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Development as Human Rights: An Examination of Catholic Social Teaching and the Right to DevelopmentO'Sullivan, James P. January 2016 (has links)
Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach / This dissertation looks at the reality of massive and persistent global poverty and underdevelopment in the era of globalization and the attempts to address this reality in both Catholic Social Teaching (CST) and various elements of secular theory and policy. It details that there has been a convergence of human rights and development discourse in both CST and secular thought and global public policy, and seeks a policy framework and ethical agenda for achieving “development as the realization of human rights” from a Catholic perspective. Having delineated the differences between various “Rights Based Approaches to Development” and multiples shortcomings in global public policy, the dissertation argues that the “Right to Development”(RTD) approach best reflects CST’s understanding of human rights as both a chief end and primary means of achieving development. Further, it insists on achievement of development so understood an urgent matter of justice, as itself a human right. It thus makes the case that the RTD can serve as a “carrier” of the tradition, acting as a consensus framework with which to address gaps and failures in responsibility and accountability in global governance, to serve as a guarantor of the indivisibility of all human rights, and to formulate a codification of the multiples obligations on varied global actors to strengthen the indivisibility and universality of rights and the participatory process necessary to secure them. It also argues that the Catholic Church therefore can and must work to see that the RTD approach undergo a re-invigoration in both international law and as an ethical vision in civil society. In short, then, it argues that the RTD and CST should act as allies in the common goal of development understood as the participatory realization of the full spectrum of human rights. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.
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Essays in Political Economy / Ensaios em economia políticaGemignani, Thomaz Mingatos Fernandes 15 December 2015 (has links)
This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the issue that in a political environment wherein the development of a political career may encompass frequent transitions between offices, it is usually unclear how winning a given position may ultimately affect subsequent electoral performances and career formation. We exploit regression discontinuity designs in Brazilian elections to estimate the electoral advantage derived by incumbents of various positions both when running for reelection to the same held position, and when trying to win a different elective office. Then, we document that incumbency in legislative offices at state and federal levels is associated with a strong positive effect on the probability of winning the same position in the following election, whereas officeholders in diverse branches of local government do not appear to benefit electorally from their incumbency status and may even be harmed by it when they have relatively little political experience. Moreover, we find that state deputies also receive an incumbency advantage when running for the position of federal deputy, and that such a cross-office effect, along with all incumbency effects on winning the same position, is not due to selection into candidacy. Aside from the transition from state deputy to federal deputy, however, incumbents of any position tend to be less likely than their defeated counterparts to run for, and win, other positions. In the second part, we investigate whether incentive-compatible clientelistic transactions may be sustained through the observation of voters\' party-affiliation status by politicians. We argue that since affiliation consists of an instance of public demonstration of support for a given party, vote-buying attempts by parties may be made more effective by targeting voters that are (or in order for them to become) affiliated to them. Using electoral and demographic data on Brazilian municipalities, we find that voters affiliated to parties in the municipal coalition of the Workers\' Party are significantly more likely to start receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família program upon the incumbency of a party in that coalition. We also investigate political determinants of party affiliation and find that while partisan incumbency at the local level appears to affect affiliation only in restricted situations, the provision of payments from the Bolsa Família has a robust positive effect on affiliation. Lastly, the third part investigates the extent to which teachers with strong partisan stances are capable of influencing electoral outcomes through shaping their students\' voting behavior. We address this question by exploiting unique datasets on party-affiliated voters and on public high school teachers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil---through which we are able to identify teachers\' political affiliations. Along with such information, we also make use of very rich datasets on election results and voter characteristics to explore the relationship between the density of affiliated teachers in a given region and electoral outcomes observed for that region. To overcome endogeneity issues such as that of selection in the assignment of teachers to schools and of voters to polling places, for instance, we explore the varying intensity of the hypothesized effect according to electorate characteristics at the polling station level, a very specific site within the polling district to which voters and teachers are suggested not to be able to select themselves. Our results are suggestive of a positive and significant effect of the presence of affiliated teachers on the electoral performance of the corresponding party, especially in elections based on plurality voting systems. However, our evidence also indicates that such an effect is more relevant for (and possibly restricted to) teachers affiliated to the Workers\' Party, and that these teachers appear to be altering political / Esta tese se divide em três partes. A primeira parte lida com a questão de que, em um ambiente político em que o desenvolvimento de uma carreira política possa envolver frequentes transições entre cargos, não se tem claro como a ocupação de uma dada posição eletiva pode fundamentalmente influenciar o desempenho eleitoral subsequente e a formação de uma carreira pelos políticos. São exploradas regressões descontínuas baseadas em eleições brasileiras com o intuito de se estimar o impacto eleitoral de ser o mandatário experimentado por políticos tanto ao concorrerem à reeleição ao cargo que ocupam, quanto ao disputarem outro cargo eletivo. Documenta-se, então, que a incumbência de cargos legislativos aos níveis estadual e federal encontra-se associada a um expressivo efeito positivo sobre a probabilidade de vitória da disputa seguinte pelo mesmo cargo, ao passo que mandatários de governos locais não aparentam ser eleitoralmente beneficiados por tal status, podendo ainda ser prejudicados por tal condição no caso de exibirem pouca experiência política. Além disso, verifica-se que deputados estaduais também usufruem de uma vantagem eleitoral da incumbência ao disputarem o cargo de deputado federal, e rejeita-se que tal efeito, bem como os impactos sobre a probabilidade de ser reeleito a um mesmo cargo, seja devido à seleção em novas candidaturas. À exceção da transição do cargo de deputado estadual para o de deputado federal, no entanto, mandatários de qualquer cargo tendem a ser menos propensos do que seus homólogos derrotados a se candidatar e a vencer eleições para outros cargos. Na segunda parte, investigamos se transações clientelistas podem ser sustentadas através da observação, por parte de partidos políticos e candidatos, do status de filiação partidária dos eleitores. Argumenta-se que, sendo tal filiação um exemplo de demonstração pública de apoio a um partido, tentativas de compra de voto por partidos podem se tornar mais eficazes quando direcionadas a eleitores que sejam filiados, ou no intuito de que venham a sê-lo. Por meio do emprego de dados eleitorais e demográficos acerca de municípios brasileiros, observa-se que eleitores filiados a partidos das coligações municipais do Partido dos Trabalhadores são significativamente mais propensos (relativamente a eleitores em geral) a passar a receber benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família quando da eleição de tais partidos. Investigam-se também determinantes políticos da filiação partidária, e encontra-se que o simples fato de ser o mandatário de governos locais afeta os níveis de filiação ao partido correspondente apenas em situações específicas; por outro lado, a provisão de pagamentos do Bolsa Família apresenta um efeito positivo e robusto sobre a evolução dos índices de filiação. Por fim, a terceira parte investiga o potencial exibido por professores com elevada participação política de influenciar resultados eleitorais ao induzirem os votos de seus alunos. Explora-se tal questão através da utilização de dados sobre filiação partidária e sobre professores de ensino médio de escolas estaduais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Combinando-se informações sobre o status de filiação partidária de tais professores com dados sobre resultados eleitorais e características do eleitorado, investiga-se especificamente a relação entre a densidade de professores filiados e o desempenho eleitoral dos partidos em uma dada região. Problemas de endogeneidade, como os possivelmente decorrentes da alocação de professores a escolas, são evitados por meio da exploração de variação na intensidade do efeito proposto de acordo com características do eleitorado em um nível ao qual eleitores (e professores) não são capazes de se selecionar. Os resultados relacionados sugerem um efeito positivo e significante da presença de professores filiados sobre o desempenho eleitoral dos partidos, particularmente em eleições majoritárias. No entanto, a evidência apresentada indica que tal efeito é aparentemente restrito a professores filiados ao Partido dos Trabalhadores, e que tais professores são capazes de alterar as preferências políticas de alunos que compareceriam à votação independentemente de sua influência. .
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O discurso econômico da modernidade: notas da periferia / The Economic Discourse of Modernity: notes from the peripheryPato, Christy Ganzert Gomes 23 September 2011 (has links)
Para elucidar o lugar ocupado pela filosofia na formação e funcionamento do sistema cultural brasileiro, Paulo Arantes investigou o transplante de um conjunto de métodos e técnicas francesas, transladadas para os trópicos. Com a insolação sofrida na linha abaixo do equador, tal forma de pensar não chegou a sofrer propriamente uma desidratação, ao contrário: incorporando-se a ingredientes nacionais, como o espírito modernista, veio, sim, possibilitar uma filosofia por conta e risco. O mesmo ocorre nas artes plásticas, onde desde a chegada de Debret ao Brasil o traçado de constituição de um certo pintar em brasileiro percorre um caminho tenso entre o nosso próprio chão bruto e os ares europeus, ao que nossa paleta de cores acabou por constituir-se como forma adequada a uma sociedade onde a escravidão é moderna. Essa é, portanto, a trilha desta tese, que assume que nos outros ramos de nossa vida intelectual tal não é diferente. Nossa forma peculiar de raciocínio intelectual nosso atabalhoado típico de nação que se constrói pela deglutição do olhar estrangeiro é aqui assumida ela mesma como sintoma dos solavancos de nossa modernização periférica. E é o conceito de forma, no sentido hegelo-marxiano, o alicerce conceitual pelo qual se procura dissecar neste trabalho um ramo específico da nossa vida intelectual, qual seja o do pensamento econômico. É através dele que este trabalho procura deslindar a chave de resto imanente a todo nosso percurso de um pensar que oscila entre a crítica do processo de desenvolvimento capitalista e a própria reprodução dele mesmo, não porque haja confusão no pensar, mas justamente porque essa é a forma adequada a um capitalismo periférico que exige, junto com sua crítica, soluções de desenvolvimento e industrialização. / To elucidate the role played by philosophy in the formation and operation of the Brazilian cultural system Paulo Arantes investigated the transplantation of a set of French methods and techniques, translated to the tropics. With the heat stroke suffered in the line below the equator, such thinking did not exactly suffer dehydration, instead, by incorporating into itself the national ingredients, such as the modernist spirit, it came to provide a philosophy for its own cout and risk. The same occurs in the visual arts, where since the arrival of Debret to Brazil the set up of some paint in here follows a path tension between our own rough ground and a European feeling, so our color palette constitute itself as an appropriate form to a society where slavery is modern. This is therefore the track of this thesis, which assumes that the other branches of our intellectual life is no different. Our peculiar form of intellectual reasoning - our awkwardly typical nation that is built by the swallowing of foreign look - here is assumed itself as a symptom of the bumps of our peripheral modernization. And is the concept of form, in the sense Hegelian-Marxian, the conceptual foundation by which this work seeks to dissect a specific branch of our intellectual life, namely the economic thought. It is through it that this work tries to unravel the key - immanent throughout our journey - of a thought that oscillates between the critique of capitalist development process and its own reproduction, not because there is confusion in thought, but because this is the proper form of a peripheral capitalism that requires, along with his critique, solutions of development and industrialization.
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Sowing the Seeds of Resistance: Agrarian Reform, Political Violence, and Popular Mobilization in the Aguán Valley of HondurasWolford, Heather 29 September 2014 (has links)
The agrarian conflict in the Aguán Valley of Honduras is among the most violent and distressing in contemporary Latin America. It has roots in both local and global political economic processes, including structural adjustment and the proliferation of neoliberal economic policies in the region. In particular, the Ley de Modernización y Desarrollo del Sector Agrícola, or Law of Modernization and Development of the Agricultural Sector, drastically altered the landscape in rural Honduras, both literally and figuratively. An analysis of this policy reveals much about the nature of the current conflict, as well as that of the campesino (small farmer) movements that have organized to regain their land. This thesis seeks to shed light on the interconnectedness of economic policy, political violence, and popular resistance in the Aguán Valley and to examine the ways in which campesino movements frame their struggles and assert themselves as legitimate actors in the policy realm.
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Capital's Chinese Pigpen: Political Ecologies of Pig Production in the People's Republic of ChinaConant, Abram 23 February 2016 (has links)
This thesis analyzes contemporary political ecologies of pig farming in the People's Republic of China, as well as emergent discourses of “meatification” and the industrialization of Chinese agriculture more broadly. Situated within these extensive, heterogenous, and dynamic assemblages, which I contextualize in historical-geographical terms throughout Chapter I, I narrow my argument to three relatively neglected problematics that occupy subsequent chapters: the role of pigs in the affective construction of modernity, the microbiological zones of insecurity intertwined with industrial pig production, and the re-valorization of urban food waste through peri-urban pig farming, including so-called “garbage pigs.” Animated by broad political, ethical, ontological, and epistemological concerns about society and ecology, culture and technology, and food and the mass-production of commodified organisms, this research helps demonstrate how fraught relationships between pigs, people, and place participate in the politics of "modernity" in the People's Republic of China. / 10000-01-01
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La Mongolie, entre dépendance et politiques développementalistes, 1990-2016 / Mongolia between dependency and developmental policies, 1990-2016Maire, Antoine 30 June 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse cherche à évaluer la politique de développement mise en œuvre par les autorités mongoles entre 1990 et 2016. Elle s’articule autour de la question de recherche suivante : Entre « malédiction des ressources », sinophobie et dépendance, comment la Mongolie démocratique et libérale fait-elle face au défi du développement économique pour préserver son indépendance et sa souveraineté et éviter d'être « transformée en une simple annexe de matières premières » pour la Chine ? À travers ce prisme, cette thèse ambitionne de rendre compte du processus de transition suivi par la Mongolie après 1990. L’objectif est de proposer une description du nouveau système politico-économique qui a vu le jour, donc des spécificités de son capitalisme. Outre cette contribution aux études mongoles, cette thèse entend également permettre de mieux comprendre les défis auxquels sont confrontés les États riches en matières premières dans leur processus de développement. Enfin, elle entend contribuer à expliquer les mécanismes qui ont conduit à la divergence observée dans les processus de transitions politique et économique des pays postsocialistes. / This dissertation evaluates the development policy implemented by Mongolia between 1990 and 2016. It is built around the following research question: “Between “resources curse”, sinophobia and dependency, how is the new democratic and liberal Mongolia facing the economic development challenge to preserve its independence and sovereignty and to avoid being turned “into a raw materials appendage” to China?”. Through this question, the dissertation will describe the development path followed by Mongolia after 1990. The objective is to propose a description of the new politico-economic system that has emerged, that is the specificities of its capitalism. Apart from this contribution to Mongolian studies, this dissertation will also help to understand the challenges that resource-rich countries are facing in their development process. Finally, this dissertation is proposing a new contribution to understand the reasons that led to a divergence in the economic and political transition processes followed by post-socialist countries after 1990.
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A economia política brasileira na obra de Francisco de OliveiraMoret, Alex Hotz 06 June 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-06 / This work aim to report the main contributions of Francisco de Oliveira for the
understanding the Brazilian political economy. For this , was divided his theory
production in three stages: since the article Critica à razão dualista (Critique of
Dualist Reason) to his latest work, entitled O ornitorrinco (The Platypus). The
purpose of this analysis is present, at each author work stage, the importance of the
contributions introduced by Francisco de Oliveira in the national debates.
Initially, will be considered the Francisco de Oliveira s theory in comparison of
cepalina-furtadiana theory, explaining the main aspects of this theoretical debate.
After, will be analyzed the Oliveira s works contained in his book Economia da
Dependência Imperfeita (Imperfect Dependency Economy), on the author main
concern is to elucidate the specific features of the capitalist national development.
Finally will be treated essays O ornitorrinco (The Platypus), which exposes the main
thesis produced by the author in recent years.
It is argued that Francisco de Oliveira, in an intense critical way, know
produced different and unique interpretation for each period of our economic history
and introduced new elements to discussion, maily relating to his analysis of social,
economical and political / Este trabalho busca relatar as principais contribuições de Francisco de
Oliveira para o entendimento da economia política brasileira. Para isso, dividiu-se a
produção teórica do autor em três fases, desde a publicação do artigo Critica à razão
dualista até o seu mais recente trabalho, intitulado O ornitorrinco. O objetivo da
análise é apresentar, em cada fase da obra do autor, as contribuições inseridas por
Francisco de Oliveira no debate teórico nacional.
Inicialmente será abordada a interlocução feita por Francisco de Oliveira à
teoria cepalina-furtadiana, explicitando os aspectos centrais deste debate teórico.
Posteriormente serão analisados os trabalhos de Oliveira que constam do seu livro
Economia da Dependência Imperfeita em que o autor tem como principal
preocupação elucidar as características específicas do desenvolvimento capitalista
nacional. Por fim, será tratado o ensaio de Oliveira intitulado O ornitorrinco, expondo
as principais teses elaboradas pelo autor nos últimos anos.
Argumenta-se que Francisco de Oliveira, utilizando-se de um intenso viés
crítico, soube produzir uma interpretação diferenciada para cada período analisado
de nossa história econômica e introduziu novos elementos à discussão,
principalmente por relacionar em sua análise os aspectos sociais, econômicos e
políticos
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Vende-se artistas : a dimensão econômica da crítica a partir da arte brasileiraCaldas, Felipe Bernardes January 2018 (has links)
A presente tese tem como tema o processo de mercantilização da arte contemporânea nas seguintes instâncias: a obra, o artista, e a crítica. A pesquisa debruça-se a analisar e problematizar como a crítica oriunda da produção contemporânea, especificamente a partir do trabalho de Paulo Nazareth, adquire a condição de mercadoria e a de slogan de mercado em um circuito de galerias e instituições amplamente reconhecidas. Neste processo, procura-se distinguir crítica, pensamento crítico, postura crítica e atitude crítica. Através das práticas artísticas de Ricardo Basbaum, Rosângela Rennó e Paulo Nazareth, debatem-se as categorias tradicionais da economia política aplicadas ao mundo artístico, tais como mercado, mercadoria, valor, força produtiva e trabalho, assim como os discursos historicamente construídos entre as artes visuais e os sistemas produtivos. A partir deste cruzamento entre diferentes práticas artísticas, abordagens teóricas e a experiência diante da obra, constrói-se a tese de que a crítica sob determinadas circunstâncias adquire uma dimensão econômica. / The present thesis deals with the process of commodification of contemporary art in the following instances: the work, the artist, and the criticism. The research focuses on analyzing and problematizing how the criticism coming from contemporary production, specifically from the work of Paulo Nazareth, acquires the condition of merchandise and that of market slogan in a circuit of galleries and institutions widely recognized. In this process, we try to distinguish between criticism, critical thinking, critical posture and critical attitude. Through the artistic practices of Ricardo Basbaum, Rosângela Rennó and Paulo Nazareth, the traditional categories of political economy applied to the artistic world, such as the market, merchandise, value, productive force and work, as well as the discourses historically constructed between the arts visual and production systems. From this cross between different artistic practices, theoretical approaches and the experience before the work, the thesis is constructed that the critic under certain circumstances acquires an economic dimension.
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Essays in Political Economy / Ensaios em economia políticaThomaz Mingatos Fernandes Gemignani 15 December 2015 (has links)
This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the issue that in a political environment wherein the development of a political career may encompass frequent transitions between offices, it is usually unclear how winning a given position may ultimately affect subsequent electoral performances and career formation. We exploit regression discontinuity designs in Brazilian elections to estimate the electoral advantage derived by incumbents of various positions both when running for reelection to the same held position, and when trying to win a different elective office. Then, we document that incumbency in legislative offices at state and federal levels is associated with a strong positive effect on the probability of winning the same position in the following election, whereas officeholders in diverse branches of local government do not appear to benefit electorally from their incumbency status and may even be harmed by it when they have relatively little political experience. Moreover, we find that state deputies also receive an incumbency advantage when running for the position of federal deputy, and that such a cross-office effect, along with all incumbency effects on winning the same position, is not due to selection into candidacy. Aside from the transition from state deputy to federal deputy, however, incumbents of any position tend to be less likely than their defeated counterparts to run for, and win, other positions. In the second part, we investigate whether incentive-compatible clientelistic transactions may be sustained through the observation of voters\' party-affiliation status by politicians. We argue that since affiliation consists of an instance of public demonstration of support for a given party, vote-buying attempts by parties may be made more effective by targeting voters that are (or in order for them to become) affiliated to them. Using electoral and demographic data on Brazilian municipalities, we find that voters affiliated to parties in the municipal coalition of the Workers\' Party are significantly more likely to start receiving benefits from the Bolsa Família program upon the incumbency of a party in that coalition. We also investigate political determinants of party affiliation and find that while partisan incumbency at the local level appears to affect affiliation only in restricted situations, the provision of payments from the Bolsa Família has a robust positive effect on affiliation. Lastly, the third part investigates the extent to which teachers with strong partisan stances are capable of influencing electoral outcomes through shaping their students\' voting behavior. We address this question by exploiting unique datasets on party-affiliated voters and on public high school teachers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil---through which we are able to identify teachers\' political affiliations. Along with such information, we also make use of very rich datasets on election results and voter characteristics to explore the relationship between the density of affiliated teachers in a given region and electoral outcomes observed for that region. To overcome endogeneity issues such as that of selection in the assignment of teachers to schools and of voters to polling places, for instance, we explore the varying intensity of the hypothesized effect according to electorate characteristics at the polling station level, a very specific site within the polling district to which voters and teachers are suggested not to be able to select themselves. Our results are suggestive of a positive and significant effect of the presence of affiliated teachers on the electoral performance of the corresponding party, especially in elections based on plurality voting systems. However, our evidence also indicates that such an effect is more relevant for (and possibly restricted to) teachers affiliated to the Workers\' Party, and that these teachers appear to be altering political / Esta tese se divide em três partes. A primeira parte lida com a questão de que, em um ambiente político em que o desenvolvimento de uma carreira política possa envolver frequentes transições entre cargos, não se tem claro como a ocupação de uma dada posição eletiva pode fundamentalmente influenciar o desempenho eleitoral subsequente e a formação de uma carreira pelos políticos. São exploradas regressões descontínuas baseadas em eleições brasileiras com o intuito de se estimar o impacto eleitoral de ser o mandatário experimentado por políticos tanto ao concorrerem à reeleição ao cargo que ocupam, quanto ao disputarem outro cargo eletivo. Documenta-se, então, que a incumbência de cargos legislativos aos níveis estadual e federal encontra-se associada a um expressivo efeito positivo sobre a probabilidade de vitória da disputa seguinte pelo mesmo cargo, ao passo que mandatários de governos locais não aparentam ser eleitoralmente beneficiados por tal status, podendo ainda ser prejudicados por tal condição no caso de exibirem pouca experiência política. Além disso, verifica-se que deputados estaduais também usufruem de uma vantagem eleitoral da incumbência ao disputarem o cargo de deputado federal, e rejeita-se que tal efeito, bem como os impactos sobre a probabilidade de ser reeleito a um mesmo cargo, seja devido à seleção em novas candidaturas. À exceção da transição do cargo de deputado estadual para o de deputado federal, no entanto, mandatários de qualquer cargo tendem a ser menos propensos do que seus homólogos derrotados a se candidatar e a vencer eleições para outros cargos. Na segunda parte, investigamos se transações clientelistas podem ser sustentadas através da observação, por parte de partidos políticos e candidatos, do status de filiação partidária dos eleitores. Argumenta-se que, sendo tal filiação um exemplo de demonstração pública de apoio a um partido, tentativas de compra de voto por partidos podem se tornar mais eficazes quando direcionadas a eleitores que sejam filiados, ou no intuito de que venham a sê-lo. Por meio do emprego de dados eleitorais e demográficos acerca de municípios brasileiros, observa-se que eleitores filiados a partidos das coligações municipais do Partido dos Trabalhadores são significativamente mais propensos (relativamente a eleitores em geral) a passar a receber benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família quando da eleição de tais partidos. Investigam-se também determinantes políticos da filiação partidária, e encontra-se que o simples fato de ser o mandatário de governos locais afeta os níveis de filiação ao partido correspondente apenas em situações específicas; por outro lado, a provisão de pagamentos do Bolsa Família apresenta um efeito positivo e robusto sobre a evolução dos índices de filiação. Por fim, a terceira parte investiga o potencial exibido por professores com elevada participação política de influenciar resultados eleitorais ao induzirem os votos de seus alunos. Explora-se tal questão através da utilização de dados sobre filiação partidária e sobre professores de ensino médio de escolas estaduais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Combinando-se informações sobre o status de filiação partidária de tais professores com dados sobre resultados eleitorais e características do eleitorado, investiga-se especificamente a relação entre a densidade de professores filiados e o desempenho eleitoral dos partidos em uma dada região. Problemas de endogeneidade, como os possivelmente decorrentes da alocação de professores a escolas, são evitados por meio da exploração de variação na intensidade do efeito proposto de acordo com características do eleitorado em um nível ao qual eleitores (e professores) não são capazes de se selecionar. Os resultados relacionados sugerem um efeito positivo e significante da presença de professores filiados sobre o desempenho eleitoral dos partidos, particularmente em eleições majoritárias. No entanto, a evidência apresentada indica que tal efeito é aparentemente restrito a professores filiados ao Partido dos Trabalhadores, e que tais professores são capazes de alterar as preferências políticas de alunos que compareceriam à votação independentemente de sua influência. .
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Global extraction and cultural production : an investigation of forms of extraction through the production of artist-videoBrand, Carina January 2015 (has links)
This research is a practice-based, theory-led, examination of forms of extraction under capitalism. The thesis addresses the question of where and how does extraction take place, both in and outside of the wage relationship. Directly employing Marx's concept of surplus extraction, but further extending the concept of extraction as an analytic tool, artistic method, and identifying its aesthetic form. Through the production of an original body of artistic video work, I explore three disparate sites where 'extraction' takes place and employ Science Fiction methods of narrative, the utopian impulse and the 'alienation effect' to critique global capitalism. Drawing on political economic theory, I argue that these new 'zones' of extraction have; forced the further 'subjectification' of labour; supported continued and on-going primitive accumulation - through the creation of global space/time; and promoted the intensification of both relative and absolute surplus value, through the mechanisation of reproduction and the blurring of work and life, through digital technology. The Video Trilogy sets up a dialogue between - fictionreality and space-time, and situates current readings of global extraction in a future/past space, where the inconsistencies of capital are played out. Extraction as concept is utilised to bring together, and expand on, both theoretical readings of the political economy, and to identify that extraction can be redeployed as a cultural or artistic form. I argue that extraction is mobilised through culture, but more importantly, I identify the specific cultural forms of extraction itself. By situating the research between theory and practice, I am able to represent, or interpret, the forms extraction takes - appropriating, performing and re-making them as material and subject within the videos. The research contributes to current critiques of capitalism, in critical theory, art theory, political economy and art-practice-as-research. The video submission brings together a range of aesthetic styles and techniques to construct an original alien world, which is an allegory of our own.
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