phototoxicity of rucaparib (RCP), a drug that possess an indole chromophore in its chemical structure but displays a bathochromic shift towards the UVA region of sunlight, which makes it able to induce photosensitivity reactions. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after UVA light absorption was detected by fluorescence and laser flash photolysis experiments. These species could generate photooxidative damage to cellular DNA and transmembrane proteins, resulting in photo(geno)toxicity. In addition, it was established that the mechanism of RCP photoinduced cell death is by apoptosis. Chapter 5 focuses on the photosafety profile of talazoparib (TLZ), a compound that, after UVA irradiation, gives rise to a photooxidized product; after isolation and characterization, the photoproduct did not display any photoreactivity, and no transient species were detected after UVA light irradiation. Therefore, it was responsible for the significantly reduced phototoxic potential of the parent drug. Additionally, for TLZ, in vitro ROS production was detected. These species could lead to photooxidative damage to both cellular DNA and membrane proteins, resulting in photo(geno)toxicity. Chapter 6 deals with the phototoxicity of niraparib (NRP) and its main metabolite (N-M1). Although both compounds are phototoxic, the phototoxicity was found to be different for the main cellular targets: thus, the photooxidative damage of NRP was noticed in lipids, transmembrane proteins and cellular DNA, whereas in N-M1 it was mainly observed in membrane proteins. In addition, NRP was cytotoxic in ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and A2780cis), indicating that this drug could be considered as a future candidate for its use in photodynamic therapy to treat ovarian cancer. Finally, it can be concluded that these PARP inhibitors (RCP, TLZ and NRP) are able to induce photosensitivity disorders, with PIF values of 41, 7 and 46, respectively. / We thank the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2020-115010RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the Generalitat Valenciana (CIAICO/2021/061 and ACIF/2018/153 fellowship for A. M.-P. / Mateos Pujante, A. (2023). Evaluación del potencial fotoquímico y fotobiológico de los inhibidores de la poli (ADP-ribosa) polimerasa [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196092
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In Vitro Photobehavior of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Solution and within Skin Cells

Ouardi el Hamidy, Meryem el 11 July 2024 (has links)
[ES] En las últimas décadas, la aprobación de los inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa (del inglés TKI) como una nueva clase de terapia dirigida ha mejorado la calidad de vida y las tasas de supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer. Sin embargo, los efectos adversos asociados a éstos, como son las reacciones cutáneas, siguen siendo un desafío para la terapia controlada. De acuerdo con anteriores estudios fotofísicos y fotobiológicos de TKI realizados por el grupo de investigación, esta tesis sigue un enfoque multidisciplinar para investigar nuevos fármacos fotoactivos dentro de esta familia. En la etapa inicial, se seleccionaron cuatro TKI, gefitinib, axitinib, dasatinib y avapritinib, por su capacidad para absorber luz UVA y por su potencial fototóxico. Los estudios, tanto fotofísicos como fotobiológicos, se llevaron a cabo en estos fármacos. Gefitinib (GFT), un TKI con un cromóforo quinazolina, reveló cambios significativos en la fototoxicidad debido a modificaciones metabólicas en su estructura. Así, la desalquilación de la cadena lateral propoxi-morfolina (DMOR-GFT) presentó el valor más alto de factor de fotoirritación (PIF), aprox. 48, mientras que el metabolito desmetilado (DMT-GFT) mostró un valor de PIF mucho menor (~7), casi la mitad del valor de PIF del fármaco inalterado (~13). Por el contrario, el metabolito que presenta un grupo hidroxilo en lugar de flúor (DF-GFT) resultó no ser fototóxico. Notablemente, solo se confirmó que DMOR-GFT induce fotoperoxidación lipídica mediante un mecanismo oxidativo de Tipo I, basado en la escasa producción de oxígeno singlete y la eficiente desactivación del estado excitado triplete por un modelo lipídico. La fotooxidación de proteínas se evidenció en el caso de GFT y, en menor medida, en DMOR-GFT, pero resultó insignificante para DMT-GFT. Sin embargo, a diferencia de GFT, el daño al ADN inducido por el metabolito desmetilado no se reparó incluso después de varias horas. Axitinib (AXT), comercialmente disponible como el isómero (E)-AXT, tiende a fotoisomerizar a (Z)-AXT, especialmente en presencia de proteínas. Así, se revelaron dos mecanismos de fototoxicidad. En primer lugar, la conversión del (E)-AXT (no citotóxico) en el (Z)-AXT (citotóxico) tras irradiación. En segundo lugar, la fototoxicidad intrínseca exhibida por (Z)-AXT. Además, la fotooxidación de proteínas se atribuyó al isómero Z debido a la similitud en el contenido de carbonilo entre ambos isómeros y la alta afinidad del isómero Z por las proteínas. Finalmente, la fotogenotoxicidad solo se reveló mediante la detección de histonas ¿-H2AX. Dasatinib (DAS) es un TKI propuesto para el uso tópico en enfermedades cutáneas. Tras establecer un PIF inicial de 5, se confirmó la fototoxicidad de DAS en una emulsión oleo-acuosa en epidermis humana reconstruida (RhE), la cual se redujo sustancialmente al incorporar un filtro solar de amplio espectro. DAS presenta capacidad de generar tanto oxígeno singlete como radicales, desencadenando fotooxidación tanto en lípidos como en proteínas. Asimismo, se evidenció daño fotoinducido al ADN tanto mediante el ensayo cometa como la detección de ¿-H2AX. Avapritinib (AVP), un TKI de nueva aprobación, demostró ser un fármaco fototóxico con un valor de PIF de aproximadamente 11. Además, fue capaz de inducir tanto fotooxidación a las proteínas como daño en el ADN. En definitiva, el estudio de la toxicidad cutánea de los TKI en combinación con la luz solar se llevó a cabo mediante una exhaustiva evaluación de su fotocomportamiento tanto en disolución como en células de piel. El objetivo es proporcionar a los profesionales de la salud información actualizada sobre la foto(geno)toxicidad y alentarlos a evaluar e implementar estrategias de fotoprotección para los pacientes sometidos a la terapia basada en TKI. / [CA] En les últimes dècades, l'aparició d'inhibidors de la tirosina cinasa (de l'anglès TKI) com una nova classe de teràpia dirigida ha millorat la qualitat de vida i les taxes de supervivència dels pacients amb càncer. No obstant això, els efectes adversos associats a aquests, com les reaccions cutànies, continuen sent un desafiament per a la teràpia controlada. D'acord amb estudis fotofísics i fotobiològics prèvis de TKI realitzats pel grup de recerca, esta tesi segueix un enfocament multidisciplinari per a investigar nous fàrmacs fotoactius dins d¿aquesta familia. En l'etapa inicial, es van seleccionar quatre TKI, gefitinib, axitinib, dasatinib i avapritinib, per la seua capacitat per absorbir llum en la regió UVA i el seu potencial fototòxic. Gefitinib (GFT), un TKI amb un cromòfor quinazolina, va experimentar canvis significatius en la fototoxicitat a causa de modificacions metabòliques en la seua estructura. La desalquilació de la cadena lateral propoxi-morfolina (DMOR-GFT) va presentar el valor més alt de factor de fotoirritació (PIF), aprox. 48, mentre que el metabòlit desmetilat (DMT-GFT) va mostrar un valor de PIF molt menor (~7), quasi la meitat del valor de PIF del fàrmac inalterat (aprox. 13). Al contrari, el metabòlit que presenta un grup hidroxil en lloc de fluor (DF-GFT) va resultar no ser fototòxic. Notablement, només es va confirmar que DMOR-GFT induïx fotoperoxidació lipídica mitjançant un mecanisme oxidatiu de Tipus I, basat en l'escassa producció d'oxigen singlet i l'eficient desactivació de l'estat excitat triplet per un model lipídic. La fotooxidació de proteïnes va ser evident per a GFT i, en menor mesura, per a DMOR-GFT, però va resultar insignificant per a DMT-GFT. No obstant això, a diferència de GFT, el dany a l'ADN induït pel metabòlit desmetilat no es va reparar fins i tot després de diverses hores. Axitinib (AXT), comercialment disponible com a (E)-AXT, tendeix a fotoisomeritzar a (Z)-AXT, especialment en presència de proteïnes. Així, es van revelar dos mecanismes de fototoxicitat. En primer lloc, la conversió de l'(E)-AXT (no citotòxic) en el (Z)-AXT (citotòxic) després d'irradiació. En segon lloc, la fototoxicitat intrínseca exhibida per (Z)-AXT. A més, la fotooxidació de proteïnes es va atribuir a l'isòmer Z a causa de la similitud en el contingut de carbonil entre ambdós isòmers i l'alta afinitat de l'isòmer Z per les proteïnes. Finalment, la fotogenotoxicitat només es va revelar mitjançant la detecció de histones ¿-H2AX. Dasatinib (DAS) és un TKI proposat per a l'ús tòpic en malalties cutànies. Després d'establir un PIF inicial de 5, es va confirmar la fototoxicitat de DAS en una emulsió oli-aquosa en epidermis humana reconstituïda (RhE), la qual es va reduir substancialment en incorporar un filtre solar d'ample espectre. DAS presenta capacitat de generar tant oxigen singlet com radicals, desencadenant la fotooxidació tant en lípids com en proteïnes. Així mateix, es va evidenciar mitjançant l'assaig cometa i la detecció d'H2AX dany fotoinduït a l'ADN. Avapritinib (AVP), un TKI de segona generació, va demostrar ser un fàrmac fototòxic amb un valor PIF d'aproximadament 11. A més, va ser capaç d'induir tant la fotooxidació a les proteïnes com induir dany en l'ADN. En definitiva, l'estudi de la toxicitat cutània dels TKI en combinació amb la radiació solar es va dur a terme mitjançant una exhaustiva avaluació del seu fotocomportament tant en dissolució como en cèl·lules de pell. L'objectiu és proporcionar als professionals de la salut informació actualitzada sobre foto(geno)toxicitat i fomentar l'avaluació e implementació d'estratègies de fotoprotecció per als pacients sotmesos a la teràpia basada en TKI. / [EN] In recent decades, the emerge of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a new class of targeted therapy has substantially enhanced the quality of life and survival rates for cancer patients. However, associated adverse effects, such as dermatological reactions, remain a challenge to sustained therapy. In light of our research group established insights into the photophysical and photobiological aspects of some TKIs, this thesis follows a similar multidisciplinary approach to investigate other photoactive drugs within the TKI family. In the initial stage, four TKIs, gefitinib, axitinib, dasatinib, and avapritinib, were selected based on their ability to absorb in the UVA region of the solar spectrum and their phototoxic potential. Consequently, photophysical and photobiological studies were conducted on these TKIs. Gefitinib (GFT) is a TKI with a quinazoline moiety, in which modifications resulting from metabolism significantly alter the phototoxicity potential. Dealkylation of the propoxy-morpholine side chain (DMOR-GFT) exhibited the highest photoirritant value (PIF), reaching approximately 48, while the demethylated metabolite (DMT-GFT) displayed much lower phototoxicity (PIF ~7), nearly half the PIF value of the parent drug (ca. 13). In contrast, replacing the fluorine substituent with OH (DF-GFT) resulted in the absence of phototoxic activity. Surprisingly, only DMOR-GFT was confirmed to induce lipid photoperoxidation which occurred through a Type I oxidative mechanism, based on the weak singlet oxygen production and the efficient quenching of the triplet excited state by a lipid model. Furthermore, protein photooxidation was evident for GFT and, to a lesser extent, for DMOR-GFT, but negligible for DMT-GFT. However, unlike the parent drug, DNA photodamage induced by the demethylated metabolite exhibited limited repair even after several hours. Axitinib (AXT), commercially available as (E)-AXT, showed a tendency for photoisomerization to (Z)-AXT, particularly within proteins. Thus, two phototoxicity mechanisms were unveiled. Firstly, the transformation of the initially non-cytotoxic (E)-AXT into the cytotoxic (Z)-AXT upon radiation. Secondly, the intrinsic phototoxicity exhibited by (Z)-AXT. Moreover, protein photooxidation was unequivocally attributed to the (Z)-isomer due to the similarity in carbonyl content between E/Z-isomers and the high protein affinity of the (Z)-isomer. Finally, the photogenotoxicity was only revealed through the detection of ¿-H2AX histone foci. Dasatinib (DAS) is a TKI suggested for topical treatment of dermatological diseases. Given this context and having determined a PIF value ca. 5, an evaluation of DAS phototoxicity in reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) was conducted. DAS formulated in an oil-in-water emulsion exhibited high phototoxicity, which was substantially reduced upon incorporating a broad-spectrum sunscreen. DAS, capable to generate both singlet oxygen and radicals, triggered photooxidation in both lipids and proteins. Similarly, DNA photodamage was evidenced through comet assay and H2AX foci detection. Avapritinib (AVP), a newly approved TKI, was proven to be a phototoxic drug with a PIF value ca. 11, which was highly photooxidative toward proteins and capable to induce DNA photodamage. All in all, the study of skin toxicity of TKIs in combination with sunlight was achieved through a comprehensive evaluation of their photobehavior both in solution and within skin cells. The aim is to provide healthcare professionals with updated information on photo(geno)toxicity and encourage them to assess and implement photoprotection strategies for patients undergoing TKI-based therapy. / Agradezco a la Universitat Politècnica de València por la ayuda para la formación de doctores dentro del subprograma 1 (PAID-1- 2019) y al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades por la ayuda para la formación del profesorado universitario (FPU19/00048). Ambas subvenciones resultaron fundamentales para la elaboración de mi tesis doctoral. / Ouardi El Hamidy, ME. (2024). In Vitro Photobehavior of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Solution and within Skin Cells [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206167

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