MA (Xitsonga) / Ehansi Ka Senthara ya M. E. R. Mathivha ya Tindzimi ta Afrika, Vutshila na Ndhavuko / Eka ndzavisiso lowu hi kanela hi switandzhaku swa globalization eka ririmi ra Vatsonga. Ku tlhela ku langutisiwa swivangelo leswi sivelaka ku hluvuka ka ririmi, hikokwalaho ka globalization. Ku langutisiwa swivangelo swa ku lahleka ka ndhavuko wa Vatsonga na tindlela leti nga tirhisiwaka ku kucetela Vatsonga leswaku va nga tshiki ndhavuko wa vona wu nyamalala. Ndzavisiso wu kongomisiwa eka maambalelo ni mahanyelo ma vantshwa, swakudya, matshungulelo, tidyondzo, matirhiselo ma nawu wa le hubyeni na matshamelo ma ndyangu. Hi tlhela hi valanga tindlela leti nga tirhisiwaka ku tlakusa ririmi ra Xitsonga leswaku ri nga ha tekeriwi ehansi. Eka ndzavisiso lowu hi tirhisa maendlelo ma nxopaxopo wa vundzeni bya hungu kumbe ku kuma vuxokoxoko bya ndzavisiso, leswi vuriwaka “qualitative research”. Ku tlhela ku tirhisiwa maendlelo mo hlengeleta mahungu (data collection) ku suka eka matsalwa mo fana na tiatikili, maphephahungu, xiyanimoya, tijenali na thelevhixini. Hi tlhela hi tirhisa maendlelo ma nhlokohliso wa swivutiso. Ku hlawuriwile vahlokosiwa va ntlhanu ku suka eka muganga wa ka Shihambanyisi lava nga ni vutivi hi tlhelo ra nhlokomhaka leyi ku endliwaka vulavisisi hi yona. Ku tirhisiwa thiyori ya mfuwo, thiyori ya matimu na thiyori ya nxopaxopo wa mbulavulo. / NRF

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This thesis addresses the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the modernisation of the indigenous languages of South Africa, with particular reference to Venda. Thus, a systematic approach is proposed in this study for the development of modem terminology in Venda. This approach is based on the canonical model for language planning. In this model, terminology development should follow the following four steps: (1) analysis of the terminological needs of the situation, (2) preparation of a plan and strategies for research, (3) implementation of terminology in practice by means of suitable policies, and lastly, (4) evaluation and constant updating of terminology. Within the canonical model for language planning, different models or frameworks are proposed. First is the theoretical model, which follows the pragmatic approach rather than a purist approach and takes into consideration other extralinguistic factors such as the nature of the special subject field, the needs of the target users and the socio-cultural context. The pragmatic approach is divided into two phases, namely the borrowing phase and the indigenisation phase. In the borrowing phase the borrowed terms are incorporated into the language with immediate effect and these terms may be replaced by indigenous terms in the indigenisation phase where less specialised communication is used. In the indigenisation phase, different language internal term formation strategies were identified, namely semantic shift, derivation, compounding, paraphrasing, initialisms, acronyms, clipping and new word manufacture. It was established that the use of these term formation strategies in Venda requires linguistic expertise, technical expertise and cultural expertise. Accordingly, a sociolinguistic approach is recommended rather than a purely linguistic approach. Lastly, a model of practical terminology work and a model for cooperation and coordination are proposed for terminology work in this language. With regard to the former, various steps that should be followed in terminology work are outlined. In the latter model various language agencies, such as government departments, parastatals and non-governmental organisations that may be involved in the modernisation of this language are identified. A framework in which these agencies could cooperate and coordinate their terminology work is proposed. / Linguistics / D.Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

This thesis deals with syntactic relation of subject-predicate agreement in Czech, concentrating on special cases. The theoretical part describes the term "agreement" in terms of the traditional dependency approach, presents the definition of the term and specifies its width. It describes the subject-predicate agreement from from other theoretical perspectives, too (for example generative grammar analysis etc.). The main part of this theoretical chapter contains particular cases of subject-predicate agreement, as described in Czech grammars and textbooks. However, this description does not take into account all options and variants of agreement used in everyday conversation. Therefore, we investigate the problem of agreement through an empirical survey, which serves us to identify more complex cases (multiple subject with disjunctive, adversative and compared relation between its constituents; based on the cases found in the Czech National Corpus). Another source of data comes from a questionnaire, which maps how complex agreement structures are acquired by users of the language (students of the Faculty of Arts, Charles University). The data found in Czech National Corpus enable us to specify tendencies of agreement in more complicated cases; these tendencies should be included in the grammatical...

No description available.

This thesis addresses the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the modernisation of the indigenous languages of South Africa, with particular reference to Venda. Thus, a systematic approach is proposed in this study for the development of modem terminology in Venda. This approach is based on the canonical model for language planning. In this model, terminology development should follow the following four steps: (1) analysis of the terminological needs of the situation, (2) preparation of a plan and strategies for research, (3) implementation of terminology in practice by means of suitable policies, and lastly, (4) evaluation and constant updating of terminology. Within the canonical model for language planning, different models or frameworks are proposed. First is the theoretical model, which follows the pragmatic approach rather than a purist approach and takes into consideration other extralinguistic factors such as the nature of the special subject field, the needs of the target users and the socio-cultural context. The pragmatic approach is divided into two phases, namely the borrowing phase and the indigenisation phase. In the borrowing phase the borrowed terms are incorporated into the language with immediate effect and these terms may be replaced by indigenous terms in the indigenisation phase where less specialised communication is used. In the indigenisation phase, different language internal term formation strategies were identified, namely semantic shift, derivation, compounding, paraphrasing, initialisms, acronyms, clipping and new word manufacture. It was established that the use of these term formation strategies in Venda requires linguistic expertise, technical expertise and cultural expertise. Accordingly, a sociolinguistic approach is recommended rather than a purely linguistic approach. Lastly, a model of practical terminology work and a model for cooperation and coordination are proposed for terminology work in this language. With regard to the former, various steps that should be followed in terminology work are outlined. In the latter model various language agencies, such as government departments, parastatals and non-governmental organisations that may be involved in the modernisation of this language are identified. A framework in which these agencies could cooperate and coordinate their terminology work is proposed. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

Le présent ouvrage envisage la présentation des conclusions comparatives résultant de l’inventaire systématique et de l’analyse linguistique du vocabulaire relatif à la poterie en bantou. À partir des données comparatives provenant de l’ensemble des langues bantoues actuellement documentées, l’organisation interne et l’évolution historique de ce domaine particulier de vocabulaire technique sont examinées. Portant sur la lexicologie diachronique, l’étude associe une approche onomasiologique et une approche sémasiologique. Non seulement plusieurs reconstructions formelles sont proposées à différents niveaux chronologiques et géographiques, mais ceux-ci font également l’objet d’une analyse sémantique approfondie. Les quatre chapitres de la thèse traitent du lexique portant sur cinq catégories conceptuelles majeures du champ sémantique en question :le travail de la poterie lui-même, l’artisan, les matières premières, les différents types de produits finis et enfin les procédés et outils typiques de la chaîne opératoire céramique. Les résultats obtenus sont confrontés aux modèles historiques et culturels apportés par les approches spécifiques aux études archéologiques et ethnoarchéologiques d’une part, et d’autre part, aux connaissances qui découlent de l’étude comparative du vocabulaire bantou relatif à d’autres techniques. Dans un cadre plus général, l’étude aboutit à quelques réflexions sur les rapports qu’entretiennent les langues et les cultures de même qu’à quelques propositions en vue de l’approfondissement de la méthode ‘Wörter und Sachen’. Ainsi, elle met en lumière certains traits méthodologiques spécifiques à l’exploitation des vocabulaires techniques dans la reconstruction de l’histoire très ancienne des sociétés dépourvues de traditions écrites et de vestiges iconographiques. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation linguistique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La mémoire de traduction (MT) joue un rôle décisif lors de la traduction et constitue une base de données idéale pour la plupart des professionnels de la langue. Cependant, une MT est très sujète au bruit et, en outre, il n’y a pas de source spécifique. Des efforts importants ont été déployés pour nettoyer des MT, en particulier pour former un meilleur système de traduction automatique. Dans cette thèse, nous essayons également de nettoyer la MT mais avec un objectif plus large : maintenir sa qualité globale et la rendre suffisament robuste pour un usage interne dans les institutions. Nous proposons un processus en deux étapes : d’abord nettoyer une MT institutionnelle (presque propre), c’est-à-dire éliminer le bruit, puis détecter les textes traduits à partir de systèmes neuronaux de traduction. Pour la tâche d’élimination du bruit, nous proposons une architecture impliquant cinq approches basées sur l’heuristique, l’ingénierie fonctionnelle et l’apprentissage profond. Nous évaluons cette tâche à la fois par annotation manuelle et traduction automatique (TA). Nous signalons un gain notable de +1,08 score BLEU par rapport à un système de nettoyage état de l’art. Nous proposons également un outil Web qui annote automatiquement les traductions incorrectes, y compris mal alignées, pour les institutions afin de maintenir une MT sans erreur. Les modèles neuronaux profonds ont considérablement amélioré les systèmes MT, et ces systèmes traduisent une immense quantité de texte chaque jour. Le matériel traduit par de tels systèmes finissent par peuplet les MT, et le stockage de ces unités de traduction dans TM n’est pas idéal. Nous proposons un module de détection sous deux conditions: une tâche bilingue et une monolingue (pour ce dernier cas, le classificateur ne regarde que la traduction, pas la phrase originale). Nous rapportons une précision moyenne d’environ 85 % en domaine et 75 % hors domaine dans le cas bilingue et 81 % en domaine et 63 % hors domaine pour le cas monolingue en utilisant des classificateurs d’apprentissage profond. / Translation Memory (TM) plays a decisive role during translation and is the go-to database for most language professionals. However, they are highly prone to noise, and additionally, there is no one specific source. There have been many significant efforts in cleaning the TM, especially for training a better Machine Translation system. In this thesis, we also try to clean the TM but with a broader goal of maintaining its overall quality and making it robust for internal use in institutions. We propose a two-step process, first clean an almost clean TM, i.e. noise removal and then detect texts translated from neural machine translation systems. For the noise removal task, we propose an architecture involving five approaches based on heuristics, feature engineering, and deep-learning and evaluate this task by both manual annotation and Machine Translation (MT). We report a notable gain of +1.08 BLEU score over a state-of-the-art, off-the-shelf TM cleaning system. We also propose a web-based tool “OSTI: An Open-Source Translation-memory Instrument” that automatically annotates the incorrect translations (including misaligned) for the institutions to maintain an error-free TM. Deep neural models tremendously improved MT systems, and these systems are translating an immense amount of text every day. The automatically translated text finds a way to TM, and storing these translation units in TM is not ideal. We propose a detection module under two settings: a monolingual task, in which the classifier only looks at the translation; and a bilingual task, in which the source text is also taken into consideration. We report a mean accuracy of around 85% in-domain and 75% out-of-domain for bilingual and 81% in-domain and 63% out-of-domain from monolingual tasks using deep-learning classifiers.

Idioms are frequently used in any language and thereby it is important to investigate how these linguistic resources are understood, acquired and mastered. More studies need to be conducted, specially in the learning of a second language. Cooper (1999) examined the processing of idioms in English by L2 learners using the Think-aloud procedure (TAP). He found that a heuristic model consists of the numerous strategies used by these speakers to find the meaning of written idioms by exploring and try to find the meaning which is less familiar to them, compared to the native speakers knowledge and holistic or integrated approach. In the currrent work, realized in Sweden, the TAP was applied to compare the responses given by learners of Spanish as a second language and native speakers about common verbal idioms. The aim is to analyze the interpretation and comprehension of non-literal or figurative meaning of these expressions. As the result indicates, the Spanish idioms were less familiar to the L2 learners, but their figurative meaning was understood in 41% of the times, and including partial associations in 76% of the attempts using the TAP. The descriptions of these L2 Spanish speakers’ group varied notoriously: amid match and partial coincidences with figurative meaning, unusual images were referred and the literal meaning was presented in a few cases as part of the figurative. The heuristic and a kind of hybrid approach to the idiomatic meaning in the oral and semantic elaborations and interpretative strategies were confirmed. However, it was relatively easier to the L2 speakers to propose lexical definitions. With a more holistic processing and descriptions of meaning, the native speakers accessed the non-literal idioms’ meaning with a complete description in 85% of the cases, and including linked information in 98%, which confirmed that regional idioms could be particularly unknown. Some difficulties to give explicit information about concrete terms by members of the group of native speakers were identified. / Las locuciones son expresiones de uso común en el habla cotidiana y por ello es importante investigar cómo son comprendidas y adquiridas, tanto en el aprendizaje de lenguas maternas como en el de segundas lenguas. Cooper (1999) examinó cómo los hablantes de inglés como segunda lengua, usando el procedimiento Pensar en Voz Alta (PVA), describen el significado de locuciones presentadas por escrito. Él identificó que un modelo heurístico de procesamiento se conforma por numerosas estrategias con las cuales estos hablantes intentan encontrar y dar respuestas acertadas acerca del significado idiomático. El PVA se usó en este estudio, realizado en Suecia, para comparar las respuestas de aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y hablantes nativos, enfocando locuciones verbales de uso común en esa lengua. El propósito fue analizar las interpretaciones y comprensión de significado no literal o figurado de las secuencias convencionales presentadas. Los resultados muestran que para los hablantes de español como segunda lengua las locuciones eran poco familiares, pero acertaron en el 41% de sus intentos al describir significados coincidentes con el sentido figurado, y en 76% con asociaciones parciales de significado. Las respuestas de estos hablantes variaron notoriamente: entre aproximación al significado convencional proporcionaron imágenes inusuales y algunos significados literales como parte del figurado, confirmando un abordaje heurístico o indagatorio y cierta aproximación híbrida al conocimiento idiomático en la L2. Sin embargo, fue relativamente más fácil para estos participantes formular definiciones léxicas. El abordaje de los hablantes nativos fue en cambio más holístico o integrador, con la descripción completa de significados del sentido figurado en 85% de casos, y en 98% con asociación de información relacionada, lo que confirma que algunas expresiones pueden ser conocidas de distinta forma en regiones diferentes. En algunos casos hubo ciertas dificultades para exponer información explícita sobre términos concretos en este grupo de hablantes nativos.