The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a British fur-trading enterprise, created a large garden at Fort Vancouver, now in southwest Washington, in the early- to mid-19th century. This fort was the administrative headquarters for the HBC's activities in western North America. Archaeological investigations were conducted at this site in 2005 and 2006 in order to better understand the role of this large space, which seems incongruous in terms of resources required, to the profit motive of the HBC. Questions about the landscape characteristics, and comments by 19th century visitors to the site provided the impetus for theoretical research of gardens as representations of societal power, and, on a mid-range level, the efficacy of certain archaeological methods in researching this type of space. Documentary research related to the history of the HBC Garden was also conducted, including previous archaeology completed at the site. The results of these lines of inquiry are presented, providing insight as to the diverse roles this Garden fulfilled in the survival of the HBC in the region - as a commercial enterprise, as a microcosm of western societal practice, and in the health of its employees.

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In Paleolithic cave art, geometric signs tend to outnumber figurative images and yet, they remain relatively understudied. To address this gap in our knowledge, I compiled a digital catalogue of all known geometric signs found in parietal art in France, and then trended the results looking for patterns of continuity and change over time and space. I focused on parietal art, as I could be certain of its provenance, and picked France as my region due to its abundance of decorated sites and its natural boundaries of water and mountain ranges. The database is searchable by a variety of criteria such as sign category, method of production, date range, site type, geographical coordinates and region. It is now being converted into an online resource. To provide a visual dimension, it includes a selection of linked photographs and reproductions of the different signs. In this thesis, I detail the chronological and regional patterning in sign type and frequency and the implications of these patterns for understanding where, when and why the making of these signs was meaningful to the Pleistocene peoples who created them.

xvii, 149 p. : ill. (some col.), maps / The ranging behavior of an animal can reveal much about the social and ecological conditions it faces. Food availability, feeding competition, population pressures, metabolic requirements and human influences can all influence the ranging behavior of individuals. For modern humans, the manner in which we move about our world is limited only by access to technology and other cultural factors. Of course, it has not always been that way. Based on recent fossil discoveries, our earliest bipedal ancestors more closely resembled the living great apes in morphology. Consequently, studies of great ape behavior have been used to reconstruct scenarios of early hominin behavior. And while much has been written about chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) ranging in this regard, less is known about bonobos (Pan paniscus ). Along with chimpanzees, bonobos are our closest phylogenetic relative, existing today as a descendant of a common ancestor the Homo and Pan genera shared sometime around six million years ago. Despite their close taxonomic relationship, however, there are a variety of behavioral differences between bonobos and chimpanzees. The aim of this dissertation is to better understand these differences within the context of ranging and social behavior and apply the results to models of early hominin behavior. More specifically, I used a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approach to examine general bonobo ranging data, the differences in ranging behavior between males and females, and the manner in which neighboring groups interact. Compared with chimpanzees, bonobos at Lomako range over a much smaller total area, are not territorial, and differ in the composition of social parties. In general, female bonobos are more gregarious and cohesive, moving in semi-stable groups I call "cliques", while males are less aggressive and more likely to move independently. These results likely reflect the high levels of food availability for bonobos at Lomako, reducing the level of feeding competition, and emphasizing social and mating strategies in group formation. Consequently, the spectrum of potential early hominin ranging behavior must be expanded from the current chimp-centric perspective. / Committee in charge: Frances White, Chairperson; Stephen Frost, Member; Larry Sugiyama, Member; James Schombert, Outside Member

Dans nos sociétés culturelles, trois régions anatomiques sont habituellement apparentes et visibles donc identifiables :ce sont le visage et les mains. La main est donc un élément d’identification spécifique à chaque individu et reconnaissable. En mesurant le volume de la main démembrée d’une personne, peut-on déterminer la typologie de cette personne associant, entre autres mesures de la main, le volume au poids? <p>La mesure du volume de moulage des mains de 109 adultes (dont 14 gauchers) est réalisée à l’aide d’un volumètre à aiguille et plusieurs équations de régression mettent en évidence les relations entre des composantes anthropométriques du corps et de ses segments avec le volume des mains. Ensuite, le volume et des variables spécifiques des mains d’un nouvel échantillon de 88 sujets vivants sont mesurés et leur typologie est également déterminée. Les équations de régression caractérisant les relations entre les variables des mains et la typologie estiment la stature par les longueur et largeur des mains (Main Droite :r² = .66 ;SEE = 4 cm ;Main Gauche :r² = .62 ;SEE = 4,2cm) et le poids par le volume et le périmètre de PII du 5ème doigt (MD :r² = .69 ;SEE = 6.64kg ;MG :r² = .64 ;SEE = 7,13kg). La validation de la méthode est réalisée sur un échantillon analogue mais indépendant de 21 sujets adultes. Le poids de 90.5 % des sujets est estimé avec un écart maximum de 5.98kg et la stature de 76% de l’échantillon avec un écart maximum de 3cm. <p>De nombreuses techniques ont été élaborées afin de reconstruire le visage à partir du crâne d’une personne disparue ;dans le même ordre d’idée peut-on reconstruire l’aspect virtuel de la peau d’une main en disposant de son squelette ?Des modèles informatisés, par CT Scan, des os et de la peau sont obtenus des mains d’un cadavre et d’un volontaire. Le logiciel Lhp Builder permet la localisation des coordonnées spatiales de points de repères anatomiques osseux des modèles. A partir de 3 repères, les relations spatiales entre les modèles sont établies et employées afin d’interpoler la peau manquante de la main. Le volume de la « peau interpolée » et le volume de la « peau réelle » obtenus par imagerie médicale sont comparés afin de valider la méthode. Une différence de volume de 3.5 % entre les volumes respectifs de la main du cadavre et de la main reconstruite situe le niveau de précision de la méthode. <p>D’autres manipulations de reconstruction sont exécutées dans des situations analogues au cadre médico-légal (enfouissement en terre de pièces animales, mise en digestion dans des produits caustiques). <p>Cette première approche méthodologique de reconstruction de la main semble prometteuse et la main reconstruite deviendrait un élément important pour l’identification de personnes disparues./ <p><br><p><p>In our cultural society, three anatomical body parts are usually apparent so visible and thus identifiable: the face and the hands. The hand may be an element of identification specific to each individual and recognizable. By measuring the dismembered hand volume of a person, the typology of this person associating, inter alia measurements of the hand, volume with weight could be determined ?<p>The volume measurement of casts hands of 109 adults (of which 14 left-handed persons) is realized using a needle volumeter and several regression equations highlight the relations between anthropometrical components of the body and its segments with the hands volume. Then, the hands volume and specific hands variables of a new sample of 88 living subjects are measured and their typology is also determined. The regression equations characterizing the relations between the hands variables and typology estimate the stature by hands length and width (Right hand: r² = 66; SEE = 4 cm; Left hand: r² = 62; SEE = 4,2cm) and the weight by volume and perimeter of PII of the 5 th finger (Right hand: r² = 69; SEE = 6.64kg; Left hand: r² = 64; SEE = 7,13kg). The validation of the method is carried out on a sample similar but independent of 21 adult subjects. The weight of 90.5 % of the subjects is estimated with a maximum difference of 5.98kg and the stature of 76% of the sample with 3cm maximum. <p>Many techniques were elaborated in order to rebuild the face starting from cranium of a missing person; in the same order can one rebuild the virtual aspect of the hand skin while having its skeleton? From computerized models, by CT Scan, bones and skin are obtained of hands of a corpse and a living volunteer. The software Lhp Builder allows the localization of the 3D co-ordinates of anatomical bones landmarks of the models. From 3 landmarks, the 3D relations between the models are established and used in order to interpolate the missing skin of the hand. The volume of the " interpolated skin " and the volume of the " real skin " obtained by medical imaging are compared in order to validate the method. A volume difference of 3.5 % between respective volumes of the hand corpse and the rebuilt hand estimates the level of precision of the method. <p>Other experiments of rebuilding are carried out in situations similar to the medico-legal framework (ground hiding of animal parts, digestion in caustic products). <p>This first methodological approach of hand rebuilding seems promising and the rebuilt hand would become a significant element for the identification of missing people. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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