<p>Poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyethylene polymer systems werebuilt in order to study their transport properties (diffusion).First a verification of the AMBER force field was conducted fora poly(vinyl alcohol) system built from a chain with 145repeating units. NPT-molecular dynamics simulations attemperatures between 400 and 527 K were performed. The resultsof the simulations were compared withpressure-volume-temperature data, solubility parameter, X-rayscattering pattern and data for the characteristic ratio. Thefractional free volume distribution was computed and thediffusion characteristics of water in the polymer werestudied.</p><p>Further another poly(vinyl alcohol) system, with 600repeating units, was used to study oxygen diffusion in dry andwet poly(vinyl alcohol). In these systems the focus was toinvestigate the oxygen paths relative to the backbone and alsothe effect of water on the diffusion coefficients. Jump mapsand correlation function between the velocity of the oxygen wascalculated. The water has a huge impact on the oxygen diffusionand the preferred paths.</p><p>A larger molecule (limonene) was studied in a polyethylenematrix consisting of 6000 anisotropic united atoms. A 100 nslong trajectory was recorded and also shortertrajectories atdifferent temperatures, which gave the temperature dependenceof the diffusion coefficients. Correlation functions for thelimonene molecule shows that it rotates and tumbles when movingthru the matrix.</p><p>The main results from the molecular dynamics simulationsshowed that diffusion of larger molecules are possible and alsothat molecular dynamics simulations can predict plasticizationeffects.</p><p>A new fast experimental method for determining diffusioncoefficients with non iso thermal thermogravimetry weredeveloped. The advantage is that the experiments only takesminutes instead of days with a small effect on theaccuracy.</p>

Nano-cellulose fibers/suspension has very high viscosity, its viscosity has to be lower before it can be applied in the paper coating recipe. For this purpose the adsorption behaviour of polyvinyl alcohol on nano-cellulose fibers were investigated using method developed by Zwick in 1960, based on the formation of PVA-iodide blue complex in the presence of boric acid. The experiments showed that the maximum adsorbed amount i.e. 0.13 g PVA/g NFC was obtained in a dispersion with 0.2 % PVA concentration. It should be possible to further increase the PVA adsorption as the adsorbed amount didn’t reach a saturation point where the PVA adsorption attained a constant value. It was also found that adsorption of PVA on NFC is time dependent. The absorbance measurement after four days of mixing PVA/NFC suspension showed only partially adsorption of PVA on nano-cellulose surface.  An equilibrium time of 10-13 days was needed for PVA to fully adsorb on nano-cellulose fibers surface. Another important observation was that PVA adsorption also depends on the concentration of nano-cellulose fibers. A lower concentration of NFC easily allows PVA to adsorb on its surface, as compared to higher NFC concentration. An important finding during the methodology development was the method to get rid of formation of flocs in the blue iodide complex solution; by slowly addition of reactants, especially the KI/I2 solution under continuous stirring around 60oC the tendency to flocs formation was suppressed.

Electrospinning is a method of producing nano structured material from a polymer solution or melt using high strength electric fields. It is a process that has yet to find extensive industrial application yet shows promise if obstacles such as low rate of production overcome perhaps by more complete theoretical modelling. This work examines the effects of adding an ionic salt to a solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) in water. The direct effect was an increase the charge density and electric current. It was found that an increase in charge density decreases the mass deposition rate and forms a thinner initial jet. When the sign of the charge on the polymer solution was changed from positive to negative the charge density increased and the initial jet diameter and mass deposition rate also decreased. It was proposed that a smaller radius of curvature is formed by the Taylor cone at higher charge densities resulting in a smaller “virtual orifice”. The extent of the bending instability was explored and it was found that adding ionic salt results in a decrease in the bending instability resulting in thicker fibres. Changing the sign of the charge on the polymer solution from positive to negative resulted in an increase in the bending instability and resulted in thinner fibres. The charge transfer mechanisms used in different electrospinning models are explored and some assumptions not explicitly stated are discussed. From this discussion a generalized equation describing the charge transport mechanisms is proposed.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a formação de membranas para obtenção de compostos dermo-epidérmicos. A porção dérmica foi desenvolvida utilizando-se mistura de polímeros sintéticos, o poli(álcool vinílico) - PVAl ou poli(vinilpirrolidona) – PVP, com polímero natural, a quitosana. As membranas foram reticuladas pela radiação g ou glutaraldeído. A porção epidérmica destas membranas foi formada por queratinócitos cultivados in vitro, os quais foram semeados sobre as membranas correspondentes e verificada sua interação. As membranas que melhor interagiram com os queratinócitos foram aquelas preparadas com quitosana pela reticulação com glutaraldeído, porém não satisfazendo as características mecânicas de manipulação. As membranas que possuíam as melhores características mecânicas, porém com moderada interação com os queratinócitos, foram as compostas de PVAl, liofilizada e intumescida com quitosana. Os componentes foram caracterizados isoladamente, bem como as membranas formadas pelos mesmos. O PVAl foi caracterizado quanto a sua dose gel e a quitosana quanto à determinação das constantes de Mark-Houwink, grau de acetilação e dissolução em diferentes valores de pH. As membranas foram caracterizadas quanto a sua cinética de intumescimento com água. Na membrana de PVAl com quitosana incorporada foi avaliada sua degradação in vitro, determinada sua cinética de intumescimento com a quitosana e estimado o tamanho do poro. As membranas de quitosana reticuladas com glutaraldeído foram caracterizadas quanto à cinética de intumescimento e verificado o possível desprendimento de glutaraldeído. As duas membranas caracterizadas isoladamente foram unidas para formação de uma única membrana, como a parte dérmica do composto, onde a membrana de PVAl incorporada com quitosana foi recoberta com a membrana de quitosana reticulada com glutaraldeído. Quitosanas de outras procedências foram avaliadas na interação com os queratinócitos. / Membrane formations were studied to obtain dermal-epidermal compounds. The dermal portion was developed using synthetic polymers mixture, poly(vinyl alcohol)-PVAl or poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-PVP, with natural polymers, and chitosan. The membranes were crosslinked by gamma irradiation or glutaraldehyde. The epidermal portion of these membranes was formed by keratinocytes cultured in vitro, seeded on these membranes to verify their interaction. The membranes that interacted better with keratinocytes were those prepared with chitosan by glutraldehyde crosslinking, although not satisfying handling mechanical characteristics. The best mechanical characteristic was observed at PVAl membranes frezed dried and chitosan incorporated, but with moderate keratinocytes interaction. The components were characterized separately as well as the membranes formed by both. The PVAl was characterized as to its gel dose and to chitosan were determined Mark-Houwink equation, deacetilation degree and solubility under changes of pH. The membranes were characterized as to their swelling kinetic degree in water. In the membrane of PVAl with chitosan incorporated was evaluated its degradation in vitro, swelling kinetic degree with chitosan solution and the pore size. The chitosan membranes crosslinked by glutaraldehyde were characterized as to their swelling kinetic degree and verified the possibility of deatached glutaraldehyde. Membranes characterized separetelly were joined to perform the ideal dermal component, where the PVAl with chitosan incorporated membrane was covered by chitosan crosslinked by glutaraldehyde membrane. Chitosan from other sources were evaluated in the interaction with keratinocytes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ms_me_ilha.pdf: 777876 bytes, checksum: 68af722202b468070a3780b7afdf9c9f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram obtidos e caracterizados filmes de polivinil álcool (PVAl) puro e híbrido polivinil álcool/sulfeto de cádmio (PVAl/CdS). A síntese foi realizada usando o método “hidrotérmico in situ”. O híbrido é composto pela matriz orgânica o PVAl e a outra fase inorgânica é o CdS. As amostras foram obtidas na forma de filmes pelo método “casting” a partir de soluções de PVAl/CdS sintetizadas, as quais possuem concentrações de (0.05 %); (0.1 %); (0.2 %); (0.4 %) e (0.7 %) em peso de CdS. A morfologia e as propriedades ópticas, térmicas e elétricas do filme de PVAl e do híbrido PVAl/CdS foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de Difração de Raios –X (DRX), Espectroscopia na Região do Ultravioleta-visível (UV-vis), Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória (DSC) e Espectroscopia de Impedância. A análise de DRX utilizando o software composto por um banco de dados de cristalografia indicou a formação de nanopartículas de CdS que possuem estrutura hexagonal. Através de cálculos usando a equação de Scherrer obteve-se o tamanho das nanopartículas que variaram entre (70 e 113 nm). As medidas de UV-vis também confirmaram que as partículas possuem diferentes tamanhos. A presença das nanopartículas é indicada por um pequeno deslocamento da banda de absorção característica do material em determinado comprimento como o CdS “bulk” (490 nanômetro (nm)). O deslocamento desta banda, característica para comprimento de onda menor (de 490 para 485 nm) indica que os tamanhos das partículas são suficientemente pequenos para produzir o chamado efeito quântico. A análise térmica de DSC indicou o comportamento térmico e a influência das partículas CdS sobre os tipos de transformações básicas do polímero como a temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), temperatura de fusão (Tm), temperatura... / In this work were obtained and characterized films of pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) and hybrid PVAl/CdS. The synthesis was performed using the “hydrothermal in situ” method. The hybrid is composed by one organic part, called matrix polyvinyl alcohol (PVAl) and an inorganic phase, cadmium sulfide (CdS). The samples were obtained as films by the casting method from PVAl/CdS solutions with (0.05 %); (0.1 %); (0.2 %); (0.4 %) and (0.7 %) concentration of CdS. The morphology, optical properties, thermal properties and electrical properties of pure PVAl film and hybrid PVAl/CdS were characterized by techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and impedance spectroscopy. The analysis of XRD using programs with crystallography data stored shows the formation of CdS nanoparticles which have hexagonal structure. Through calculation using the Scherrer equation, the sizes of the nanoparticles were obtained in a gap between (70 and 113 nm). The measurements of UV-vis also showed that the particles have different sizes and that the CdS particles have dimensions in nanometric scale. The presence of nanoparticles is indicated by a small shift of the absorption band of the material characteristic as in the CdS bulk, (490 nm). When such characteristic band shift occurs to shorten wavelength from (490 to 485 nm), it indicates that the particle size decreased due to quantum effects. It is confirmed by the XRD technique. The thermal analysis of DSC studied the thermal behavior and the influence of CdS particles on the types of transformations as the basic polymer glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), crystallization temperature (Tc). The external factor that most affect the T m and Tg is the presence of plasticizers. It could be noted when intentionally added the CdS... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: José Geraldo Nery / Banca: Fátima Pereira de Souza / Banca: Rosa Sayoko Kawasaki Oyama / Resumo: Partículas poliméricas com tamanho e morfologia controlados e propriedades físico-químicas adequadas são amplamente utilizadas em várias aplicações biomédicas, especialmente em embolização, uma técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva utilizada em tratamentos de diversas doenças vasculares e quimioembolização, que associa a embolização e a quimioterapia. Ela é realizada com uso de materiais denominados agentes embólicos, sendo as partículas de poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) amplamente utilizadas por apresentarem um alto grau de desempenho. As partículas de PVA estão disponíveis no mercado nas morfologias esféricas e floculares, sendo as esféricas as que apresentam menores riscos para o procedimento. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar microesferas de PVA para serem utilizadas em embolização e quimioembolização. Juntamente com a equipe de pesquisadores da empresa Braile Biomédica, a intenção é desenvolver um produto que ainda não é fabricado pela indústria nacional para ser comercializado a menores custos. Materiais e Métodos: As microesferas de poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) foram sintetizadas pelo método de polimerização em suspensão, seguida de hidrólise alcalina (ou saponificação). Na etapa de saponificação, diferentes concentrações de NaOH foram utilizadas. As amostras sintetizadas foram caracterizadas por Microescopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 13 C - cross polarization / magic angle spinning ( 13 C RMN CP/MAS) e Potencial Zeta (ζ). Resultados: A análise de MEV indicou que foram obtidas partículas esféricas. Os dados complementares de DRX, DSC e 13 C RMN CP/MAS indicam que à medida que se aumenta a concentração... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Polymeric particles with size and morphology controlled and appropriate physicochemical properties are widely used in several biomedical applications, especially in embolization, a minimally invasive procedure routinely used in treatments of some vascular diseases, and chemoembolization, which combines embolization and chemotherapy. It is performed using materials called embolic agents, being poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) particles often used because its high performance. These particles are commercially available in spherical and flocculate morphologies, however spherical particles present lower risks than flocculates ones during the procedure. Thus, this study proposes to develop and improve spherical PVA particles to be used in embolization and chemoembolization. The development are being conducted by the researchers group from Braile Biomédica, the goal is to develop a product that is not yet produced in the national industry, commercializing it at lower costs. Materials and Methods: PVA microspheres were synthesized by suspension polymerization method, followed by alkali hydrolysis (or saponification). In the saponification step, different concentrations of NaOH were used. The samples synthesized were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - cross polarization / magic angle spinning ( 13 C CP/MAS NMR) and Zeta Potential (ζ). Results: SEM analysis indicated that spherical particles were obtained. The complementary data of XRD, DSC and 13 C CP/MAS NMR indicate that the use of high NaOH concentrations (in the saponification process) determines reordering in the lateral chains of the polymer, which causes an increase of material's crystallinity. Zeta Potential (ζ) data of the samples indicated that, in an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_da_me_sjrp.pdf: 1617803 bytes, checksum: ac272edc3fa2d00a58fa6e743064acda (MD5) / Embolização e quimioembolização são exemplos de procedimentos minimamente invasivos aplicados em medicina com objetivo de evitar e/ou amenizar efeitos colaterais causados por tratamentos e intervenções cirúrgicas convencionais. Partículas de poli(álcool vinílico) (PVA) destacam-se entre os materiais utilizados nesses procedimentos por apresentarem características físico-químicas desejáveis como elevada compressibilidade, biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade. A proposta deste trabalho foi sintetizar e caracterizar microesferas de PVA/PVAc com tamanhos de partículas entre 30µm e 1200µm por reação de polimerização em suspensão seguida por uma etapa de saponificação. Além disso, estudar a influência da concentração de solução alcalina no processo de saponificação. A caracterização morfológica e estrutural foi feita com auxílio das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Além da caracterização físico-química, foi realizado o estudo histopatológico mediante implante subcutâneo das partículas em ratos, análise de dimensão fractal e entropia de Shannon. Os resultados mostraram que a concentração de solução alcalina exerce forte influência na cristalinidade, coloração e características superficiais do polímero obtido. As partículas com alta cristalinidade (saponificadas com solução 25 mol/L de NaOH) induziram à reação inflamatória similar ao comportamento observado para partículas disponíveis comercialmente, enquanto que as partículas menos cristalinas (saponificadas com solução 4 mol/L de NaOH) resultaram em baixa intensidade de reação inflamatória no tecido celular subcutâneo dos ratos. Dimensão fractal... / Embolization and chemoembolization are examples of minimally invasive procedures applied in medicine in order to avoid and/or reduce side effects caused by conventional treatments and surgeries. Particles of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stand out among these materials due to desirable physical and chemical characteristics such as high compressibility, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize PVA/PVAc microspheres with sizes between 30µm and 1200µm by reaction of suspension polymerization step followed by a process of saponification. Moreover, study the influence of the concentration of alkaline solution in the process of saponification. The morphological and structural characterization was made with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition to the physico-chemical characterization, it was carried the histopathological study by subcutaneous implantation of particles in rats, analysis of fractal dimension and Shannon´s entropy. The results indicated that the concentration of alkaline solution strongly influence the crystallinity, color and surface characteristics of the polymer. Highly crystalline particles (saponified with 25 mol/L NaOH) induced inflammatory reaction similar to the behavior observed for the commercial particles, while particles with lower crystallinity (saponified with 4 mol/L NaOH) presented lower inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Fractal dimension and Shannon´s entropy showed satisfactory correlation with the histopathological analysis: the values have changed as the permanence time of particles in rats, behavior was satisfactory from a clinical standpoint because it corroborates the qualitative changes observed in the subcutaneous tissues in response to disturbance of the immune... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Embolização e quimioembolização são exemplos de procedimentos minimamente invasivos aplicados em medicina com objetivo de evitar e/ou amenizar efeitos colaterais causados por tratamentos e intervenções cirúrgicas convencionais. Partículas de poli(álcool vinílico) (PVA) destacam-se entre os materiais utilizados nesses procedimentos por apresentarem características físico-químicas desejáveis como elevada compressibilidade, biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade. A proposta deste trabalho foi sintetizar e caracterizar microesferas de PVA/PVAc com tamanhos de partículas entre 30µm e 1200µm por reação de polimerização em suspensão seguida por uma etapa de saponificação. Além disso, estudar a influência da concentração de solução alcalina no processo de saponificação. A caracterização morfológica e estrutural foi feita com auxílio das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Além da caracterização físico-química, foi realizado o estudo histopatológico mediante implante subcutâneo das partículas em ratos, análise de dimensão fractal e entropia de Shannon. Os resultados mostraram que a concentração de solução alcalina exerce forte influência na cristalinidade, coloração e características superficiais do polímero obtido. As partículas com alta cristalinidade (saponificadas com solução 25 mol/L de NaOH) induziram à reação inflamatória similar ao comportamento observado para partículas disponíveis comercialmente, enquanto que as partículas menos cristalinas (saponificadas com solução 4 mol/L de NaOH) resultaram em baixa intensidade de reação inflamatória no tecido celular subcutâneo dos ratos. Dimensão fractal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Embolization and chemoembolization are examples of minimally invasive procedures applied in medicine in order to avoid and/or reduce side effects caused by conventional treatments and surgeries. Particles of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) stand out among these materials due to desirable physical and chemical characteristics such as high compressibility, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize PVA/PVAc microspheres with sizes between 30µm and 1200µm by reaction of suspension polymerization step followed by a process of saponification. Moreover, study the influence of the concentration of alkaline solution in the process of saponification. The morphological and structural characterization was made with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition to the physico-chemical characterization, it was carried the histopathological study by subcutaneous implantation of particles in rats, analysis of fractal dimension and Shannon's entropy. The results indicated that the concentration of alkaline solution strongly influence the crystallinity, color and surface characteristics of the polymer. Highly crystalline particles (saponified with 25 mol/L NaOH) induced inflammatory reaction similar to the behavior observed for the commercial particles, while particles with lower crystallinity (saponified with 4 mol/L NaOH) presented lower inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Fractal dimension and Shannon's entropy showed satisfactory correlation with the histopathological analysis: the values have changed as the permanence time of particles in rats, behavior was satisfactory from a clinical standpoint because it corroborates the qualitative changes observed in the subcutaneous tissues in response to disturbance of the immune... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Geraldo Nery / Coorientador: Dra. Rosa Sayoko Kawasaki-Oyama / Banca: José Geraldo Nery / Banca: Moacir Fernandes de Godoy / Banca: Sebastião Roberto Taboga / Mestre

Orientador: Marcelo Ganzarolli de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:10:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simoes_MairaMartinsdeSouzaGodoy_M.pdf: 3432819 bytes, checksum: d31e48f8632d109b7dba6dbd370c37f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Stents são malhas metálicas expansíveis usadas em procedimentos de angioplastia, para a desobstrução das artérias coronárias. Atualmente há um grande interesse na obtenção de stents revestidos com matrizes poliméricas eluidoras de drogas que impeçam a reoclusão da artéria (reestenose). S-nitrosotióis doadores de óxido nítrico (NO) como a S-nitrosoglutationa (GSNO) possuem potencial para a inibição da reestenose. Neste trabalho, placas metálicas e stents foram revestidos com filmes de PVA contendo GSNO (107 µmol/g) através da imersão em soluções de PVA/GSNO com concentrações de PVA de 0,5 a 10,0% m/v. Filmes de PVA/GSNO foram submetidos a ciclos de congelamento/descongelamento (C/D), e analisados em relação ao seu grau de cristalinidade, dissolução, intumescimento, morfologia e propriedades de difusão e eluição da GSNO. Análises por DSC e difração de raios X, mostraram que o grau de cristalinidade do PVA aumenta com o número de ciclos de C/D, e com a secagem por sublimação do filme congelado. O aumento da cristalinidade se reflete em uma diminuição da velocidade de eluição da GSNO para a fase aquosa e da velocidade de dissolução e grau de intumecimento da matriz. Os coeficientes de difusão (D) da GSNO através de filmes de PVA foram medidos utilizando-se uma cela tipo Franz com monitoramento espectrofotométrico. Verificou-se que os valores de D são menores nos filmes secos por sublimação e submetidos a um ciclo de C/D. Este resultado foi atribuído ao aumento da densificação da fase amorfa, obtido na secagem por sublimação. Os filmes secos por esta técnica, apresentaram uma estrutura tridimensional esponjosa constituída por filamentos interligados, revelada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Estimou-se que stents revestidos com PVA/GSNO, a partir de soluções de PVA 0,5 % (m/v) esterilizados com óxido de etileno a 45-55°C podem liberar cerca de 30 µmoles/g de PVA para a parede arterial e levaram à obtenção de revestimentos sem filmes entre as hastes metálicas / Abstract: Stents are expansible wire mesh tubes used in angioplasty procedures in order to widening the luminal diameter of the coronary arteries. There is currently a great interest in the development of stents coated with drug-eluting polymeric matrices, which are able to prevent future closure of artery (restenosis). S-nitrosothiols which are nitric oxide (NO) donors, like S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) have potential to inhibit restenosis. In the present work, metallic plates and stents were coated with GSNO (107 µmol/g)- containing PVA films through their immersion in PVA/GSNO solutions with PVA concentration ranging from 0.5 to 10.0% wt/v. PVA/GSNO films were submitted to freezing/thawing cycles (F/T) and analyzed concerning their crystallinity dissolution, swelling, morphology and GSNO diffusion and elution properties. DSC and X Ray diffraction analysis have shown that the PVA crystallinity degree increases with the increase in the number of F/T cycles, and with the drying of the frozen film by sublimation. The increase in cristallinity was reflected in a decrease of the rate of GSNO elution to the aqueous phase, dissolution rate and swelling degree of the matrix. The diffusion coefficients of GSNO through PVA films were measured using a Franz-like cell with spectrophotometric monitoring. It was verified that D values are lower in the films dried by sublimation and submitted to one FT cycle. This result was attributed to the increase in the densification of the amorphous phase obtained in the drying by sublimation. The films dried by this technique, displayed a spongelike three-dimensional structure made by interconnecting filaments, revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stents coated with PVA/GSNO, from solution of PVA 0.5 % (wt/v) have avoided the formation of films between the wires of the stent mesh. It was estimated that these stents are able to release ca. 30 µmols/g of PVA to the arterial wall after sterilization with ethylene oxide at 45-55 °C / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

No description available.