The dissertation is devoted to the integrated comparative analysis proper nouns of Russian and Chinese phraseological units. The work includes an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, lists of bibliography and dictionaries. The thematic classification of onims are presented, national-cultural and emotional semantics of Russian and Chinese idioms with рroper name analyzed in the dissertation. This work is intended for specialists who are interested in the similarities and differences between the Chinese and Russian language picture of the world. / Диссертация посвящена комплексному сопоставительному анализу имен собственных в составе фразеологизмов русского и китайского языков. Работа включает введение, две главы, заключение, списки использованной литературы и словарей. В диссертации представлены тематические классификации онимов, проанализирована национально-культурная и эмоционально-оценочная семантика русских и китайских фразеологизмов с именем собственным. Работа предназначена для специалистов, которых интересуют сходства и различия между русской и китайской языковыми картинами мира.

Работа посвящена выявлению сходства и различия в выражении базовых эмоций (радость, страх, смущение) в английской и русской лингвокультурах. Материал исследования составили 93 фразеологизма (их них 50 английских и 43 русских) из таких источников, как книга «350 Idioms with Their Origin, or The Idiomatic Cake You Can Eat and Have It Too» Л. Ф. Шитовой, краткий русско-английский фразеологический словарь под авторством Гуревич В. В., а также такие сайты, как «Идиомы на пяти языках», «Мир фразеологизмов», «Мои пословицы», «The Idioms», «Idioms online», «Eslcafe» и «Native English». В первой главе рассматриваются теоретические вопросы и понятия, такие как эмоция, базовая эмоция, лингвистика эмоций, концепт, семантические примитивы, а также описываются различные классификации базовых эмоций. Вторая глава посвящена сопоставительному анализу базовых эмоций на материале соматических фразеологизмов двух лингвокультур. Для анализа фразеологизмов был использован ряд классификаций, в том числе категоризация В. В. Виноградова, разделяющая фразеологизмы на три категории: фразеологические сращения, фразеологические единства и фразеологические сочетания; категоризация с точки зрения типов межъязыковой эквивалентности В. С. Виноградова. Для анализа базовых эмоций рассматривались значения эмотивов с помощью фреймового подхода А. Вежбицкой, а также толкования слов по Большому словарю Д. Н. Ушакова и Cambridge English Corpus. По каждому из параметров представлены сравнительные количественные наблюдения в виде диаграмм и таблиц. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в лексикографической практике, например, для расширения толкового словаря эмотивной лексики за счет выявленной национальной специфики языкового образа эмоций русских и англичан. В приложении приводится список использованных в работе соматических фразеологизмов на английском и русском языках. / The work is dedicated to identifying the similarities and differences in the expression of basic emotions (joy, fear, embarrassment/discomfort) in the English and Russian linguocultures. The research material consisted of 93 phraseological units (of which 50 are English and 43 are Russian) from sources such as the book “350 Idioms with Their Origin, or The Idiomatic Cake You Can Eat and Have It Too” by L. F. Shitova, a short Russian-English phraseological dictionary by V. V. Gurevich, as well as such websites as “Idioms in five languages”, “The world of phraseological units”, “My proverbs”, “The Idioms”, “Idioms online”, “Eslcafe” and “Native English”. The first chapter deals with theoretical issues and concepts such as emotion, basic emotion, emotion linguistics, concept, semantic primitives, and considers various classifications of basic emotions. In the second chapter, a comparative analysis of basic emotions is carried out on the material of somatic phraseological units of two linguistic cultures. For the analysis of phraseological units, a number of classifications were used, including V.V. Vinogradov's categorization which divides phraseological units into three categories: phraseological adhesions, phraseological unity and phraseological combinations; categorization from the point of view of types of interlanguage equivalence by V.S. Vinogradov. To analyze basic emotions, the meanings of emotives were considered using the frame approach of A. Wierzbicka, as well as the interpretation of words according to the Big Dictionary of D. N. Ushakov and Cambridge English Corpus. For each of the parameters, comparative quantitative observations are presented in the form of diagrams and tables. The research results can be used in lexicographic practice, for example, to expand the explanatory dictionary of emotive vocabulary due to the revealed national specifics of the linguistic image of the emotions of the Russian and the English speakers. The appendix contains a list of the Russian and English somatic phraseological units used in the work.

Данная диссертация посвящена теоретическим основам перевода во фразеологии. В ней рассматривается фразеология как лингвистическая дисциплина, различные типы фразеологических единиц и подходы к их классификации, а также важная роль перевода в передаче фразеологизмов. Во введении описывается актуальность исследования, ставится цель и определяются задачи исследования, а также его объект и предмет. Кроме того, во введение выдвигается гипотеза исследования, обосновывается научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость, а также практическая ценность исследования. В первой главе рассматриваются основные аспекты фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины, а также основные принципы и методы изучения фразеологических единиц. В дополнение рассматривается важная роль перевода в передаче фразеологизмов между различными языками, выявляются особенности перевода фразеологических выражений и обсуждаются методы эффективной передачи смысла и структуры фразеологических единиц при переводе. Вторая глава посвящена выявлению национально-культурной специфики фразеологизмов каждого из языков. Кроме того, проводится анализ особенностей перевода фразеологических единиц с русского, английского и китайского языков, включая различные типы фразеологизмов. В завершающем разделе формулируются рекомендации по переводу фразеологических единиц для обеспечения наиболее точной передачи смысла и выражения культурных особенностей при переводе между языками. В заключении формулируются выводы, а также подтверждается гипотеза исследования. / This dissertation is devoted to the theoretical foundations of translation in phraseology. It examines phraseology as a linguistic discipline, various types of phraseological units and approaches to their classification, as well as the important role of translation in the transmission of phraseological units. The introduction describes the relevance of the study, sets the goal and defines the objectives of the study, as well as its object and subject. In addition, the introduction puts forward a hypothesis of the study, substantiates the scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance, as well as the practical value of the study. The first chapter examines the main aspects of phraseology as a linguistic discipline, as well as the basic principles and methods of studying phraseological units. In addition, the important role of translation in the transmission of phraseological units between different languages is considered, the features of the translation of phraseological expressions are identified and methods for effectively conveying the meaning and structure of phraseological units in translation are discussed. The second chapter is devoted to identifying the national and cultural specificity of phraseological units in each language. In addition, the analysis of the features of the translation of phraseological units from Russian, English and Chinese is carried out, including various types of phraseological units. In the final section, recommendations are formulated for the translation of phraseological units to ensure the most accurate transfer of meaning and expression of cultural features when translating between languages. In conclusion, conclusions are formulated, and the research hypothesis is confirmed.

En tant que syntagmes sémantiquement non-compositionnels, les locutions sont des unités lexicales à part entière, qui doivent avoir leur propre entrée dans un modèle du lexique. Elles doivent donc recevoir une définition lexicographique, ainsi qu’une description de leurscaractéristiques grammaticales. De plus, en vertu de leur signifiant syntagmatique, les locutionstémoignent – à des degrés divers – d’une flexibilité formelle (passivation, insertion de modificateurs, substitution de certains constituants, etc.).Notre thèse défend l’idée selon laquelle une description des locutions combinant à la fois l’identification des unités lexicales qui les composent et l’identification des relations de dépendance syntaxique qui unissent les unités constituantes, permettra de prédire leurs différents emplois possibles dans la phrase. Une telle description n’est possible que dans un modèle du lexique décrivant précisément la combinatoire des lexies. Notre recherche, basée sur les principes de la Lexicologie Explicative et Combinatoire, exploite et enrichit les données du Réseau Lexical du Français (RL-fr), ressource en cours de développement à l’ATILF.La thèse a deux principaux apports. Le premier est le développement d’un modèle de description lexico-syntaxique relativement fine des locutions du français. Le second est l’identification et l’étude de différentes variations structurales, syntaxiques et lexicales liées à la flexibilité formelle des locutions. Les variations des locutions sont mises en corrélation avec leurs structures lexico-syntaxiques, mais également avec leurs définitions lexicographiques. Ceci nous conduit à introduire la notion de projection structurale, centrale dans le continuum de la flexibilité formelle des locutions / As semantically non-compositional phrases, idioms are lexical units. Consequently, they must have their own entries in a lexical resource, with a lexicographic definition and grammatical characteristics. Furthermore, because of their phrasal signifier, idioms show – to varying degrees – a formal flexibility (passivization, attachment of modifiers, substitution of components,etc.)Our thesis defends the view that a description of idioms that combine identification of their lexical components and identification of dependency links between these components will permit to predict their formal variations. Such a description is possible only in a model of lexicon that describes precisely combinatorial proprieties of lexical units. Our thesis, based on the Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology’s framework, exploits and enhances the data of the French Lexical Network (fr-LN). This resource is being developed at the laboratory ATILF (Nancy, France).The thesis makes two principal contributions to the study of phraseology. The first contribution is the development of a precise description of idioms’ lexico-syntactic structures. The second contribution is the indentification and the study of structural, syntactic and lexical variations linked to idioms’ formal flexibility. Idioms’ formal variations are correlated with their lexico-syntactic structures, but also with their lexicographic definitions. This work leads us to introduce the notion of structural projection, that plays a central role in the continuum of idiom’s formal flexibility

Este trabalho centra-se no processo de QA (na sigla em inglês para quality assurance – ou garantia da qualidade em português) que é feito no setor da localização, visando a melhorar o trabalho do tradutor. Localização consiste em um processo e um campo de atuação profissio-nal que visam a adaptar produtos (geralmente de software) segundo o idioma e as convenções culturais de determinada localidade com o objetivo facilitar a entrada de um produto ou servi-ço em um país ou mercado. Com relação ao QA, uma de suas etapas consiste na validação da terminologia de um projeto de tradução. O QA terminológico envolve o uso de um software que verifica se a terminologia aplicável é usada na tradução. As ocorrências que o software considera incorretas são salvas em uma lista de validação terminológica, que é conferida nor-malmente por um tradutor ou editor. Itens que o tradutor considerar incorretos são corrigidos na tradução; os demais são descartados. Por ignorar aspectos linguísticos, o software gera muito ruído, ou falsos positivos, resultando em listas extensas, que não compensam o tempo dedicado a sua revisão. A fim de prover insumos para solucionar o problema, este trabalho emprega uma abordagem comunicativa, cognitiva e funcional à terminologia e à tradução para analisar uma lista de validação terminológica, em um projeto de localização real, no par de idiomas inglês dos Estados Unidos e português do Brasil. Para tal fim, foi gerada uma lista de validação por meio de um software de QA usado na área da localização. Ocorrências dessa lista foram analisadas e classificadas segundo critérios de base fraseológica, variacional e tra-dutória, além de morfológica e discursiva. O objetivo é oferecer subsídios que norteiem o desenvolvimento de aplicações computacionais linguisticamente motivadas que reduzam a incidência de ruído nestas listas. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte do ruído decorre de fatores linguísticos gerais, como morfológicos e discursivos, indicando também que 1/3 des-tes coocorrem com fenômenos fraseológicos, variacionais e tradutórios. / This paper focuses on the process of Quality Assurance (QA) that is undertaken by the Local-ization industry, aiming at improving the work of translators. Location consists of a process and a professional field whose purpose is to adapt goods or services (usually software-related) according to the language and cultural conventions of a particular locale in order to facilitate market penetration in a given country or market. One of the QA stages consists of validating the terminology on a translation project. The QA for terminology makes use of software to check if the applicable terminology is used in translation. Occurrences that the software iden-tifies as incorrect are saved in a list for terminology validation. The list is usually reviewed by a translator or an editor. The items considered incorrect by the translator are corrected in the translation, and the remaining entries are discarded. Because the software does not take lan-guage aspects into account, a good deal of noise is generated, resulting in large lists that are not cost-effective or time-efficient to review. With the purpose of providing input to solve the problem, this work employs a communicative, cognitive and functional approach to terminol-ogy and translation for the analysis of a terminology validation list in U.S. English and Brazil-ian Portuguese, on a genuine localization project. To complete this task, a list for validation was generated via a well-known QA software product used in the Localization field. Occur-rences from the generated list were analyzed and categorized according to phraseological, variational and translational criteria in addition to morphological and discursive criteria. The objective is providing input to drive the development of linguistically motivated computer applications that may reduce the incidence of noise on the lists. Results show that most of the noise is due to general linguistic factors, such as morphological and discourse aspects, also suggesting that 1/3 of that noise occurs simultaneously with phraseological, variational and translational phenomena.

Este trabalho centra-se no processo de QA (na sigla em inglês para quality assurance – ou garantia da qualidade em português) que é feito no setor da localização, visando a melhorar o trabalho do tradutor. Localização consiste em um processo e um campo de atuação profissio-nal que visam a adaptar produtos (geralmente de software) segundo o idioma e as convenções culturais de determinada localidade com o objetivo facilitar a entrada de um produto ou servi-ço em um país ou mercado. Com relação ao QA, uma de suas etapas consiste na validação da terminologia de um projeto de tradução. O QA terminológico envolve o uso de um software que verifica se a terminologia aplicável é usada na tradução. As ocorrências que o software considera incorretas são salvas em uma lista de validação terminológica, que é conferida nor-malmente por um tradutor ou editor. Itens que o tradutor considerar incorretos são corrigidos na tradução; os demais são descartados. Por ignorar aspectos linguísticos, o software gera muito ruído, ou falsos positivos, resultando em listas extensas, que não compensam o tempo dedicado a sua revisão. A fim de prover insumos para solucionar o problema, este trabalho emprega uma abordagem comunicativa, cognitiva e funcional à terminologia e à tradução para analisar uma lista de validação terminológica, em um projeto de localização real, no par de idiomas inglês dos Estados Unidos e português do Brasil. Para tal fim, foi gerada uma lista de validação por meio de um software de QA usado na área da localização. Ocorrências dessa lista foram analisadas e classificadas segundo critérios de base fraseológica, variacional e tra-dutória, além de morfológica e discursiva. O objetivo é oferecer subsídios que norteiem o desenvolvimento de aplicações computacionais linguisticamente motivadas que reduzam a incidência de ruído nestas listas. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte do ruído decorre de fatores linguísticos gerais, como morfológicos e discursivos, indicando também que 1/3 des-tes coocorrem com fenômenos fraseológicos, variacionais e tradutórios. / This paper focuses on the process of Quality Assurance (QA) that is undertaken by the Local-ization industry, aiming at improving the work of translators. Location consists of a process and a professional field whose purpose is to adapt goods or services (usually software-related) according to the language and cultural conventions of a particular locale in order to facilitate market penetration in a given country or market. One of the QA stages consists of validating the terminology on a translation project. The QA for terminology makes use of software to check if the applicable terminology is used in translation. Occurrences that the software iden-tifies as incorrect are saved in a list for terminology validation. The list is usually reviewed by a translator or an editor. The items considered incorrect by the translator are corrected in the translation, and the remaining entries are discarded. Because the software does not take lan-guage aspects into account, a good deal of noise is generated, resulting in large lists that are not cost-effective or time-efficient to review. With the purpose of providing input to solve the problem, this work employs a communicative, cognitive and functional approach to terminol-ogy and translation for the analysis of a terminology validation list in U.S. English and Brazil-ian Portuguese, on a genuine localization project. To complete this task, a list for validation was generated via a well-known QA software product used in the Localization field. Occur-rences from the generated list were analyzed and categorized according to phraseological, variational and translational criteria in addition to morphological and discursive criteria. The objective is providing input to drive the development of linguistically motivated computer applications that may reduce the incidence of noise on the lists. Results show that most of the noise is due to general linguistic factors, such as morphological and discourse aspects, also suggesting that 1/3 of that noise occurs simultaneously with phraseological, variational and translational phenomena.

Este trabalho centra-se no processo de QA (na sigla em inglês para quality assurance – ou garantia da qualidade em português) que é feito no setor da localização, visando a melhorar o trabalho do tradutor. Localização consiste em um processo e um campo de atuação profissio-nal que visam a adaptar produtos (geralmente de software) segundo o idioma e as convenções culturais de determinada localidade com o objetivo facilitar a entrada de um produto ou servi-ço em um país ou mercado. Com relação ao QA, uma de suas etapas consiste na validação da terminologia de um projeto de tradução. O QA terminológico envolve o uso de um software que verifica se a terminologia aplicável é usada na tradução. As ocorrências que o software considera incorretas são salvas em uma lista de validação terminológica, que é conferida nor-malmente por um tradutor ou editor. Itens que o tradutor considerar incorretos são corrigidos na tradução; os demais são descartados. Por ignorar aspectos linguísticos, o software gera muito ruído, ou falsos positivos, resultando em listas extensas, que não compensam o tempo dedicado a sua revisão. A fim de prover insumos para solucionar o problema, este trabalho emprega uma abordagem comunicativa, cognitiva e funcional à terminologia e à tradução para analisar uma lista de validação terminológica, em um projeto de localização real, no par de idiomas inglês dos Estados Unidos e português do Brasil. Para tal fim, foi gerada uma lista de validação por meio de um software de QA usado na área da localização. Ocorrências dessa lista foram analisadas e classificadas segundo critérios de base fraseológica, variacional e tra-dutória, além de morfológica e discursiva. O objetivo é oferecer subsídios que norteiem o desenvolvimento de aplicações computacionais linguisticamente motivadas que reduzam a incidência de ruído nestas listas. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte do ruído decorre de fatores linguísticos gerais, como morfológicos e discursivos, indicando também que 1/3 des-tes coocorrem com fenômenos fraseológicos, variacionais e tradutórios. / This paper focuses on the process of Quality Assurance (QA) that is undertaken by the Local-ization industry, aiming at improving the work of translators. Location consists of a process and a professional field whose purpose is to adapt goods or services (usually software-related) according to the language and cultural conventions of a particular locale in order to facilitate market penetration in a given country or market. One of the QA stages consists of validating the terminology on a translation project. The QA for terminology makes use of software to check if the applicable terminology is used in translation. Occurrences that the software iden-tifies as incorrect are saved in a list for terminology validation. The list is usually reviewed by a translator or an editor. The items considered incorrect by the translator are corrected in the translation, and the remaining entries are discarded. Because the software does not take lan-guage aspects into account, a good deal of noise is generated, resulting in large lists that are not cost-effective or time-efficient to review. With the purpose of providing input to solve the problem, this work employs a communicative, cognitive and functional approach to terminol-ogy and translation for the analysis of a terminology validation list in U.S. English and Brazil-ian Portuguese, on a genuine localization project. To complete this task, a list for validation was generated via a well-known QA software product used in the Localization field. Occur-rences from the generated list were analyzed and categorized according to phraseological, variational and translational criteria in addition to morphological and discursive criteria. The objective is providing input to drive the development of linguistically motivated computer applications that may reduce the incidence of noise on the lists. Results show that most of the noise is due to general linguistic factors, such as morphological and discourse aspects, also suggesting that 1/3 of that noise occurs simultaneously with phraseological, variational and translational phenomena.

Bien que les travaux existants aient montré que les noms sans déterminant étaient particulièrement fréquents dans les syntagmes prépositionnels, les mécanismes régissant leur emploi dans les SP demeurent assez mal connus. Cette thèse présente les résultats d’une étude de corpus synchronique portant sur certains SP spatio-temporels sans déterminant de l’anglais et du français. Nous montrons que ces SP sont extrêmement hétérogènes sur le plan syntaxique, lexical, sémantique et pragmatique ; ils s’inscrivent sur un gradient allant d’expressions pleinement figées et opaques à des séquences transparentes, modifiables et productives. Nos données n’étayent pas l’hypothèse d’un phénomène unifié et strictement grammatical. Cependant, ces SP ne peuvent être simplement considérés comme une collection d’anomalies sans rapport les unes avec les autres ; certains d’entre eux appartiennent à des groupements productifs dans lesquels la syntaxe marquée va de pair avec un sens marqué. Les différences entre les SP anglais et français peuvent tenir soit à la productivité des groupements, soit à leurs caractéristiques sémantiques et/ou pragmatiques, qui reflètent la place et la saillance des noms sans déterminant dans les deux langues. Ce travail montre que l’application de l’analyse constructionnelle à ces SP éclaire leur intégration dans le système linguistique tout en permettant une typologie fine ; il suggère que des interactions plus importantes entre phraséologie et grammaire des constructions seraient particulièrement intéressantes pour l’étude des « moules » phraséologiques et des expressions polylexicales syntaxiquement marquées. / Although previous research has shown that bare nouns are particularly frequent in prepositional phrases, the mechanisms underlying their use in PPs remain a relatively understudied topic. This thesis presents the results of a synchronic, corpus-based analysis of several groups of English and French spatio-temporal PPs. The case studies show that determinerless PPs are syntactically, lexically, semantically and pragmatically highly heterogeneous, ranging from fully fixed, opaque expressions to transparent, modifiable and productive sequences. The corpus data does not support the hypothesis of a unified, strictly grammatical phenomenon. However, these PPs cannot be explained away as a mere collection of unrelated anomalies; some of them cluster into productive sub-groupings in which marked syntax correlates with marked meaning. The differences between the French and English PPs can pertain either to the productivity of the groupings, or to their semantic and/or pragmatic properties. In the latter case, the contrasts reflect the place and salience of bare noun constructions in each language. The application of constructional analysis to the PPs is shown to be an illuminating way of accounting for their integration into the linguistic system whilst allowing for a fine-grained typology. This thesis argues that a greater interaction between phraseology and construction grammar would be of particular interest for the study of phraseological “patterns” and syntactically marked multi-word constructs.

Charles University, the Faculty of Philosophy Department of South and Central Asia Diploma Thesis Student: Nilufar Khadimetová Language features of the modern Hindi short-story in diaspora Annotation The objective of the thesis is a description of the language of modern Hindī short- stories by Indian authors who live and write in diaspora. Analysis and description are made on a limited sample of short-stories that have been written since the beginning of the 21st century. Philological analysis includes both the lexical borrowings and the way of word formation and phraseology. It focuses on onomasiological phenomena such as "loan translation" or calc and creation of hybrid words as well as syntagmas. No less attention is devoted to syntax which we can assume that may be affected by English or another language in which the authors write. In conclusion we set out the main features of the English language influences on literary Hindī as reflected in selected stories, and indicate further possibilities for research in this area. Key words: Hindī, diaspora, modern hindī short story, language contact, code switching or mixing, language impacts, lexical borrowings, onomasiology, phraseology, verbo-nominal expressions, verb syntagmas etc.

Cette thèse porte sur la lexicographie bilingue, plus précisément entre l’islandais et le français, avec comme objectif de jeter les bases d’un nouveau dictionnaire islandais-français qui serait accessible en ligne. Pour cela, nous avons rédigé des articles de dictionnaire en nous appuyant sur une nouvelle base de données lexicographiques développée pour des dictionnaires bilingues en ligne avec l’islandais comme langue source (ISLEX). Nous nous concentrons sur les besoins des utilisateurs islandais voulant s’exprimer en français mais nous partons du principe que le dictionnaire devrait également servir aux francophones. À travers notre traitement lexicographique, nous portons une attention spéciale à la syntagmatique et au traitement des locutions plus ou moins figées dans un dictionnaire bilingue. En effet, nous estimons qu’un bon dictionnaire bilingue devrait accorder une importance particulière aux unités phraséologiques telles que les collocations et les locutions figées de sens figuré. Après avoir étudié le rôle et la structuration idéale des dictionnaires bilingues selon les différentes fonctions qu’ils peuvent avoir, celle de l’encodage et celle du décodage, nous passons ensuite à une discussion sur la phraséologie et l’importance des locutions figées et semi-figées dans les dictionnaires bilingues. Nous présentons, par la suite, la microstructure de nos articles ainsi que les outils et les ressources informatiques sur lesquels nous nous appuyons. Les résultats de notre réflexion sur l’élaboration d’un nouveau dictionnaire islandais-français sont présentés sous la forme d’articles, suivis de remarques et d’explications sur nos choix lexicographiques. / This doctoral thesis on bilingual lexicography, and more precisely on lexicography between Icelandic and French, aims to lay the foundations for a new Icelandic-French dictionary that will be available on-line. To that purpose, we write entries for an Icelandic-French dictionary based on a new lexicographical database for Icelandic (ISLEX). The focus is on the needs of Icelandic users who wish to express themselves in French. However, it is clear that an Icelandic-French dictionary will also be useful for French speakers. Through our lexicographical treatment, we pay special attention to the syntagmatic analysis and to the presentation of more or less fixed phraseological units in a bilingual dictionary such as collocations and set phrases, since we consider that a good bilingual dictionary should take phraseological units into account. Having studied the role and the ideal structure of bilingual dictionaries according to the various functions that they can have, the encoding one and the decoding one, we then discuss phraseology and the importance of set phrases in bilingual dictionaries. The microstructure of our articles is then presented as well as the tools and resources on which we base our work. The outcome of our reflection on the writing of a new Icelandic-French dictionary is shown in the form of dictionary entries followed by remarks where an account is given of the way in which some lexicographical problems are tackled and our lexicographical choices are explained.