O objetivo geral dessa tese foi compreender melhor o funcionamento das raízes finas (diâmetro <2 mm) de Eucalyptus. Mais especificamente, nosso trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações sobre as mudanças no padrão de absorção de nutriente pelas raízes finas em função da fertilização e profundidade do solo. Foi também, avaliar a dinâmica de crescimento das raízes finas em plantações mistas com uma espécie fixadora de nitrôgenio para testar a hípotese do gradiente de estresse. O capítulo 1 teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da fertilização mineral na especialização funcional das raízes finas de Eucalyptus grandis jovens em camadas profundas do solo (Itatinga-SP). Foram injetados macadores de NO3-15N, Rb+ (K+) e Sr2+ (Ca2+) simultaneamente em uma solução a 10, 50, 150 e 300 cm de profundidade. A determinação das concentrações foliares de Rb+, Sr2+ e a porcentagem de átomos de 15N permitiu estimar o potencial de absorção relativo (PAR) e o PAR específico, definido como PARE, obtido pela razão entre o PAR e a unidade de densidade do comprimento de raízes finas por camada de solo correspondente. O PAR de NO3-15N diminuiu rapidamente com a profundidade e os valores mais altos do PARE de NO3-15N foram encontrados a uma profundidade de 50 cm. O PARE de Rb+ e Sr2+ foi maior a 300 cm de profundidade em relação à camada superficial do solo, com um aumento do diâmetro da raiz e uma diminuição da densidade do tecido radicular com a profundidade. O PARE de Rb+ e Sr2+ a 300 cm de profundidade foi, em média, 88% maior para árvores fertilizadas quando comparado com as árvores não fertilizadas. Os resultados sugerem que a especialização funcional das raízes finas para a absorção de nutrientes é uma característica estável do eucalipto e que pode ser reforçada pela aplicação de fertilizantes. O capítulo 2 focou nos processos ecológicos entre Acacia mangium e Eucalyptus em um gradiente de estresse nutricional. Raízes finas foram amostradas aos 16 e 34 meses após o plantio em blocos casualisados com dois tratamentos: uma mistura com 50% de cada espécie (50A:50E) com e sem fertilização. Durante este período, dois tubos de minirhizotron, perto de eucalipto e acacia, em cada tratamento e bloco, foram utilizados para monitorar o crescimento e o tempo de vida das raízes finas. Aos 16 e 34 meses após o plantio, a DRF de Eucalyptus foi maior em relação à Acacia e maior em F+ do que em F- na camada superior do solo. Este resultado mostrou que, provavelmente, há uma maior competição das raízes de eucalipto nas raízes de acacia em F+ do que em F-. Na camada superficial, a DRF de Eucalyptus em F- foi maior aos 34 meses e perto de árvores de Acacia comparado aos eucaliptos, o que seria consistente com uma maior facilitação de N da Acacia para os Eucalyptus em ambiente com maior deficiência de N (hipótese de gradiente de estresse). A mesma concentração de N nas folhas de Eucalyptus em F + e F- também está de acordo com essa hipótese. A produção de raízes finas de eucalipto entre as duas datas de amostragem foi maior em F- que em F+ em paralelo ao aumento de DRF de eucaliptos perto das acacias. Não foi possível estimar o tempo de vida da raiz, pois não houve mortalidade radicular durante o período de estudo para ambas as espécies. Futuros estudos poderiam ser realizados para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de captação de nutrientes pelas árvores visando um manejo mais sustentável das plantações florestais. / The main objective of this thesis was to better understand the functioning of Eucalyptus fine roots (diameter < 2 mm). More specifically, our work aimed at getting insights into the changes in fines roots nutrient uptake changes depending on soil depth and fertilization. Root growth dynamics was also evaluated in mixed plantations with a nitrogen fixing species to test the stress gradient hypothesis. The first chapter aimed at studying the effect of fertilization on the functional specialization of young Eucalyptus fine roots in deep soil layers (Itatinga-SP). We injected NO3-15N, Rb+ (K+) and Sr2+ (Ca2+) tracers simultaneously in a solution at 10, 50, 150 and 300 cm in depth. Determination of foliar Rb+, Sr2+ concentrations and 15N atom % made it possible to estimate the relative uptake potential (RUP), and the Specific RUP, defined as SRUP, per unit of fine root length density in the corresponding soil layer. The RUPs of NO3-15N decreased sharply with depth and the highest values of the SRUPs of NO3-15N were found at a depth of 50 cm. The SRUP of Rb+ and Sr2+ were higher at 300 cm in depth than in the topsoil with an increase in root diameter and a decrease in root tissue density with depth. The SRUP of Rb+ and Sr2+ at a depth of 300 cm was on average 88% higher for fertilized trees than for unfertilized trees. The results suggest that functional specialization of fine roots for nutrient uptake is a stable characteristic of Eucalyptus that can be enhanced by fertilization application. Chapter 2 focused on the ecological processes between Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus under a gradient of nutrient stress. Fine roots were sampled at 16 and 34 months after planting in a randomized block design with two treatments: a mixture with 50% of each species (50A:50E), with and without fertilization. For each treatment, soil samples were collected in 3 blocks at 0-15; 15-30; 30-50 and 50-100 cm at various distances of Eucalyptus and Acacia trees. During this period, two tubes of minirhizotron near eucalypt and Acacia trees in each treatment and block were used to monitoring fine roots growth and turnover. At 16 and 34 months after planting, fine root mass density (RMD) of Eucalyptus was 30% higher than of Acacia and higher in F+ than in F- in the top soil layer (0-15 cm). This result likely showed higher competition of eucalypt roots on Acacia roots in F+ than in F-. In the superficial layer, RMD of Eucalyptus in F- were higher at 34 months near Acacia trees than Eucalyptus trees, that would be consistent with greater N facilitation of Acacia on Eucalyptus in higher N-deficient environment (stress gradient hypothesis). The same N concentration in Eucalyptus leaves in both F+ and F- was also consistent with this hypothesis. Production of Eucalyptus fine roots between the two sampling dates was higher in F- than in F+ in parallel to the increase of RMD of Eucalyptus near Acacia trees. It was not possible to estimate root life span as no root mortality occurred during the study period for both species. Furthers studies should be conducted to better understand the mechanisms of tree nutrient uptake promoting a better sustainable management of forest plantations.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo comparativo entre o plantio mecanizado e semi-mecanizado de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.). Os estudos foram conduzidos em área cedida pelo grupo COSAN (unidade Costa Pinto), no município de Piracicaba, SP, entre outubro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. Para tal, foi realizado um ensaio padronizado, onde, sob as mesmas condições de campo e utilizando a mesma variedade de mudas (SP 80-3280), foram efetuados os plantios mecanizado e semi-mecanizado. A densidade de plantio foi de 13,2 e 9,6 t.ha-1, para o plantio mecanizado e semi-mecanizado, respectivamente, sendo que o mecanizado apresentou menor número de falhas e conseqüentemente maior número de perfilhos. Por sua vez, o plantio mecanizado apresentou uma capacidade efetiva de 1,38 ha.h-1 e mostrou-se mais vantajoso economicamente, com um custo operacional efetivo estimado em 96,7 R$.ha-1, em comparação ao semi-mecanizado que apresentou valores da ordem de 216,2 R$.ha-1. Em relação à produtividade o plantio semimecanizado apresentou um resultado 1,5 t.ha-1 maior, porém este valor não difere estatisticamente do valor encontrado no semi-mecanizado. Conclui-se que o fracionamento dos colmos em rebolos do sistema mecanizado ocasiona a diminuição do número de gemas viáveis, o que contribui para um maior número de falhas de plantio, porém o custo operacional efetivo do plantio mecanizado é inferior ao semimecanizado. Já a maior densidade de mudas do plantio mecanizado não resultou em diminuição de falhas e conseqüentemente não melhorou a produtividade agrícola, mas contribuiu para um menor rendimento. / The present paper had as its aim the comparative study between the mechanized and semimechanized planting of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). The studies were conducted in an area conceded by the COSAN group (Costa Pinto unit), in the city of Piracicaba, SP, between October 2005 and October 2006. For that, an standart experiment was made, where under the same ground conditions and using the same variety of seedlings (SP 80?3280), the mechanized and semimechanized plantation were made. The density of seedlings of plantations was 13,2 e 9,6 t.ha-1, for the mechanized and semimechanized,respectively, though the mechanized plantation presented a lower number of failures and consequently a higher number of stems. On the other hand, the mechanized plantation presented an effective capacity of 1,38 ha.h-1 and turned out to be more economicaly worth, with an effective operational cost estimated in 96,7 R$.ha-1, in comparison to the semimechanized, which presented values around 216,2 R$.ha-1. Concerning the productivity the semimechanized plantation presented a result 1,5.ha-1 higher, and consequently, a better agricultural output. It is concluded that the fractionaction of the sugarcane stalks in bud seedlings of mechanized system causes the reduction of the number of viable buds, which contributes to a higher number of plantation failures, however the effective operational cost of the mechanized plantation is inferior to the semimechanized. Yet the higher density of seedlings og the mechanized plantation did not result in reduction of failures and consequently it did not improve the productivity but it contributed to a lower agricultural output.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-04T10:43:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 janeteoliveiradasilva.pdf: 1532595 bytes, checksum: ad62e849129039133d78f3448fd07d9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T13:02:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 janeteoliveiradasilva.pdf: 1532595 bytes, checksum: ad62e849129039133d78f3448fd07d9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T13:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 janeteoliveiradasilva.pdf: 1532595 bytes, checksum: ad62e849129039133d78f3448fd07d9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Vespas sociais podem ser utilizadas como agentes de controle biológico em culturas agrícolas. Visto que para se implantar um programa de manejo integrado de pragas, faz-se necessário o conhecimento das espécies que potencialmente podem ser inimigos naturais naquele ambiente. Logo, o presente estudo analisou a diversidade de vespas sociais em uma área de plantação de Eucalipto associada a sub-bosque em São João del-Rei/MG, por seis meses, novembro de 2009 a abril 2010, com objetivo de se obter resultados satisfatórios em um curto período sobre a diversidade do grupo em um sistema já modificado pelo homem. Foram utilizados como métodos de amostragem: armadilhas atrativas e busca ativa. Treze espécies de sete gêneros de vespas sociais foram registradas na área de plantação de Eucalipto: Agelaia multipicta (50%), Agelaia vicina (2,13%), Mischocyttarus drewseni (7,45%), Parachartergus fraternus (3,19%), Polistes versicolor (11,7%), Polistes sp1(2,13%), Polistes sp2 (3,19%), Polybia sp1(7,45%), Polybia sp2 (2,13%), Polybia sp3 (1,05%), Polybia sericia (2,13%), Protopolybia sp (5,32%), Synoeca cyanea (2,13%). Sete espécies foram capturadas somente por busca ativa, três pela atração das armadilhas e três por ambos os métodos. O método de busca ativa capturou aproximadamente metade dos indivíduos coletados em todo período de estudo e obteve maior diversidade de espécies (H`= 2,12) quando comparado ao método de armadilhas contendo maracujá (H`= 1,47) e sardinha (H`= 0,21). A maior parte das espécies (54%) foram classificadas como acessórias, seguidas por espécies constantes (31%) e acidentais (15%). Através da análise de correlação verificou-se que, dentro de um curto período de tempo, as variáveis climáticas não estiveram correlacionadas com a diversidade e a abundância de vespas sociais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o número de coletas foi suficiente para o estudo proposto. Portanto, em seis meses de levantamento foi possível obter informações sobre as espécies de vespas sociais existentes na Eucaliptocultura e fornecer resultados satisfatórios sobre a diversidade do grupo que podem contribuir para a elaboração de métodos aplicáveis no controle de insetos-praga, caso esses venham afetar a monocultura. / Social wasps can be used as biological control agents in agricultural crops. Whereas to implement a program of integrated pest management, it is necessary to know the species that potentially can be natural enemies in that environment. Therefore, this study examined the diversity of social wasps in an area of Eucalyptus plantation associated with understory in the city of São João del-Rei/MG, for six months, from November 2009 to April 2010, in order to obtain satisfactory results in a short period on the diversity of the group in a system already modified by man. Attractive traps and active search were used as sampling methods. Thirteen species of seven genera of social wasps were recorded in the area of Eucalyptus plantation: Agelaia multipicta (50%), Agelaia vicina (2,13%), Mischocyttarus drewseni ( 7,45%), Parachartergus fraternus (3,19%), Polistes versicolor (11,7%), Polistes sp1 (2,13%), Polistes sp2 (3,19%), Polybia sp1 ( 7,45%), Polybia sp2 (2,13%), Polybia sp3 (1,05%), Polybia sericea (2,13%), Protopolybia sp (5,32%), Synoeca cyanea (2,13%). Seven species were captured by an active search, three by the attraction of the traps and three by both methods. The active search method captured approximately half of the individuals collected throughout the study period and had a higher species diversity (H '= 2.12) when compared to the method of traps containing passion fruit (H `= 1.47) and sardine (H `= 0.21). Most of the species (54%) were classified as accessory, followed by constant species (31%) and casual species (15%). During the study period, there was no correlation between climatic variables and the diversity and abundance of social wasps. The results indicate that the number of samples was sufficient for the proposed study. Therefore, in six months of survey it was possible to obtain information about the species of social wasps existing in Eucalyptus plantation and to provide satisfactory results on the diversity of the group that may contribute to the development of applicable methods to control insect pests, and if these ones will affect the monoculture.

U.S. Senator David Levy Yulee’s Margarita sugar plantation flourished from 1851 to 1864 in Homosassa, Citrus County, Florida. The plantation was abandoned in 1864 and memory of its precise location slowly faded, as the physical evidence of its existence deteriorated. Today, the only plantation structure known to be still standing is the sugar mill, preserved as part of the Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park (CI124B). The remainder of the plantation, including its boundaries, remains unknown. Perhaps at least partly owing to this absence, the mill’s interpretive signage provides an unfortunate univocal historical interpretation of the site and lacking in both acknowledgement and understanding of the experiences of the enslaved laborers who lived at Margarita. This thesis research uses archaeological reconnaissance survey and historical research in an attempt to locate the slave quarters in order to shed light on the power structures that existed between planter and enslaved laborer at Margarita. Shovel tests on state, county, and private land surrounding the mill identified two new archaeological sites, including possible remnants of an additional plantation structure, and ruled out for several locations as the site of the former slave quarters. Historical research uncovered additional information about the names of the enslaved laborers and provided more insight into their experiences on the plantation. This work culminates with suggestions for updated State Park interpretive signage, and suggestions for future work.

The aim of the dissertation is to create the clear directions for setting up of the business plan and to create also the real business plan of the short rotation energy plantation. The dissertation consists of two main parts. The theoretical part describes the structure of the business plan and the principles for setup, the application part contains the real business plan of the planting short rotation coppices, which could be used both as a decision tool for realization of this project in practice and as the documentation for an application for a bank loan. The business plan mentions the market opportunity, the description of the woody species, the technology of founding, growing and harvesting of the plantation, the financial plan, SWOT analysis and possible risks with suggestions for solutions.

This work demonstrates the connections that exist in rhetoric and planning between the Irish plantation projects in the Ards, Munster , Ulster and the Jamestown colony in Virginia . The planners of these projects focused on the creation of internal stability rather than the mission to 'civilize' the natives. The continuity between these projects is examined on several points: the rhetoric the English used to describe the native peoples and the lands to be colonized, who initiated each project, funding and financial terms, the manner of establishing title, the manner of granting the lands to settlers, and the status the natives were expected to hold in the plantation. Comparison of these points highlights the early English colonial idea and the variance between rhetoric and planning.

In 1824 a young Virginia aristocrat named Richard Thompson Archer migrated to Mississippi. Joining in the boom years of expansion in the Magnolia State in the 1830s, Archer built a vast cotton empire. He and his wife, Ann Barnes, raised a large family at Anchuca, their home plantation in Claiborne County, Mississippi. From there Richard Archer ruled a domain that included more than 500 slaves and 13,000 acres of land. On the eve of the Civil War he was one of the wealthiest men in the South. This work examines the life of Richard Archer from his origins in Amelia County, Virginia, to his death in Mississippi in 1867. It takes as its thesis the theme of Archer's life: his burdens as proprietor of a vast cotton empire and as father figure and provider for a large extended family. This theme weaves together the strands of Archer's life, including his rise to the position of great planter, his duties as husband and father, and his political beliefs and activities. Archer's story is told against the background of the history of Mississippi and of the South, from their antebellum heyday, through the Civil War, and into the early years of Reconstruction. Archer was an aristocrat but also a businessman, a paternalist but also a capitalist. He enjoyed his immense wealth and the power of his position, but he maintained a heavy sense of the responsibilities that accompanied that wealth and power. Archer pursued his business and his family interests with unyielding tenacity. To provide for the well- being and security of his large extended family and of his slaves was his life's mission. Although the Civil War destroyed much of Archer's empire and left him in a much reduced financial state, his family survived the war and Reconstruction with several of their plantations intact and with their social position preserved.

This dissertation presents an account of fugitivity in poetic form as well as political practice. In this account, fugitivity is an ecological strategy of resistance to enslavement, where ecology describes both the set of relations orchestrated between words on a page and the set of relations between species, including humans, on the plantation. In order to understand fugitivity as an ecological strategy, I examine the mutual imbrication of nascent theories of race and ecology in the long nineteenth century. I thus present two competing theories of race and ecology, each of which carries distinct poetic implications. The first, plantation poetics, is evident in poems written on and about plantations in the second half of the eighteenth-century. These poems, in their rigid poetic structures, reinforce the racial and ecological logics of the plantation, in which hierarchical relations between and within species are inherited from early natural histories, and are used to support both slavery and the monocultural cultivation of the plantation. In contrast to this system, I present a fugitive poetics that, sharing the theory of race and ecology as intertwined systems, turns that theory against the ends of the plantation and toward a poetics premised on shifting, porous relations, rather than hierarchies and containment. In so doing, I link fugitivity to a set of formal strategies that were fully operative in nineteenth-century poetics, ecological thought, and political resistance, and that remain relevant for political, ecological, and poetic thought to this day. Though this project follows a chronological trajectory, its aim is not to present a history of political resistance in the plantation era, nor even a history of poetic form in the nineteenth-century. Instead, it undertakes a strategic analysis of poetic form as necessarily linked to political resistance and to the long history of environmental racism. The first chapter establishes the colonialist poetic tradition I call plantation poetics, tied to maintenance of the ecological enclosure of the plantation. In the work of James Grainger, John Singleton, and Edward Rushton, I argue that the poetic line came to stand in for both the lines of the plantation and the delineation of racial hierarchy so yoked to the natural histories of the eighteenth century. The chapters that follow offer several different models of fugitive poetics, in the work of George Moses Horton and the editors of Freedom’s Journal, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Emily Dickinson, and Albery Allson Whitman. While each of these writers engages with ecology and political domination differently, all of them combine political and ecological investments to create a poetic project that resists the plantation poetics of colonization. The distinct strategies employed by each writer teach us what poetic strategies, and what fugitive practices, are best suited to our current moment of ecological and political crisis.

In the final quarter of the 18th century, a planter's dwelling overlooking the Caribbean Sea at Little Bay on the northwest coast of Montserrat in the British Leeward Islands was destroyed by fire and never reoccupied. Archaeological excavations in 2010 and 2011 yielded fragments of personal adornment, dress, household furnishings, and the house containing them providing an intimate portrait of an anonymous white male and his domestic arrangements. We do not know much about the planter class, though its members were central to the structure of 18th-century West Indian society. I use this rich archaeological data alongside archival, pictorial, and comparative analyses to particularize a West Indian planter and investigate the construction of colonial Creole identity. Evidence from archaeological, architectural, and ethnographic sources allow a reconstruction of the plantation house as a single-pile, three-cell plan, wood-frame structure with a raised masonry foundation and front gallery. This form, adapted to the Caribbean environment, altered English understanding and use of private and public spaces. Through archival research, I linked Little Bay to the Piper family, documenting its transfer through generations of unmarried male relatives. At the time of the fire the inhabitant was a Montserratian born, third-generation white male of English descent, meaning a white Creole. Ceramic gaming disks and glass beads identical to examples found in enslaved contexts indicate a household comprised of domestic slaves and planter. The head of household was a wealthy male versed in 18th-century British aesthetics as shown by a fob seal, coat buttons, and flintlock pistol. Punch bowls, glassware, tea and tableware reflect refined British cultural sensibilities, but as first-person travelogues recount, such goods were redeployed in distinctive colonial form with Creole open-door sociability and shared domesticity with household enslaved. Taken together, the finds demonstrate how this colonial Creole used English material goods to craft a distinctive form of white masculine identity within the West Indian planter class. In this world of mixed classes, races, and heritages, such formulations required choices. My research highlights how British objects and local practice combined to create new meanings for plantation society in Montserrat and the West Indies.

No description available.