The new ligand L1 [2-[(E)-2,6-diisopropylphenyl-phenyimino]-2H-acenaphthylen-(1E)-ylidene]-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-amine was prepared by stepwise addition of 2,6-diisopropylaniline and 2,4,6 trimethylaniline to acenaphthenequinone. The L1NiBr2 complex crystallized as a pseudo tetrahedral monomer, as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This new catalyst L1NiBr2 and 3 related catalysts, bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)acenaphthenediimineNiBr2 (L2NiBr2), [(N,N'-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-phenanthrene-9,10-diylidendiamineNi-η3-C3H4COOCH3)]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} [(L3Ni-η3-C3H4COOCH3)]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} and N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N'-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-phenanthrene-9,10-diylidenediamineNiBr2 (L4NiBr2) were tested for activity in ethylene polymerization. The super-bulky α-diimine nickel catalysts [(η3- L3NiC3H4COOCH3)]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} and L4NiBr2 successfully produced higher molecular weight polyethylene with a high level of linearity compared to the less bulky α-diimine nickel catalysts (L1NiBr2 and L2NiBr2). The super bulky α-diimine backbone helped to compress the reaction space and therefore impede the ethylene insertion to active centre of the catalyst. For this reason, the catalyst activity for super- bulky backbone ligands (L3 and L4) is lower than for their analogous less-bulky backbone ligands (L1 and L2). In general, for both backbones, the nickel catalysts with all-isopropyl substituents produced higher molecular weight polyethylene with less linearity compared to the nickel catalysts with methyl substituents. Moreover, for the acenaphthene backbone, the nickel catalysts with all isopropyl substituents (L2NiBr2) got a higher activity compared to the nickel catalysts with methyl substituents (L1NiBr2). A similar catalyst activity trend was not observed for phenanthrene backboned catalysts. In contrast, L4NiBr2 showed a higher activity compared to [(η3- L3NiC3H4COOCH3)]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} For all catalysts, the majority of branches, as characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, were methyl branches. Polymers with a high level of branches showed a sharp intensity in the loss modulus measured by dynamic mechanical analysis due to a high level of interfacial chains. A reduction in catalyst activity was observed with all nickel catalysts when supported on silica. However, supporting nickel catalysts helps to improve the linearity of the polymer. The same ligands L3 and L4 were used with palladium and successfully produced two new catalysts [L3PdCH3NCCH3]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} and [L4PdCH3NCCH3]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-. Catalyst [L3PdCH3NCCH3]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} was more active and produced higher molecular weight and less branched polymer than catalyst [L4PdCH3NCCH3]+.{B[C6H3(CF3)2]4-} in the polymerization of ethylene.

Products of hydrolytic polymerization of Cr(III) hydroxide were investigated in Milli-Q water and in natural water matrices. Products were first fractionated on Sephadex column using eluents of increasing strength. Ion chromatography (IC) with UV detection at 436 nm was then used to separate the ionic species.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19894号 / 工博第4210号 / 新制||工||1651(附属図書館) / 32971 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 澤本 光男, 教授 秋吉 一成, 教授 杉野目 道紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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<p> The work in this thesis focuses on the temperature control of a semi-batch polymerization reactor. The system is published by Chylla and Haase (1993) as an Industrial Challenge and is typical of reactors at S.C. Johnson Wax. The challenge is to find a single controller that can adequately regulate reactor temperature despite changing process conditions. The multi-product nature of the system makes it a particularly interesting problem. Several different controllers are implemented and evaluated in this thesis. The controllers are in part chosen to quantify the amount process information (large or small) required in a controller structure in order to achieve satisfactory control. Two of the most promising controllers are a PID with feedforward compensation and a Nonlinear Adaptive algorithm. It is found that in many cases, there may be little incentive to go to a complex model based controller as the simpler feedback algorithm provides adequate control. However, the nonlinear adaptive controller is more easily extended to multi-batch or multi-product situations because of its more general nature. The PID with feedforward compensation requires retuning for each new situation in order to maintain satisfactory control. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Thesis advisor: Jia Niu / This dissertation discusses two main projects focusing on synthesizing degradable vinyl copolymers. The first project describes the development of a general approach to synthesizing degradable vinyl random copolymers through photocontrolled radical ring-opening cascade copolymerization (rROCCP). The rROCCP of a macrocyclic allylic sulfone with acrylates or acrylamides mediated by visible light at ambient temperature achieved near-unity comonomer reactivity ratios over the entire range of feed compositions. Such a powerful approach provides degradable vinyl random copolymers with comparable material properties to their non-degradable counterparts. Experimental and computational evidence also revealed an unusual reversible inhibition of chain propagation by in situ generated sulfur dioxide (SO2), which was successfully overcome by reducing the solubility of SO2 during polymerization. The second project depicts a general method for organocatalyzed photocontrolled radical copolymerization of a macrocyclic allylic sulfone and various types of vinyl monomers, including acrylates, acrylamides, styrene, and methacrylate. Catalyzed by Eosin Y under visible light irradiation, copolymerization of the macrocyclic allylic sulfone and acrylic monomers displayed near unity comonomer reactivity ratios by fitting the copolymer composition to the Beckingham-Sanoya-Lynd integrated model. The macrocyclic allylic sulfone was also successfully copolymerized with styrene or methyl methacrylate to generate degradable polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). These degradable vinyl copolymers exhibited tunable thermal properties correlated with the incorporation of degradable main-chain diester motif. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Thesis advisor: Jia Niu / Thesis advisor: Jim Morken / Polysaccharides make up one of the largest classes of nature’s macromolecules. However, they are severely understudied relative to other biomolecules such as proteins and DNA sequences. This is because discrete polysaccharides are difficult to isolate from nature or synthesize in laboratories in large enough quantities for thorough research. Polymerization is an efficient route to polysaccharides, yet has historically suffered from harsh conditions and lack of control. Herein, we investigate recent developments in the field of living polymerization as strategies towards synthesis of precision polysaccharides from 1,2- anhydrosugars. We specifically focus on cationic ring opening polymerization (ROP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) ROP polymerization of 1,2-O-Bn-3,4,6-anhydromannose and 1,2-O-Bn-3,4,6-anhydroglucose. Our research screens various catalyst/initiating systems. Our findings demonstrate that cationic ROP and RAFT polymerization are unsuccessful in the living ROP of 1,2-anhydrosugars. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

In an effort to synthesize macromolecules comprising both covalent and non-covalent bonding to tune ultimate physical properties, a variety of methodologies and functionalization strategies were employed. First, protected functional initiation, namely 3-[(N-benzyl-N-methyl)amino]-1-propyllithium and 3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyllithium, in living anionic polymerization of isoprene was used to yield well-defined chain end functional macromolecules. Using both initiating systems, polymers with good molar mass control and narrow molar mass distributions were obtained and well-defined chain end functionality was observed. There was no observed effect on the polymer microstructure from the polar functionality in the initiator, with ~92% 1,4- and 8% 3,4-enchainment observed in each case. Further investigation of the 3-[(N-benzyl-N-methyl)amino]-1-propyllithium initiated polyisoprenes proved that facile deprotection was not possible and residual catalyst was not removable from the polymer. However, polymers initiated with 3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyllithium were quantitatively hydrogenated and deprotected under relatively mild conditions to yield hydroxyl functional macromolecules in several architectures, including linear and star-shaped. Excellent conversion from arm polymer to star polymer was observed and well-defined macromolecules were obtained. Subsequently, a series of non-functional, hydroxyl functional, and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidone (UPy) chain end functional linear and star-shaped poly(ethylene-co-propylene)s were synthesized and characterized. The melt phase properties were investigated using melt rheology and the effect of macromolecular topology and multiple hydrogen bond functionality was investigated. Linear UPy functional poly(ethylene-co-propylene)s exhibited increased viscosity and shear thinning onset at lower frequencies than non-functional polymers of similar molar mass due to interaction of the multiple hydrogen bonding groups. Star-shaped UPy functional poly(ethylene-co-propylene)s showed inhibition to terminal flow and the absence of a zero shear viscosity in melt rheological characterization, indicative of a network like structure imparted from the multiple hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the living anionic polymerization of D3 was controlled using the functionalized initiators3-[(N-benzyl-N-methyl)amino]-1-propyllithium and 3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyllithium. Good molar mass control and narrow molar mass distributions were observed. In contrast to the polyisoprene homopolymers, facile deprotection of the 3-(t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-propyllithium was not possible due to the acid sensitivity of the poly(dimethylsiloxane) backbone. However, facile deprotection of the protected secondary amine was achieved through hydrogenolysis and well-defined terminal amine functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) was synthesized, which are then amenable to further functionalization reactions. In contrast to the well-defined polymers synthesized using living anionic polymerization, free radical polymerizations was used to synthesize free radical copolymers with broader polydispersities and pendant UPy groups. These copolymers were compared with a simple dimeric hydrogen bonding carboxylic acid containing copolymer. Melt rheological characterization revealed that, at similar concentrations, the effect of the UPy group was much greater than the carboxylic acid, and broadened plateau moduli and increased viscosity for the UPy containing polymers were observed, while the acid containing polymer exhibited similar results to a non-functional control. The dynamic viscosity was observed to increase systematically with increasing UPyMA incorporation and the quadruple hydrogen bonding interactions were observed to dissociate between ~80-150 °C. / Ph. D.

The first chapter of this dissertation reports the synthesis of highly fluorinated Diels-Alder polyphenylenes. The first section of this chapter describes the three-pot synthesis of a perfluoroarylated bis(cyclopentadienone) monomer. The synthesis begins with the previously reported substitution reaction of decafluorobiphenyl and sodium cyclopentadienide. To the resulting 4,4'-octafluorobiphenylene-linked bis(cyclopentadiene), six perfluoro-4-tolyl groups (three on each of the two cyclopentadienyl moieties) are attached by nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions. The remaining ring methylenes are subjected to a selenium dioxide-catalyzed oxidation to obtain the desired bis(cyclopentadienone) monomer. The next part of this chapter describes the polymerization of the perfluoroarylated bis-(cyclopentadienone) monomer and bis(4-ethynylphenyl) ether. The reaction affords an oligomer (Mn ~ 14,000 g/mol according to size-exclusion chromatographic analysis) that is soluble in several solvents and that decomposes above about 300°C according to thermogravimetric analysis. The second chapter of this dissertation describes a novel method to oxidize per-fluoroarylated cyclopentadiene compounds to the corresponding ketones using catalytic selenium dioxide and stoichiometric hydrogen peroxide. The first part of this chapter shows the synthesis of some perfluoroarylated cyclopentadiene substrates, while the second part of the chapter explores the oxidation of these compounds along with other perfluoroarylated cyclopentadienes already available within our research group. This chapter also explains how the reactivity of the perfluoroarylated cyclopentadienes under the oxidation conditions depends on their structure. Generally more electron-deficient cyclopentadienes react more readily, while sterically crowded cyclopentadienes react more reluctantly. This third chapter of this dissertation describes the synthesis and characterization of a reversible Diels-Alder polymer from an octafluorobiphenylene-linked bis(cyclopentadiene). In the first section, the synthesis of a reversible homopolymer of the bis(cyclopentadiene) monomer is described. The polymer reaches an optimized molecular weight of 11,000 g/mol (degree of polymerization is 20) under the reaction conditions because there is an equilibrium between polymerization and depolymerization even at the mild polymerization temperature (65°C). The TGA trace of the polymer shows that chain degradation takes place beyond 300°C. The thermal reversibility of the polymer was examined by bulk thermolysis, and flash-vacuum thermolysis. The second section describes the synthesis of a methylated bis(cyclopentadiene) that does not undergo self-polymerization at comparatively lower temperature but instead reacts with a second bis(maleimide) monomer. The resulting polymer typically shows a number-average molecular weight of 15,400 g/mol. This polymerization also is limited by the attainment of steady-state end group concentrations. The reversibility of the polymerization is demonstrated by solution thermolysis experiments in which unmasked cyclopentadiene groups are trapped by a monofunctional maleimide. / Ph. D.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24813号 / 工博第5156号 / 新制||工||1985(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 山子 茂, 教授 辻井 敬亘, 教授 大内 誠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM