Undersökningar har visat på ett minskat läsintresse bland barn och unga de senaste åren, samtidigt som samhället kräver en utvecklad läsförmåga. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka vad forskning säger om vilka faktorer som påverkar lågstadieelevers läslust och vilka effekterna är av de metoder som används för att väcka elevers läslust i klassrummet. Denna litteraturstudie består av de två forskningsfrågorna: ”Vad säger forskningen om vilka faktorer som påverkar läslusten i lågstadieklassrum?” och ”Vad säger forskningen om de metoder som används för att väcka lågstadieelevers läslust i klassrummet och om vilka effekter de har?”. För insamling av data gjordes sökningar i databaser, där sökord användes för att hitta forskning relevant för studiens syfte.  Artiklarna som presenteras i studien har analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys, där kodning av data resulterade i fyra teman. Resultatet visar att klassrumsmiljö och elevinflytande är faktorer som påverkar elevers läslust i klassrummet. Av resultatet framgår det även att interaktiv läsning och läsaktiviteter i klassrummet bidrar till ökad motivation bland eleverna. Samtidigt talar forskning för att lärare har ett stort ansvar i att se till elevers olika förutsättningar när de väljer aktiviteter i syfte att utveckla elevers läsning. Betydelsen av lärares inflytande, såsom att vara en förebild och att ta hänsyn till elevers olika förutsättningar, är också något som framkommer av resultaten i denna studie. / Surveys have shown a reduced interest in reading among children and young people in recent years, while society demands a developed reading ability. The purpose of this study was to investigate what research says about what influences the love of reading among primary school students and what the effects are on methods used to increase reading motivation in classrooms. This literature review consists of the two research questions: “What does research say about which factors influence the love of reading in primary classrooms?” and “What does research say about methods used in classrooms to arouse interest in reading among students and about what effects they have?” For data collection, searches were conducted in databases, in which keywords were used to find research relevant to the aim of this study. The articles presented in this study were analyzed through a thematic analysis, where coding of data resulted in four themes. The result shows that the design of the classroom and student influence are factors that affects the reading motivation in the classroom. It is also shown in the results that interactive reading and reading activities in the classroom increases reading motivation among students. The importance of teachers’ influence, such as being a role model and taking students’ different needs into account when choosing activities, is also something that emerges from the results of this study.

Young men and women growing up in Sweden today have to face several difficult issues regarding their sexuality, yet, it is rather unexplored how they navigate through them. Pornography, the focus of this study, is widely used by both young men and women. However, few studies are examining young people’s own narratives of their encounters with pornography. The aim of this study was therefore to explore young women’s experiences of pornography, as well as how they believe pornography affects both themselves and other adolescents in terms of sexuality and sexual experiences. Seven young women between the age of 17-18 were interviewed for this study and their answers were analyzed through thematic analysis. The results showed that the participants experienced a predominately negative effect of pornography on their sexual lives. Due to the participants’ feminist moral values, their pornography consumption caused them strong feelings of shame. Further, they all felt pressured to adopt a supporting role in sex and to perform in line with a pornographic script, thus compromising their opportunity to self-pleasure, ability to consent, and claim of sexual agency. It also became evident how difficult it is to navigate through the conflicting roles within a postfeminist media culture, with regard to feminism, heterosexual gender norms, and the strong ideal of being an “agent” in sex. The results highlight the need for social change rather than individualized responsibility, in the pursuit of every person’s right to sexual integrity and sexual self-determination.

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The vogue for installing dairies, often termed "fancy" or "polite" dairies, within the gardens of wealthy English estates arose during the latter half of the eighteenth century. These polite dairies were functional spaces in which aristocratic women engaged, to varying degrees, in bucolic tasks of skimming milk, churning and molding butter, and preparing creams. As dairy work became a mode of genteel activity, dairies were constructed and renovated in the stylish architectural modes of the day and expanded to serve as spaces of leisure and recreation. Dairies were often lavishly outfitted to create a delicate and clean atmosphere, a fancy yet functional space pleasing to elite tastes. Ornamental dairies were distinctive structures incorporated into the ideologically-laden landscape gardens of the elite. While pleasure dairies have received some scholarly insights, this study is the first to exclusively treat the fashion for pleasure dairies in terms of English culture and attitudes of the era. It explores the cultural iconology of the ornamental pleasure dairy in England and its appropriation into the landscape parks of the elite. Ornamental dairies held significant ideological associations that were heightened and nuanced by their placement within the larger symbolic space of the country estate and its garden park. Their ornate and decorative quality referenced their intentionality of being displayed and viewed. As objects within the English landscape, they were sites to be seen and from which to see"”not only the landscape beyond, but also ideologies about identity, class, gender and morality, key dialogues of eighteenth-century English culture. The dairy emerges as an intriguingly ambiguous space in which morality, innocence and sensuality can be celebrated simultaneously. This thesis explicates three different readings of the English dairy in the eighteenth-century cultural imagination. Dairies were structures whose contradictory fancy/functional nature referenced contemporary attitudes about the acceptable balance between industry and idleness among the gentility. The ornamental dairy was a space whose signification was employed by women to create an acceptable realm for productive yet pleasurable activity to counter stereotypes of idleness and decadence. As structures related to the dialogue of agricultural improvement and productivity when included on estates, these dairies held signification of industry and social beneficence for gentlemen as well. Placed within a class landscape, the virtue of the dairy space came to represent the identity of the aristocracy, as well as England itself. Its class allusions notwithstanding, the dairy remained a highly feminine space. Accepted attitudes about dairy labor created a gendered site whose activities and aesthetics referenced contemporary dialogues about the nature of women"”biologically, emotionally and physically. As such, these dairies and their decorative accoutrements were metaphors for the elite women who worked within. They were social constructions of femininity and the expectations and ideologies regarding women's "natural" roles and reproductive responsibilities as mothers in society. Within a male-produced and governed landscape garden, dairies were venues in which cultural notions of propriety were enforced during a time when the roles of women were demanding reconsideration. However, even the gendered nature of the dairy had its dual significations. The ornamental dairy was a liminal space, a ritual realm that asserted female power and sexuality, as well as ideas of sanctity and chastity. The native femininity and its legacy as an intuitively feminine task also created an exclusive female space that resisted the male gaze, thus creating a dangerous space, an ambiguous space that operated outside the social norms of the time. This mystique of the dairy and its cultish practices was amplified when dairies were placed as independent structures in romantic and idyllic landscape parks. This liminal dairy realm was part of a landscape garden that was equally conflated as a site of liminality and ritual. The idealization and ornamentation of dairies within the garden space enhanced their imaginative distinction and allowed them to become spaces that were both sacred and sexual, pious and pagan. The dairy became an acceptable realm in which to enact varied notions of femininity and sexuality.

This essay investigates the character Rhysand from Sarah J. Maas’ popular Young Adult series A Court of Thorns and Roses through a feminist perspective. Maas’ series has gained popularity since the release of the first novel in 2015, yet there has not been much academic analysis of it. Instead, most analyses of the series have taken place online, on social media websites such as TikTok and Twitter. This essay focuses on Rhysand and aims to investigate how his masculinity, as well as power, is constructed, and how these notions work together in the way he treats the main female character, Feyre. The essay demonstrates that Rhysand’s masculinity leans more towards a traditional kind; that there is a link between power, violence, and pleasure for him; and that he actively enjoys utilizing his traditional masculinity and patriarchal power through objectifying Feyre in multiple ways. Lastly, it emphasizes the effect of Feyre’s narration – how it is through her focalization that Rhysand is characterized, and his masculinity, power, and objectification are mediated.

Recent reports have confirmed that Swedish adolescents read less every year. Because of these reports, Swedish governments have implemented regulations to provide directions and emphasize the importance of reading promotion. However, how much these regulations have affected the curriculum for upper secondary schools in general, and the English syllabus specifically, is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed firstly to analyze the responsibilities of English teachers at upper secondary school regarding reading promotion, and secondly to take a closer look at the practice of reading promotion in the English classroom. This was conducted in a combined-methods study. Firstly, a close reading and analysis of what signals governments and governmental agencies have been sending out regarding reading promotion were carried out, and of how visible these signals are in the curriculum/syllabus. Secondly, a survey was conducted asking EFL teachers in upper secondary school how they look upon their responsibilities in this regard and what they practice in class.  The results show that the curriculum of upper secondary school does not reflect the governments’ emphasis on reading promotion. Some guidelines are provided, but they are vague, and it is unclear if they are part of the English teacher’s responsibility. Despite the lack of emphasis on reading in the curriculum, the survey results show that the participating English teachers believe reading is important and work with reading promotion. However, the respondents stress that more resources for school libraries are needed to improve their work.

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[pt] A dissertação analisa as vivências de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho, bem como as eventuais estratégias defensivas, de um grupo de empregados que foram dispensados de funções gerenciais e permaneceram no emprego, numa empresa do setor de energia. Os dados obtidos nas vinte e sete entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, realizadas com esta finalidade, foram analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo e apontaram que a dispensa da função gerencial potencializou as vivências de sofrimento nestes trabalhadores. A maioria dos relatos de sofrimento se relaciona à perda das experiências de trabalho consideradas prazerosas, vivenciadas durante o exercício da função gerencial. Analogamente, a maioria dos relatos de prazer está associado ao término das experiências de sofrimento atreladas à ocupação de função gerencial. Além disto, a análise dos relatos permitiu que fossem identificadas estratégias defensivas, mobilizadas pelos entrevistados, que foram organizadas em nove categorias, nomeadas pela pesquisadora como: naturalização do ocorrido, desqualificação do processo que levou à dispensa da função gerencial, desqualificação dos gerentes atuais, autoconsolo: podia ser pior, expectativa pela aposentadoria, hesitação diante de novas oportunidades, expectativa por mudança de setor, esquecimento do ocorrido, e minimização da mudança ocorrida. Os resultados alcançados levam a uma reflexão sobre o conceito de carreira associado à cultura da empresa e sobre a importância do exercício da função gerencial neste contexto. / [en] The study analyzes the experiences of pleasure and suffering in the work, as well as the eventual defensive strategies, of a group of employees who were dismissed from managerial positions and remained working at an energy company. Data collected in the twenty-seven individual semi-structured interviews carried out for this purpose were analyzed through the content analysis method and pointed out that the dismissal of the managerial position increased the experiences of suffering in these workers. Most reports of suffering are related to the loss of pleasure experienced as a manager. Similarly, most reports of pleasure are associated with the end of the suffering experienced as a manager. In addition, the analysis of the reports allowed the identification of defensive strategies classified into nine categories, named by the researcher as: naturalization of the event, disqualification of the process that led to dismissal of managerial position, disqualification of current managers, self-consolation: it could be worse, expectation for retirement, hesitation about new opportunities, expectation for changing the sector, forgetting what happened, and minimizing the change that occurred. The results obtained lead to a reflection on the concept of career associated with company culture and on the importance of the exercise of the managerial function in this context.