京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21312号 / 農博第2297号 / 新制||農||1065(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5146(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 北山 兼弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The cultural landscape report (CLR) is a document commissioned by historic sites for the purpose of confirming an historic landscape’s significance and integrity, assessing its defining characteristics, evaluating the condition of its features, and recommending present and future landscape treatments. In this study of six publicly owned historic home grounds in the Deep South, the contents and format of the respective CLR’s are reviewed and site directors interviewed to determine their use of the CLR for their sites. While CLR’s are valuable especially to support bids for funding and other appropriations, directors indicate needs not readily met by their respective CLR’s, such as cost and phasing of treatment plans; means of balancing visitor expectations, environmental sensitivity, and historical preservation; and treatment recommendations that realistically consider site resources.

Family forests comprise a significant portion of total forest lands in the southern United States and their owners frequently have multiple, competing objectives. This research evaluated the effectiveness of functional zoning based on site index on forest sizes relevant to family forest owners. A total of fifty family forests were randomly selected from counties in the East Texas Pineywoods region. Timber production and quail habitat were used as proxies for competing objectives. It was found that 80% of family forest parcels had sufficient site index heterogeneity to benefit from functional zoning. For forest parcels that could benefit from functional zoning, the benefit in terms of increased land expectation value was not found to be dependent on parcel size. At a 5% discount rate, the average benefit of land expectation value (LEV) was $15.61 per acre. This zoning approach provides multiple objectives while minimizing the economic impact of the non-revenue objectives.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis will trace the major developments in the field of health education in the public schools or the Territory of Hawaii from the beginnings made in 1009 to the present time. Some attention will be paid to developments on the Islands or Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai; but the greater emphasis will be placed on the work done on the Island of Oahu. The public schools of the Territory of Hawaii are at present carrying on an extensive health program. The special health class work seems to be receiving more attention in the non-English standard schools. The need is more pronounced in these schools than in the English standard schools, and this, no doubt, accounts for the greater degree of interest shown. Perhaps the greatest progress has been made in some of the plantation schools. While these schools are a part of the public school system, they are also an integral part of the plantation community. In many instances, the entire school population of a plantation school is made up entirely of children whose parents work on the plantation. The officials on the plantation are vitally interested in the welfare of their workers and their families, and they are eager to do all that is possible to improve health conditions. This study is based on information obtained on several trips to Hawaii. It includes observations, made over a period of more than three years and experiences as an exchange teacher in a health class at Ewa, Oahu.

<p>  </p> <p><em>Santalum</em> spp., known globally as sandalwood, are highly sought after for their aromatic oil-rich heartwood and have been exploited throughout their range. Six of the 19 <em>Santalum</em> species are endemic to the main Hawaiian Islands, where they are known locally as ʻiliahi. Excessive harvesting led to the extirpation of Hawaiian sandalwood from 90% of its historic range by 1840. There is limited peer-reviewed literature concerning the propagation of Hawaiian sandalwood, and methods developed for other non-Hawaiian species cannot be directly adopted due to differences in sandalwood species physiology, available host species, and growing environment. This, combined with increased interest in growing Hawaiian sandalwood, prompts the need for the development of propagation protocols based on empirical research. The primary knowledge gaps in propagation include best practices for producing high-quality seedlings in the nursery (e.g., fertilizers and hosts) and silvicultural practices for maximizing outplanting survival and growth. The Hawaii Island endemic <em>Santalum paniculatum</em> has the largest remnant population and distribution and high commercial value, making it an ideal species to focus our study on. We conducted two experiments to evaluate the response of <em>S. paniculatum</em> seedlings to propagation methods employed with Australian and Indian sandalwood, although with species of hosts native to Hawaii. The first experiment was a nursery growth trial that evaluated the quality of <em>S. paniculatum </em>seedlings in response to nutrient availability (controlled-release fertilization, control), chelated iron fertilizer (applied, control), and species of pot host (<em>Acacia koa</em>, <em>Dodonaea viscosa</em>, control). The quality of seedlings was determined by measurements of height, root collar diameter, dry mass, root shoot ratio, chlorophyll index, and nutrient status (N & Fe concentration). Nutrient availability had the greatest impact on seedling quality and increased height, root collar diameter, dry mass, chlorophyll index, and nutrient status. Chelated iron fertilizer effectively improved seedling quality (height, collar, dry mass, chlorophyll content, and Fe concentration) in a nutrient-limiting environment, although a nutrient-rich environment diminished its effect with sufficient iron levels. The host species treatment had the least influence on seedling quality and only influenced haustoria formation by causing more haustoria in <em>A. koa</em>-paired compared to <em>D. viscosa</em>-paired and control seedlings. Although the pot host had the lowest effect on seedling quality during nursery propagation, it provided benefits in the field planting phase of the project.</p> <p>The second experiment of the project assessed the survival and performance of field-planted <em>S. paniculatum</em> in response to (1) nursery fertilization, (2) an <em>A. koa</em> pot host, and (3) an <em>A. koa </em>field host. Nursery fertilization had the greatest effect on performance and enhanced survival, height, height growth, collar, collar growth. The survival rate of unfertilized seedlings was 43.3% (± 5.9) compared to 86.9% (± 4.2) for fertilized seedlings. The pot host improved height, height growth, collar, collar growth of seedlings, but it did not influence survival. The intermediate field host significantly improved survival from 52.7% (± 7.8) to 78.0% (± 5.6) and only affected the height measurements and not the collar. There was a significant interaction between the field host and nursery fertilizer treatment associated with the fertilized seedlings planted with field hosts having lower water potential than the fertilized seedling planted without a field host. Our results demonstrated that supplemental nursery nutrition, pot hosts, and intermediate <em>A. koa </em>field hosts benefited <em>S. paniculatum</em> regeneration establishment in different ways. Furthermore, the effect of the hosting treatments may become more pronounced in the field over time as more haustoria connections are formed. This research project provides essential baseline information that helps to enhance the current methodology and inform future decision-making concerning the propagation of <em>S. paniculatum </em>and other Hawaiian <em>Santalum</em> species. </p>

This study was designed to investigate the relationships between spectral properties of cottonwood plantations and defoliation by the cottonwood leaf beetle (CLB), Chrysomela scripta F., as well as to develop and analyze the spatial structure of CLB and associated defoliation using geospatial information technology. Multispectral imagery data from airborne platforms were acquired using three remote sensing systems: (1) GeoVantage remote sensing system with 450 nm, 550 nm, 650 nm and 850 nm wavelengths; (2) RDACS (real time digital airborne camera system) with 540 nm, 675 nm, 695 nm and 840 nm wavelengths; and (3) Kodak DCS420 digital camera with the 500-810 nm wavelengths (red, green and near infrared). In addition, multispectral and hyperspectral radiometric data were collected using spectroradiometer. Analyzing reflectance values for simulated CLB defoliation indicated that the 0% and 25% defoliation could be differentiated from the 75% defoliation in the near infrared (NIR). Utilizing normalized difference vegetation index and a simple vegetation index, 0% and 25% defoliation could also be separated from 50% and 75% defoliation. Reflectance values for natural defoliation by CLB and various ground covers indicated that NIR was the best indicator for distinguishing different ground cover types. Heavy feeding by CLB could be detected but light or no feeding could not be discriminated from each other using these systems mentioned above. Spectral spatial analysis of a first year rising cottonwood plantation indicated that a wave (hole-effect) variogram model could be used to describe the spatial structure at omnidirection. Within the 1.90 - 2.48 m range, there is a significant spatial autocorrelation of reflectance. Spatial structure of adult and larval populations indicated that spatial dependence varied among dates and directions. Spherical and Gaussian functions provided the best statistical fit for CLB adult and larval spatial distributions, which were aggregated. The signature analysis for hyperspectral data indicated that when comparing the 0% defoliation to the 25, 50 and 75% defoliation, maximum reflectance differences were found near 294 nm in the ultraviolet, 550 nm in the visible spectrum and 764 nm in the near infrared spectrum. The highest reflectance sensitivity occurred between 528-557 nm in the visible spectrum. High sensitivities were also found between 730-740 nm and 930-940 nm in the infrared spectrum. Bands from 892-894 nm were best for separating various defoliation levels. This study has first demonstrated the application of remote sensing combined with GPS and geostatistics to CLB defoliation of cottonwood. The defoliation level of cottonwood can be detected and assessed using different remote sensing systems. Spatial models can be used to map CLB population densities and defoliation rates in landscapes. These maps can be used for site specific CLB management.

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This dissertation focuses on the human experience during enslavement in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico, one of the last three localities to outlaw the institution of slavery in the Americas. It reviews the history of slavery and the plantation economy in the Caribbean and how the different European regimes regulated slavery in the region. It also provides a literature review on archaeological research carried out in plantation contexts throughout the Caribbean and their findings. The case study for this investigation was Hacienda La Esperanza, a nineteenth-century sugar plantation in the municipality of Manatí, on the north coast of the island. The history of the Manatí Region is also presented. La Esperanza housed one of the largest enslaved populations in Puerto Rico as documented by the slave census of 1870 which registered 152 slaves. The examination of the plantation was accomplished through the implementation of an interdisciplinary approach that combined archival research, field archaeology, anthropological interpretations of ‘material culture’, and geochemical analyses (phosphates, magnetic susceptibility, and organic matter content as determined by loss on ignition). Historical documents were referenced to obtain information on the inhabitants of the site as well as to learn how they handled the path to abolition. Archaeological fieldwork focused on controlled excavations on four different loci on the site. The assemblages recovered during three field seasons of archaeological excavations served to examine the material culture of the enslaved and to document some of their unwritten experiences. The study of the material culture of Hacienda La Esperanza was conducted through the application of John C. Barrett’s understanding of Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration, Douglas Armstrong’s cultural transformation model, and Paul R. Mullins’ notions of consumerism and identity. Research results showed that the enslaved individuals of Hacienda La Esperanza were active yet highly restricted participants and consumers of the local market economy. Their limited market participation is evidence of their successful efforts to exert their agency and bypass the administration’s control. As such, this dissertation demonstrates that material life, even under enslavement, provides a record of agency and resistance. The discussion also addressed the topics of social stratification and identity. / Anthropology