"Excessive" and/or "delayed" subtalar joint (STJ) pronation has been linked to overuse injuries because of its influence on tibial internal rotation (TIR). The transfer of STJ pronation to TIR occurs via the talocrual joint, believed to have limited transverse plane motion. However, studies have shown the talocrural joint to have more transverse plane motion than once believed, therefore it is feasible that the STJ will only influence the motion of the tibia once this motion has been exhausted. Currently, studies evaluating this relationship have focused on peak joint angles and excursion without reference to the amount of motion available at the ankle joint complex (AJC). Therefore the purpose of these studies were to evaluate whether runners with anterior knee pain (AKP) utilize a greater percentage of their available eversion motion (eversion buffer), evaluate the effects of small eversion buffers on coordination, and evaluate the influence of orthotics on those with AKP and with the smallest eversion buffers. This study found healthy and injured runners, for the most part, presented with no significant differences in traditional pronation related variables. The one exception was peak pronation velocity, where injured runners demonstrated faster velocities. On the other hand injured runners had significantly smaller eversion buffers which lead them to change their coordinative pattern earlier during stance. This difference in pattern also caused the intra-individual coupling variability to peak earlier during stance. Orthotics successfully controlled the kinematics of the AJC and increased the eversion buffer of injured runners and in those displaying the smallest buffers. While orthotics successfully influenced the kinematics of the AJC, they did not influence those of the tibia and knee. These changes at the AJC did not have a strong impact on the coordinative patterns of the lower extremity, however demonstrated a trend toward being able to influence the intra-individual coupling variability. In summary, injured runners demonstrated smaller eversion buffers and changed their coordinative pattern earlier during stance. While orthotics successfully increased the eversion buffer, they did not strongly influence coordination variables. Future studies analyzing pronation related variables in injured populations should evaluate them relative to the available motion at the AJC.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate how physical therapy mentors instill clinical judgment and competence during residency training. The researcher investigated effective mentoring behaviors and techniques in physical therapy residency training. SUBJECTS: Participants included physical therapy residency faculty, physical therapy residents currently enrolled in U.S. residency programs credentialed by the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), and resident graduates (ie, within the past 2 years) from APTA programs. METHOD: A quantitative survey design was used to gain information about effective mentoring behaviors and techniques of physical therapy residency faculty who foster clinical expertise in physical therapy residents. Two online surveys were created: one for residency program faculty and one for current and past residents. RESULTS: Findings revealed that most mentors felt confident to mentor residents based on their past experiences instructing students and mentoring residents in physical therapy. Most mentor respondents had not taken APTA's Credentialed Clinical Instructor Program (CCIP), and fewer had taken Advanced CCIP (ACCIP). Mentor respondents who had taken both courses felt that CCIP was less helpful in mentoring residents than was ACCIP. Findings indicated important resident benefits, mentor behaviors, and characteristics of mentor-mentee relationships in residency programs. Results revealed mentoring and teaching strategies that were most effective for different stages of residency programs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings will help guide residency program faculty in effective mentoring practices and have added to the literature about how mentoring methods impact development of clinical expertise in physical therapy residents. These results (a) revealed a need for advanced training specific to mentoring residents, (b) can be used to determine what mentoring behaviors and techniques work best with residents, and (c) can serve as a basis for further developing residency training curricula. RECOMMENDATIONS: Further investigation is needed to determine which components of mentoring help residency faculty feel prepared to mentor residents. Further development and testing of mentor training programs are warranted. Additional research using qualitative methodology and this study's findings related to important resident benefits, mentor behaviors, and characteristics of mentor-mentee relationships in residency programs is necessary. Further research is also needed to investigate how reflection is used in mentoring in residency programs.

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