Davantage que leurs aînés classiques ou néoclassiques, les auteurs romantiques sont hantés par la question du corps qui pose en creux celle du plaisir sexuel de la femme. Loin d’être un mouvement angélique et désincarné, le romantisme est en effet tiraillé par la matérialité des sens autant que par l’idéalité, se posant ainsi en héritier de Sade au même titre que de Rousseau. Les écrivains romantiques ne sont d’ailleurs pas les seuls à montrer un intérêt croissant pour la jouissance féminine : entre la fin de la Restauration jusqu’à la Révolution de 1848, les médecins tentent eux aussi d’éclaircir ce mystère et de le réguler. Mais, pour ce faire, ils reprennent à leur compte les théories misogynes des pires exégètes de la Bible et ils justifient ainsi, d’une manière prétendument scientifique, les lois inégalitaires du Code civil qui maintiennent la femme en position d’esclave juridique et de mineure sexuelle. Les auteurs romantiques ont-ils été influencés par ce contexte antiféministe ou sont-ils parvenus à proposer d’autres modèles ? Cette thèse explore l’ambivalence d’un mouvement qui réhabilite la chair au nom d’un plaisir supérieur au devoir mais qui véhicule en même temps tout un système de représentation machiste qui ne cesse de faire l’apologie du corps féminin outragé. À la même époque, des voix bien plus marginales se font entendre, notamment chez certaines saint-simoniennes qui n’hésitent pas à faire – bien avant la révolution sexuelle – l’apologie de « l’amour libre ». Le thème, socialement inconvenant, déchaîne malgré tout les passions, surtout chez les femmes auteurs qui craignent que cette question embarrassante ne nuise à des revendications qu’elles souhaiteraient plus « sociales ». / More than their classical and neo-classical predecessors, Romantic authors are obsessed with the question of the body which implicitly matches the subject of women’s sexual pleasure. Far from being an angelic and disembodied movement, Romanticism is indeed torn between the materiality of the senses and the question of ideality, arising from Sade’s as well as also Rousseau’s works. Besides, Romantic writers are not the only ones to show a growing interest in female enjoyment: between the end of the Bourbon Restoration and the 1848 Revolution, doctors tried to solve that mystery and regulate it. But, to do so, they endorsed misogynistic theories of the most extreme exegetes from the Bible and justified at the same time, from a so-called scientific point of view, the unequal laws of the French Civil Code which legally kept women in the position of subordinate sexual slaves. Were Romantic authors influenced by this anti-feminist background or did they manage to offer other ways of thinking? This dissertation explores the ambivalence of a movement which redeems the flesh in the name of a pleasure superior to duty but also conveys a chauvinistic set of representation condoning the violated female’s body. At that time, the echo of marginal voices arose, in particular among some Saint-Simonian women who did not hesitate to praise “free love”, way before the sexual revolution. The topic, a socially inappropriate one, aroused fierce passions among activists and even within the Romantic Movement.

[pt] O processo de envelhecimento populacional deu início a diversos questionamentos sobre a qualidade de vida dos idosos, a capacidade do mercado de trabalho absorver essas pessoas e a idade da aposentadoria. Nesse contexto de mudanças, as principais empresas de consultoria e auditoria denominadas Big Four obrigam seus sócios a se aposentar por volta dos sessenta anos, o que nem sempre atende aos anseios desses profissionais. Este estudo buscou entender os aspectos de prazer e sofrimento de ex-sócios dessas empresas frente à sua carreira e a sua atual vivência de aposentadoria. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados sete ex-sócios de três das quatro empresas Big Four, todos residentes no Rio de Janeiro. O resultado indica que tanto os prazeres quanto os sofrimentos vividos no dia-a-dia profissional são ressignificados, ao serem lembrados pelos entrevistados, atualmente aposentados. No que diz respeito à trajetória profissional pregressa, o principal sofrimento relatado refere-se ao pouco tempo dedicado à vida familiar. Já o prazer estava associado ao fato de terem atingindo suas metas e terem contribuído para a empresa. No que diz respeito à experiência de aposentadoria, o prazer está em fazer aquilo que não se pôde dedicar ao longo da carreira, como o convívio com a família e viagens, além da sensação de dever profissional cumprido e da perspectiva de criar novos desafios e nunca parar de trabalhar. Os sofrimentos nessa fase estão muitas vezes associados a questões que os entrevistados esperaram para aproveitar somente em sua aposentadoria, mas que devido a acasos da vida, não estão conseguindo. / [en] The process of population aging has initiated several questions about the quality of life of the elderly, the capacity of the labor market to absorb these people and the age of retirement. In this context of change, the major consulting and auditing firms called the Big Four compel their members to retire in their sixties, which does not always meet the expectations of these professionals. This study seeks to understand the aspects of pleasure and suffering of former members of these companies, in front of their career and how these experiences influenced the perception of these in front of their retirement. This is a qualitative survey in which 7 former members of three of the four companies located in Rio de Janeiro were interviewed. The result indicates that both the pleasures and the sufferings lived in the professional day-to-day are re-signified, when reminded by the interviewees, currently retired. The main suffering reported, referring to the previous professional trajectory, it is linked to the little time dedicated to family life. Pleasure is associated with the fact that they have reached their goals and contributed to the company. Concerning the retirement experience, the pleasure is in doing what they could not dedicate in the course of their career, such as living with family and travel, as well as the sense of professional duty fulfilled and the perspective of creating new challenges and never stopping in working. The sufferings at this stage are often associated with issues that the respondents waited to enjoy only in their retirement, but due to the accidents of life, they can t achieve.

Although much research has been conducted on the association between poverty and happiness, little is known about its mediators and moderators. Thus, our understanding of how – and the conditions under which -- poverty affects happiness is imprecise. This study assessed stress as a mediator of the negative association between poverty and happiness using a sample of 345 farmers and fish farmers living in Ghana. Further, Psychological Capital (PsyCap, consisting of hope, optimism, resilience, and self-confidence) was examined as a two-stage moderator of the poverty-happiness relationship, as mediated by stress. There was no support for the stage 1 moderation, and while there was support for stage 2 moderation, it was in a direction opposite from what was hypothesized (for overall PsyCap and PsyCapF2). The negative moderation at stage 2 suggests that PsyCap (overall and PsyCap2) is associated with a weakening of an unexpected positive association between stress and happiness. PsyCapF2, appears to reflect agency or general self-efficacy. Although the hypothesized model was not supported this study has provided insights into how future research of Ghanaians might be better designed. It also has shown that the positive PsyCap-happiness relationship found in several Western samples is replicable among Ghanaian farmers, a collectivist and highly religious community. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Syftet med denna studie var att få en djupare förståelse för hur vuxna kvinnor som har sex med män navigerar i spänningsfältet mellan njutning och obehag i sina sexuella möten. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats med inspiration från fenomenologin. Studien består av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med ett livsvärldsperspektiv. Fokus har legat på intervjupersonernas beskrivna upplevelser och tolkningar av sexuella möten som sedan analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Tidigare forskning visar att kulturella, kontextuella och relationella faktorer spelar roll för kvinnors sexuella upplevelser, vilket även visade sig i denna studie. Resultatet mynnande ut i två övergripande teman: trygga relationella kontexter och otrygga relationella kontexter med tillhörande underrubriker. Teoretiska verktyg som använts för att begripliggöra intervjupersonernas upplevelser är Scriptteorin, Simone De Beauvoirs förståelse av bland annat begreppen Transcendensen och Immanensen samt betydelsen av Jean-Paul Sartres begrepp Blicken, utvecklad av Stack och Plant (1982). Kvinnors sociala roll som Beauvoir (2002) beskriver som det andra könet visade sig ha stor påverkan på intervjupersonerna sexuella upplevelser och vilket handlingsutrymme de upplevde sig ha i sexuella möten med män. Den underordning som kommer med den kvinnliga sociala rollen har i otrygga sexuella kontexter bidragit till en känsla av att bli objektifierad. Upplevelser av att inte känna sig viktig eller sedd har påverkat de sexuella mötena negativt. Att bli betraktad som ett subjekt skapar i stället positiva upplevelser där tryggheten detta innebär öppnar upp för utforskande och lekfullhet. Studien visar också på en utbredd tystnad kring kvinnlig sexuell njutning vilket några av intervjupersonerna beskriver som problematiskt. Män tycks utifrån sin överordnande roll ha ett stort inflytande över hur sexuella möten gestaltar sig. Mer kunskap kring mäns sexuella livsvärld och deras syn på ömsesidighet och ansvar känns angeläget, därav vikten av att forska vidare på ämnet. / The aim of this study was to get a deeper understanding of women’s experience of pleasure and displeasure when having sex with men. This study was conducted with a qualitative method with inspiration from a phenomenological approach. The study consists of eight semi-structured interviews with a lifeworld perspective. The focus has been on the participants described experiences and interpretations of sexual encounters, which has been analysed with a thematic analysis. Previous research shows that cultural, contextual, and relational factors matter för women’s sexual experiences, which also has been shown in this study. The result culminated in two overall themes: Safe relational contexts and unsafe relational contexts, with respectively sub-heading for more specific contexts. The theoretical tools that have been used to analyse the participants descriptions are Scripting Theory, Simone De Beauvoir’s understanding of Transcendence and Immanence among other concepts and Jean-Paul Sartre’s concept of the Look, progressed by Stack and Plant (1982). In summery the interviews showed that Women’s social role as Beauvoir (2002) describes as the second sex turns out to have a major impact on the participants sexual experiences and the room of action that they sense they have in sexual encounters with men. The subordination that comes with the social role as a woman in unsafe relational contexts contributed to experiences of feeling objectified, not seen or not important which was negative for the sexual experience. To be regarded as a subject is portrayed as something positive where safety opens for exploration and playfulness. The study shows that there is an extensive silence around female sexual pleasure which some of the participants described as problematic. Men has a significant impact on how sexual encounters unfolds due to the superior social role. More knowledge on men’s sexual lifeworld’s and their view on reciprocity and feelings of responsibility is therefore important research going forward.

The 18th century witnessed a significant evolution of national identities across the European continent. In Great Britain, this process encountered challenges in reconciling three distinct regional identities: Scotland, Ireland, and England retained separate identities characterized by distinct customs, histories, and traditions. Consequently, efforts to cultivate a shared sense of Britishness turned to the English periodical press. The increasing readership of newspapers played a pivotal role in defining a cohesive British national identity. This thesis examines the emergence of Britishness within a specific monthly periodical, the Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure (1747-1814). As implied by its title, the Universal Magazine sought to cover a diverse array of topics in its articles, making its contribution to fostering a sense of national unity indispensable. In line with the notion of a gradual emergence of national identity in Great Britain, this thesis investigates the role of print culture in shaping Britishness. Emphasizing themes concerning the relationship between Great Britain and other national identities, including internal divisions within the British Isles, the study explores how cultural and political developments influenced conceptions of British identity and national and international politics. Thus, the thesis aligns with the concept of a national identity forged in response to 18th-century events in Europe and North America. Using the Universal Magazine as a primary source, this study analyzes a selection of articles relevant to the aforementioned themes. This selection was curated following a preliminary process of cataloguing and indexing all articles published in the magazine during its existence (1747-1814), given the absence of prior studies on this specific periodical. Ultimately, the thesis aims to provide insights into the themes and political inclinations of the Universal Magazine. In line with the perspectives of scholars such as L. Colley and B. Anderson, who advocate for the national press as a unifying force, this thesis offers a conceptual framework for understanding the connections between Great Britain and continental Enlightenment culture. It demonstrates how this intersection influenced the formation of Britishness. / Il XVIII secolo vide una significativa evoluzione delle identità nazionali in tutto il continente europeo. In ambito britannico, questo processo ha dovuto scontrarsi con l’esistenza tre distinte identità regionali: Scozia, Irlanda e Inghilterra hanno mantenuto una propria unicità culturale, caratterizzata da miti storici, credenze e percorsi religioso-culturali distinti. Di conseguenza, gli sforzi per coltivare un senso condiviso di britannicità si sono rivolti alla stampa periodica inglese, in accordo con la crescente importanza che tale mezzo aveva guadagnato tra la fine del XVII secolo e l’inizio del XVIII. Il crescente numero di lettori dei periodici londinesi ha svolto un ruolo fondamentale nella definizione di un’identità nazionale britannica coesa. Questa tesi esamina l'emergere della Britishness all'interno di uno specifico periodico mensile, lo Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure (1747-1814). Come suggerisce il titolo, lo Universal Magazine ha cercato di trattare nei suoi articoli una vasta gamma di argomenti, rendendo indispensabile il suo contributo alla promozione di un senso di unità nazionale. In linea con l’idea dell’emergere graduale di un’identità nazionale in Gran Bretagna, questa tesi vuole indagare il ruolo della cultura della stampa nel plasmare la Britishness. Esaminando gli articoli riguardanti il rapporto tra la Gran Bretagna e altre identità nazionali, comprese le identità regionali di Scozia, Irlanda e Inghilterra, lo studio esplora come gli sviluppi culturali e politici del lungo Settecento abbiano influenzato le concezioni dell'identità britannica e della politica nazionale e internazionale. Pertanto, la tesi ricerca il concetto di identità nazionale come forgiata in risposta agli eventi del XVIII secolo in Europa e Nord America. Utilizzando lo Universal Magazine come fonte primaria, questo studio analizza una selezione di articoli pertinenti ai temi sopra menzionati. Questa selezione è stata curata a seguito di un processo di catalogazione e indicizzazione di tutti gli articoli pubblicati sulla rivista nel corso della sua esistenza (1747-1814), data l'assenza di studi su questo specifico periodico. Di conseguenza, la tesi si propone di fornire approfondimenti sui temi e sulle inclinazioni politiche dello Universal Magazine. In linea con le prospettive di studiosi come L. Colley e B. Anderson, che sostengono la stampa nazionale come fattore culturalmente unificante, questa tesi offre un quadro concettuale per comprendere le connessioni tra la Gran Bretagna e la cultura illuminista continentale, dimostrando come questa intersezione abbia influenzato la formazione della britannicità. / Im 18. Jahrhundert kam es auf dem gesamten europäischen Kontinent zu einer bedeutenden Entwicklung nationaler Identitäten. In Großbritannien stieß dieser Prozess auf die Herausforderung, drei unterschiedliche regionale Identitäten in Einklang zu bringen: Schottland, Irland und England behielten getrennte Identitäten bei, die durch unterschiedliche Bräuche, Geschichten und Traditionen gekennzeichnet waren. Folglich wandten sich die Bemühungen, ein gemeinsames Gefühl der britischen Identität zu kultivieren, der englischen Zeitschriftenpresse zu. Die zunehmende Leserschaft von Zeitungen spielte eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Definition einer kohärenten britischen Nationalidentität. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Entstehung des Britentums innerhalb einer bestimmten Monatszeitschrift, dem Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure (1747-1814). Wie der Titel schon andeutet, wollte das Universal Magazine in seinen Artikeln ein vielfältiges Themenspektrum abdecken und leistete damit einen unverzichtbaren Beitrag zur Förderung des Gefühls der nationalen Einheit. Im Einklang mit der Vorstellung einer allmählichen Entstehung nationaler Identität in Großbritannien untersucht diese Arbeit die Rolle der Druckkultur bei der Gestaltung des Britentums. Die Studie konzentriert sich auf Themen im Zusammenhang mit der Beziehung zwischen Großbritannien und anderen nationalen Identitäten, einschließlich interner Spaltungen innerhalb der britischen Inseln, und untersucht, wie kulturelle und politische Entwicklungen die Vorstellungen von britischer Identität sowie nationaler und internationaler Politik beeinflussten. Somit steht die These im Einklang mit dem Konzept einer nationalen Identität, die als Reaktion auf die Ereignisse des 18. Jahrhunderts in Europa und Nordamerika geschaffen wurde. Unter Verwendung des Universal Magazine als Primärquelle analysiert diese Studie eine Auswahl von Artikeln, die für die oben genannten Themen relevant sind. Diese Auswahl wurde nach einem vorläufigen Prozess der Katalogisierung und Indexierung aller in der Zeitschrift während ihres Bestehens (1747-1814) veröffentlichten Artikel zusammengestellt, da keine früheren Studien zu dieser speziellen Zeitschrift vorliegen. Letztlich soll die Arbeit Einblicke in die Themen und politischen Ausrichtungen des Universal Magazine geben. Im Einklang mit den Perspektiven von Wissenschaftlern wie L. Colley und B. Anderson, die sich für die nationale Presse als vereinende Kraft einsetzen, bietet diese Arbeit einen konzeptionellen Rahmen für das Verständnis der Verbindungen zwischen Großbritannien und der kontinentalen Aufklärungskultur. Es zeigt, wie diese Schnittstelle die Entstehung des Britischen Wesens beeinflusste.

Human sexuality has been overrun with narratives that limit the possibilities of pleasure. Sex-positive workers have the potential to challenge the ways in which these limitations become embodied. In this research I explore narratives of sex education and youth, pleasure as prevention, and the medicalization of sexuality. I engage in collective biography as a way to identify how these narratives shape the way bodies and pleasure get taken up in specific places. Drawing from poststructural feminist theory I propose three ways of reconceptualizing bodies and pleasure as emergent sites of change and potential. Through an analysis of the experiences of sex-positive service workers in Canada, I consider what else, and for whom, bodies, pleasure, and sex education might look like. / Graduate / 0680 0733 0573 / yorkchender@gmail.com

從「迷樓」的敘事研究可投射出「享樂」與「匠藝」的兩大圖像。本論文的論述分成兩個層次，一個層次從唐宋期間各種不同類型的文本和文體來探討「迷樓」典故中的欲望與當時的話語現象的關係，涵蓋唐宋時二元對立的一系列價值如節制／放縱、儉／奢、自然／人工。另一個層次則是以「迷樓」的欲望與技術，來比擬文學創作意識中的欲望與技巧的問題，後者觸及詩學中的自然風格與人工技術或「工巧」之間的辯證關係。 迷樓不見於任何官方正史及私家撰述的史籍，它主要見於詩、詞、賦、小說逸史、方志和筆記或札記。根據方志，揚州被認為位於揚州，但在文學作品中，卻有迷樓位在揚州、長安、洛陽之說，本文認為，從唐宋詩詞的空間意象來看，迷樓其實更近於一種散佈於汴淮流域的想像空間，顯見「迷樓」有傳聞異辭的性質。雖然這篇論文有探究方志與文學文本中迷樓地點所在的問題，然而目的並非志在斷定迷樓「實體」存在與否、或存在於何處，而是在提供一種背景來理解唐宋時期人們對迷樓所在的認同差異與相關的空間敘述。 根據小說《迷樓記》的敘述，迷樓是煬帝所建的一座結構宛若迷宮的宮殿，它也是一個承載「極樂」想像的空間。「極樂」在宋代的養身論與主張節制的話語之中是需被抑制的一種禁忌。故此，有關「迷樓」中的「極樂」敘述是在尋回如同拉康所言的某種早已被排除出去的「愛欲」或原初已經失落的「歡爽」，人們對這種「極樂」的境界充滿想像，對於「極樂」的渴求威脅著主體賴以生存的經濟制度與權力體制乃至耗竭個人的身體。在此也參考巴塔耶的色情史理論，來說明主體也會渴求某種迷失自我的欲望。本文也將隋煬帝在迷樓內「浪費的技術」（即同時耗損自身精氣、浪費「發明」的技能、揮霍國家的財富）也延伸到詩學裡詩歌藝術裡一種創作技術上的魅力，來回扣宇文所安《迷樓：詩與欲望的迷宮》中以迷樓作為論述結構的「比擬」。本文也試圖以「迷樓」來「比擬」唐宋期間勾連自然與技巧的文學觀念，詩人為此心搖神馳，對文學技巧追求完美的「欲望」，使得欲望從現實空間「逃遁」到文學空間裡來，追求天工般技巧所造的詩境。 中國人傾向於將政權興亡與自然現象互比相連，使得興、亡循環成為必然發生且無可避免的現象，這種對於興亡循環有其必然性的觀念反而削弱了諷喻文學規勸帝王的實質功能。這正是迷樓作為諷喻的典故所盤結的重重矛盾與衝突之所在。意識到「諷喻」在啟悟他人功能上的侷限，詩歌作為高度創作與獨立自足的藝術性質更受重視，如唐宋詩學中有頗多詩話與詩評大量闡述詩歌創作的理想，崇尚以不鑿痕跡的技巧，來達到完美「自然」的詩境。 在唐宋兩代，可以發現在歷史處境的衝擊下，迷樓典故亦有所衍異，並被詩人加以部署以訴說個人的生命情境。唐宋兩代旅人在揚州岸外的長江與運河水道上曲曲折折的移動經驗，這種移動經驗也賦予迷樓遺址特殊的意象，無論是在遠離或接近揚州，蜀岡上的迷樓遺址都被包裹在迂回曲折的路線地圖裡，從迂迴到昇華，迷樓成為想像中登高地點的所在。在有意託諷之下，迷樓的敘事並不純粹只是過往歷史的回顧，同時也是當代歷史的指涉。 除了作為社會性敘事的諷喻功能之外，本論文最後也在兩個層次上回扣宇文所安以迷樓作為文學論述與詩學上的「比擬」：一、迷樓作為個體欲望縷織下與群體相隔離的藝術空間；二、傳聞中迷樓是一座在技術上巧奪天工的宮殿，在詩歌中「迷樓」經常被強調作為一種人工成果，與自然對立。通過這種自然──天工對比的論述，本文也嘗試指出迷樓足可比擬文學裡透過崇尚自然風格征服人工鑿痕的觀念。 / Through the variety of texts and genres from Tang to Sung, the narration of “Milou” had projected the figure of pleasure and exquisite craftwork. The inquisitions of this essay consist of two layers. First, to addresses the relation of the desire and the discursive phenomena at the time of Tang to Sung, especially on the binary aspect of temperance and pleasure, frugality and luxury, nature and craftsmanship. Secondly, to mate the dazzling craftwork of Milou correspondent with the desire and pleasure of the attentive craftwork in literary world, in which the dialectical relation between the Nature and craftsmanship was deeply concerned. Neither the official nor the private historical texts have any record on Milou. However, the allusion and narration of Milou was found in variety of texts including poets, rhapsodies, lyrics, novels, geographical documents and notes. According to the novel “The Tales of Milou”(Milou Ji, 迷樓記), Milou was a labyrinthine palace built by Shui Yang Ti, a space loaded with the imagination of “utmost enjoyment”(Ji Le, 極樂). The utmost enjoyment had been known as a forbidden state in the discourse on regimen, it was also considered as a dangerous force which threatening to the nation. The inquisition of “utmost enjoyment” has been linked to the “technique of waste”, which provoke the exhaustion of the King’s body, and also the waste of accumulative wealth of the kingdom, and brought huge chaos and doom to the dynasty. My argument of the “technique of waste” has extended to the discussion of creative technique involved in literary writing, which had been gaining a lot of attention in late-Tang and Sung, poets were aware of the poor efficacy of “critical allegory” (feng yu諷喻) due to the paradox of flourish and fading which had been seen as nature mechanism, as has been pointed out by Stephen Owen. Poetry had gained its own sovereignty; poetic commentators had discussed the technique of creation enthusiastically and pursued for the perfect poetic scene(境). There are two layers of discussion which closely interrelated with each other: 1. Milou was a symbol of pleasure and crafty achievement, and thus contradictory to the Nature. 2. This essay has further elaborated the relation of the crafty image of Milou with the “clever technique” (巧工) in the poetic notion from Tang to Sung. However, to achieve perfect work for poetry that look like the work of nature(天工), it definitely had to be created through superb technique that can smooth away any crafty traces.

本文以網路性愛為題，旨在探討網愛者自我技術之過程，希望從中勾勒出網愛者如何運用科技與身體在網愛互動中獲得愉悅並產生抵抗。本研究取徑質化研究方法，透過網路參與觀察以及深度訪談蒐集資料，包括各式網愛者發表的網路文本，以及與受訪者接觸過後的訪談資料。 研究發現，第一，網路空間因為既隔離又連結的特質，讓網路世界成為網愛者展演情慾以及形塑情慾自我的管道。第二，網路性愛緊扣著網路性意識的發展，包括網路成為另一建構情慾的社會化場域，出現了新的人際連結型態—具有「陌生人」特質的親密關係，性意識領域在網路上的分殊化。網路性愛同樣也是網愛者與性意識部署爭奪詮釋權的場域，在性代理者的合作下，網愛成為反常的性論述，網愛者透過網愛獲得破除性規範的機會，也在實體世界中小心翼翼的保護在網路世界爭奪而來的自我詮釋空間。第三，網愛權力運作與現實世界的人際關係、身體資源相關連，網愛者藉此轉換為所需的幻想資本，產生愉悅與反思，有機會重新詮釋原本所在的社會位置與身體，最後的倫理主體，是屈從、規訓，也是挪用、挑戰的結果。此外，視訊的興起挑戰原有網愛所需的資本，網愛者從「寫」身體走向「看」身體。第四，肉身的影響仍在，且仍是性意識固著之處，賽伯人是透過科技賦予肉身權力，得以和壓制自我的性意識挑戰協商。在科技與肉身的合作之下，抵抗可分為三部分來談：(1)網愛個體成為積極的性主體(2)在性意識層面有機會打破二元性別的性刻板印象(3)網愛性社群的集體力量興起。

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’alimentaire en tant que discours social du « comment se nourrir » se déployant avec une intensité toute particulière dans l’actuel régime de gouvernement de libéralisme avancé. Elle propose plus spécifiquement de penser cette intensité comme participant d’un investissement de l’alimentaire en tant que lieu privilégié dans la production d’articulations du rapport à soi (relation éthique à soi-même) et d’une citoyenneté comprise en termes d’abord normatifs. Cette productivité est mise en évidence par le biais d’une « exemplification » des ensembles de régularités des discours alimentaires contemporains qui s’avèrent les plus saillants quant à leurs effets de citoyenneté. Le premier de ces ensembles est abordé à travers une analyse de la campagne de réforme des habitudes alimentaires des écoliers britanniques Jamie’s School Dinners, considérée en tant qu’exemple des discours tendant aujourd’hui à faire d’une certaine culture alimentaire un enjeu de citoyenneté culturelle. Je m’intéresse dans un second temps aux dynamiques qui s’opèrent dans Mettez le Québec dans votre assiette!, une campagne sociétale en faveur de l’alimentation locale qui m’apparait exemplaire de la production contemporaine du « manger local » en tant qu’expression de confiance et de patriotisme envers une nation définie par ses terroirs. Finalement, je me tourne vers l’ouvrage In Defense of Food. An Eater’s Manifesto de Michael Pollan en tant qu’exemple de coprésence des deux ensembles de régularités discutés précédemment et d’un troisième (le « nutritionnisme ») que j’analyse en tant que réarticulation du discours de devoir de santé de la science nutritionnelle. Cette thèse se conclut sur une discussion de quelques-uns des effets de cette coprésence et des citoyennetés alimentaires qu’elle informe. Je m’attarde plus spécifiquement à la politique des plaisirs qui traverse ces citoyennetés, une politique se déployant sur le mode de l’anxiété (face à un futur incertain) et selon une logique générationnelle par laquelle les espaces de la nation et de la famille se trouvent simultanément investis. / This dissertation examines food and eating as a social discourse on “what to eat” that unfolds with a remarkable intensity within the current advanced liberal regime of government. More specifically, I propose to conceive of this intensity as participating of an investment of food and eating as a privileged site in the production of articulations of the ethics of the care of the self (ethical self-formation) and of a normative understanding of citizenship. This productivity is put forth by means of an “exemplification” of clusters of regularities in food and eating discourses that appear to be the most prominent in terms of their effects of citizenship. The first of these clusters is explored through an analysis of Jamie’s School Dinners, a campaign for a reform of the British school dinner system that I consider exemplary of discourses that are currently positing (a specific) food culture as an issue of cultural citizenship. I then look at some operations at play in Mettez le Québec dans votre assiette!, a social marketing campaign in favour of local food that, I contend, is exemplary of the contemporary production of “local eating” as an expression of trust and of patriotism toward a nation defined by its terroirs. I finally turn to Michael Pollan’s book In Defense of Food. An Eater’s Manifesto as an example of co-presence of the two clusters of regularities already discussed and a third one (“nutritionism”) that I regard as a rearticulation of the “duty to be well” put forth by nutritional science. This dissertation concludes on an examination of some of the effects of this co-presence and of the food citizenships that it informs. More specifically, I argue that these citizenships are pervaded by a politics of pleasure which works through anxiety (toward an uncertain future) and according to a generational logic which unfolds simultaneously in the space of the nation and in that of the family.

Dans le contexte pastoral évangélique, il est très difficile de s’expliquer qu’un croyant puisse aimer et servir Dieu avec passion pour constater, quelques années plus tard, que la motivation qui le pousse vers Dieu a été étouffée. Bien qu’ils utilisent des termes différents, les entraineurs sportifs posent essentiellement la même question : comment inciter les personnes sous leur charge à fournir un rendement correspondant à leur potentiel. Si la motivation est le moteur du comportement, pour bien des personnes, les émotions en constituent le volant. Il semble que par nature l’humain oriente son comportement vers les émotions agréables et s’éloigne des émotions désagréables. C’est aussi vrai pour le sportif que pour le croyant. Cette étude propose une réflexion interdisciplinaire entre la théologie et la psychologie au sujet du plaisir, de la motivation et de l’action humaine, à la fois dans le sport moderne et dans la spiritualité, qui permette d’aborder notre problématique sous un nouvel éclairage. Les premiers chapitres ont pour objectifs d’identifier la rencontre entre le sport et la spiritualité (chapitre 1), de situer la problématique dans son contexte anthropologique à partir de la compréhension psychologique contemporaine de l’émotion (chapitre 2) et de la motivation (chapitre 3). Les chapitres qui suivent examinent la motivation humaine chez les sportifs à partir de la psychologie du sport (chapitre 4), avant de consulter deux théologiens protestants Jürgen Moltmann du courant libéral et John Piper, évangélique conservateur (chapitre 5) pour introduire la discussion théologique. Bien que la psychologie contemporaine ait été une discipline longtemps figée dans un paradigme darwinien ou humaniste, décriant l’empiètement de la théologie sur sa compréhension de l’humain, le chapitre 6 présente des exemples où une discussion théologique de l’humain, dépourvue de toute validité empirique, peut apporter une vision complémentaire à la psychologie contemporaine et contribuer au bien-être du sportif comme à celui du croyant. Ainsi, la contribution de la psychologie, qui est acceptable à une interprétation évangélique, peut apporter un éclaircissement sur les raisons possibles d’un changement de motivation chez le croyant dans son amour et son service envers Dieu. Le dernier chapitre se veut le prolongement de cette étude dans d’autres domaines, comme les études bibliques et le counseling auprès des croyants et des sportifs et dans le cadre de l’aumônerie militaire. / For a pastor in the Christian Evangelical tradition, it is difficult to explain how a believer, who once loved and served God with passion, finds that a few years later his motivation directed towards God has waned. Though using different terminology, coaches ask essentially the same question concerning some of their athletes. How can they incite those under their supervision to perform in light of their full potential? If motivation is the motor of behaviour, for the majority of people emotions are the steering wheel. People, by nature, tend to steer their behaviour in a direction that reinforces desirable emotions and avoids those that are undesirable. This is true for both athletes and believers. This thesis proposes a reflection on motivation as it relates to two fields of study: theology and psychology. More precisely it looks at the subject of pleasure, motivation, and human action in the areas of modern sport and spirituality, with the intention of shedding new light on our problem. The first few chapters seek to identify the common ground between sport and spirituality (chapter 1), and to situate our problem in its anthropological context by defining the basic concepts of emotion (chapter 2) and motivation (chapter 3) according to modern psychology. The chapters that follow examine motivation from an understanding of sport psychology (chapter 4) before moving on to its counterpart from a theological perspective (chapter 5) by consulting two protestant theologians: Jürgen Moltmann of a liberal persuasion and John Piper, a conservative evangelical. Though contemporary psychology is known as being a discipline fixed in a Darwinian or Humanist paradigm which disassociates from any theological understanding of human beings, chapter 6 presents examples of how a theological discussion, outside of empirical confirmation, may bring a complementary vision to contemporary psychology and contribute to the well being of both athlete and believer. The chapter also proposes how an understanding of psychology, acceptable to an evangelical interpretation, may shed light on the possible changes in motivation a believer may experience in his love and service for God. The last chapter projects the ideas of this study to other fields of interest such as Bible study, the counseling of believers and athletes, and the work of military chaplains.