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Elaboration, structuration et propriétés rhéologiques de nanocomposites polymères modèles à base de Laponite / Design, structuration and rheological properties of Laponite based polymeric nanocompositesAbakar Adam, Omar 24 September 2012 (has links)
Ce travail concerne l'étude du comportement rhéologique de nanocomposites modèles à base de Laponite dans du polyoxyde d'éthylène ou des mélanges polyoxyde d'éthylène avec du polyméthacrylate de méthyle. L'influence des paramètres moléculaires, masse molaire de la matrice et mode de protection des particules sur les propriétés rhéologiques a été étudiée. La meilleure dispersion est obtenue à partir d'une solution, la dilution d'un mélange maître conduisant à des matériaux hétérogènes. Les mélanges POE/PMMA sont compatibles à l'état fondu dans toute la gamme de concentrations mais hétérogènes à température ambiante au-dessus de 30% en poids de particules. En diluant un mélange Laponite/PEO dans le PMMA, nous avons montré que ces domaines se concentrent en particules en dessous de 30% de PEO et qu'une cocontinuité de phases PEO contenant les particules et PMMA essentiellement pur est formée au-dessus de 30% de PEO. La présence des particules diminue fortement la cristallinité. / This study concerns model nanocomposites based on Laponite and polyethylene oxide, alone or blended with polymethylmethacrylate. We studied the influence of the parameters on rheological properties of model PEO/Laponite nanocomposites such as matrix molecular weight, preparation method. The best dispersion state of the particles is obtained from solution. Melt dispersion leads to a low frequency modulus which depends on the length and grafting density of the particles. Heterogeneous materials are obtained from melt dispersion of a master batch. PMMA/PEO blends appear to be homogeneous at room temperature only for PEO concentration less than 30wt%. Laponite particles are concentrated in small domains where most of PEO has been extracted. At higher concentrations of PEO, a continuous phase containing PEO and Laponite above percolation concentration is observed, leading to an elastic modulus at low frequency. The presence of Laponite decreases significantly the crystallinity of PEO.
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Avaliação da replicagem de moldes torneados com ferramenta de diamante usando prensagem a quente em polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) / Evaluation of the replication of molds generated from single point diamond turning using hot embossing in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)Oliveira, Robson Alves de 14 December 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho, diferentes tipos de microestruturas foram geradas por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única e microendentação para serem replicadas através da prensagem a quente. Testes foram realizados para ser avaliada a geração destas microestruturas por dois métodos distintos: microdeformação e microusinagem, planejados para observar a replicação gerada por marca de endentação Vickers (piramidal) e, remoção de material (torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única). Uma revisão no processo de manufatura aplicada para a replicação de microestruturas é apresentada. Os materiais usados como molde e réplica foram o cobre eletrolítico e o polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), respectivamente. Inicialmente, a usinabilidade do cobre eletrolítico foi avaliada sob diferentes condições de corte, a fim de determinar parâmetros apropriados de torneamento para obter um fino revestimento de superfície final (rugosidade). Observou-se que para avanços (f) de 10 mícrons por revolução e profundidade de corte (ap) de 5 mícrons, a superfície apresentou um baixo valor de rugosidade, isto é, 2,81 nm para rugosidade média (Ra) e 13,4 nm para rugosidade teórica (Rt). Além disso, observou-se que a microestrutura do material mostrou-se de fundamental papel na rugosidade, por conta da recuperação elástica dos grãos devido a anisotropia da estrutura policristalina do cobre. As microestruturas geradas para a replicagem foram: a) lente esférica, b) perfil senoidal e sulcos concêntricos. Os resultados mostraram que é viável a reprodução, com boa conformidade das microestruturas, por meio de prensagem a quente. Observou-se que as bordas e as superfícies finas com rugosidade em torno de 10 nm rms foram bem replicadas. / In this work, different types of microstructures were generated by single point diamond turning and microindentation for will replicated through the hot embossing. Tests were carried to evaluate the generation these microstructures by two distinct methods: micro-deformation and micro-machining, planned to observe the replication of the mark generated by the Vickers indenter (Pyramidal) and the latter by material removal (single point diamond turning). A review on several manufacturing processes applied to replication of microfeatures, is presented. The materials used as mould and replication workpiece were electroless copper and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), respectively. Initially, the machinability of electroless copper was evaluated under different cutting conditions to determinate appropriate turning parameters to obtain very fine surface finish (roughness). It was observed that for f = 10 microns of revolution (feed rate) and ap = 5 microns (depth of cut), the surface presented the roughness lowest value, i.e., 2,81 nm to medium roughness (Ra) and 13,4 nm to theoretical roughness (Rt). Moreover, it was observed that the microstructure of the material plays a fundamental role on roughness, because of the elastic recovery of grains due to the anisotropy of the polycrystalline structure of copper. The microfeatures generated were the following: a) spherical lens, b) sinusoidal profile and concentrical grooves. The results showed that it is feasible to reproduce, with good agreement, the microfeatures by means of hot embossing. It was observed that thin edges and fine surfaces with roughness around 10 nm rms were well replicated.
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Estudo comparativo da resistência à compressão do cimento ósseo nacional e do importado, preparados manualmente e a vácuo. / A comparable study of the compression resistance of the national and international bone cement prepared manually and by vacuum.Barros, Carmem Aparecida Malaguti de 22 March 2002 (has links)
O cimento ósseo, utilizado para a fixação de componentes protéticos nas cirurgias de substituição articular, mais resistente às forças de compressão do que às forças de tração, tem suas propriedades mecânicas alteradas por vários fatores entre esses a formulação comercial e o método de preparação empregado. É o objetivo deste trabalho avaliar comparativamente as propriedades mecânicas à compressão de duas formulações comerciais de cimento ósseo preparadas manualmente e a vácuo, segundo as instruções do fabricante. Um conjunto de moldagem confeccionado em aço inoxidável permitiu preparar 48 corpos de prova para cada grupo experimental, totalizando 192 corpos de prova, que foram testados na Máquina Universal de Ensaios, tendo as especificações baseadas nas normas ISO 5833 e ASTM F451-86. A elaboração do diagrama tensão x deformação de cada grupo experimental analisou as propriedades mecânicas do cimento ósseo quanto ao módulo de elasticidade, tensão e deformação no limite de proporcionalidade, entre grupos de mesma formulação comercial e entre os grupos com mesmo método de mistura. Analisados estatisticamente pelo método de Variança de Kruskal-Wallis (p ≤0,001) e pelo método de Dunn's (p ≤0,05). Quanto ao módulo de elasticidade, o grupo 2M foi o que apresentou maior módulo, 1563 MPa, valor estatisticamente significante (p ≤ 0,05) em relação aos grupos 1M, 1V e 2V. Para a tensão no limite de proporcionalidade os grupos 1M (39,40 MPa) e 2V (39,65 MPa) foram os maiores valores de tensão no limite de proporcionalidade, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante entre eles, mas essas diferenças foram significativas quando comparadas aos grupos 1V e 2M. A deformação no limite de proporcionalidade de maior valor percentual foi para o grupo 1M, 3,36%, sendo esta diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado ao grupo 2M. Os testes de resistência à compressão do cimento nacionalizado e importado, preparados manualmente e a vácuo, mostraram não haver diferença importante entre os dois tipos de cimento ósseo, nem entre as duas formas de misturá-los. / The bone cement used for the fixation of the prosthetic components in the surgeries of joint replacement, more resistant to the compression than to the traction, has its mechanical properties altered by several factors among those the commercial formulation and preparation employee's method. It is the objective of this work to evaluate the mechanical properties to the compression of the two commercial formulas of bone cement manually prepared and using vacuum, according to the manufacturer's instructions. A molding set was made in stainless steel and it allowed for the preparation of 48 bodies of proof for each experimental group, adding up to 192 proof bodies total which were tested in the Universal Rehearsal Machine, with the specifications based on the ISO 5833 and the ASTM F451-86 regulations. The elaboration of the diagram "tension vs. deformation" of each of the experimental group analyzed the mechanical properties of the bone cement in relation to the elasticity module, tension and deformation on the proportional limit among the groups with the same commercial formula and among the groups with the same mixture method. Analyzed statistically, by Kruskal-Wallis's method of the variation (p ≤0.001) and by the Dunns method (p ≤0.05). Regarding the elasticity, the group 2M was the one with the highest module, 1563 MPa, a statistically significant value (p ≤0.05) in relation to the groups 1M, 1V and 2V to the tension at the limit of the proportionality, there is no significant differences among them, but these differences were relevant when compared to groups 1V and 2M. The deformation at the limit of the proportionality of the highest percentage was to group 1M, 3.36%, being this the relevant statistical difference when compared to group 2M. The resistance tests to the compression of the national and international cement prepared manually and by vacuum show that there is no important difference between the two kind of bone cement, and neither between the two ways of mixing them.
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Moldagem por injeção de microcomponentes ópticos poliméricos gerados em insertos usinados por torneamento de ultraprecisão / Injection molding of polymer micro-optical components generated in inserts by ultra-precision turningGranado, Renê Mendes 17 December 2010 (has links)
Este trabalho analisou o processo de moldagem por injeção de micro elementos ópticos difrativos usinados em insertos de cobre eletrolítico com ferramenta de diamante com ponta única. Quatro tipos de microestruturas características foram selecionados neste estudo, a saber: lente anesférica, lente de Fresnel, grade de difração (blaze grating) e sensor de frente de onda. A análise da fidelidade de replicação foi feita considerando aspectos dimensionais micrométricos e nanométricos para a microestrutura e acabamento. Um perfilometro óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura foram utilizados para avaliar os insertos usinados e as características dos replicados. Uma ferramenta de diamante com geometria especial, com meio raio, foi usada para usinar as características de difração. As superfícies usinadas apresentaram baixo acabamento superficial, na faixa de 16 nm Rms. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para avaliar o desempenho do processo de moldagem por injeção com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), e os resultados foram utilizados para orientar a injeção do polímero. Com base na simulações numéricas as temperaturas do molde e pressões de injeção foram variadas entre 85ºC/130°C e 70 bar/130 bar, respectivamente. A influência destes parâmetros no desempenho do processo de replicação foi analisada. A análise quantitativa da replicação foi feita através de um parâmetro denominado grau de replicação que define a relação entre a altura nominal da microestrutura do inserto e à altura da microestrutura na réplica de polímero. A grade de difração e o sensor de frente de onda apresentaram os melhores níveis de replicação: 98% e 99%, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o processo de moldagem por injeção é uma técnica viável para replicar com alta qualidade microcaracterísticas de elementos ópticos de difração gerados por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante com ponta única. / This work investigated the injection molding process of micro diffractive optical elements machined on electrolytic copper inserts by single point diamond turning. Four types of microstructure features were selected in this study, namely: aspherical lens, Fresnel lens, blaze grating and the wavefront sensor. The replication fidelity was evaluated in terms of dimensional micrometric features found in the microstructure and the surface finish. An optical profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the machined inserts and the replicated features. A special geometry diamond tool with half radius was used to machine the diffraction features. The machined surfaces presented very low surface finish in the range of 16 nm Rms. Numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the performance of the injection molding process with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the results were used to guide the polymer injection. Based on numerical simulations mold temperatures and injection pressures were varied between 85°C/130°C and 70 bar/130 bar, respectively. The influence of these parameters on performance of the replication process was assessed. The quantitative assessement of the replication was made by using a parameter called degree of replication which defines the ratio between the nominal height of the microstructure in the insert and the height of the microstructure in the polymer replica. The blaze grating and the wavefront sensor presented the best degrees of replication: 98% and 99%, respectively. The experimental results showed that injection molding process is a viable technique to replicate high quality micro features of optical diffraction elements generated by single point diamond turning.
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Moldagem por injeção de microcomponentes ópticos poliméricos gerados em insertos usinados por torneamento de ultraprecisão / Injection molding of polymer micro-optical components generated in inserts by ultra-precision turningRenê Mendes Granado 17 December 2010 (has links)
Este trabalho analisou o processo de moldagem por injeção de micro elementos ópticos difrativos usinados em insertos de cobre eletrolítico com ferramenta de diamante com ponta única. Quatro tipos de microestruturas características foram selecionados neste estudo, a saber: lente anesférica, lente de Fresnel, grade de difração (blaze grating) e sensor de frente de onda. A análise da fidelidade de replicação foi feita considerando aspectos dimensionais micrométricos e nanométricos para a microestrutura e acabamento. Um perfilometro óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura foram utilizados para avaliar os insertos usinados e as características dos replicados. Uma ferramenta de diamante com geometria especial, com meio raio, foi usada para usinar as características de difração. As superfícies usinadas apresentaram baixo acabamento superficial, na faixa de 16 nm Rms. As simulações numéricas foram realizadas para avaliar o desempenho do processo de moldagem por injeção com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), e os resultados foram utilizados para orientar a injeção do polímero. Com base na simulações numéricas as temperaturas do molde e pressões de injeção foram variadas entre 85ºC/130°C e 70 bar/130 bar, respectivamente. A influência destes parâmetros no desempenho do processo de replicação foi analisada. A análise quantitativa da replicação foi feita através de um parâmetro denominado grau de replicação que define a relação entre a altura nominal da microestrutura do inserto e à altura da microestrutura na réplica de polímero. A grade de difração e o sensor de frente de onda apresentaram os melhores níveis de replicação: 98% e 99%, respectivamente. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o processo de moldagem por injeção é uma técnica viável para replicar com alta qualidade microcaracterísticas de elementos ópticos de difração gerados por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante com ponta única. / This work investigated the injection molding process of micro diffractive optical elements machined on electrolytic copper inserts by single point diamond turning. Four types of microstructure features were selected in this study, namely: aspherical lens, Fresnel lens, blaze grating and the wavefront sensor. The replication fidelity was evaluated in terms of dimensional micrometric features found in the microstructure and the surface finish. An optical profiler and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the machined inserts and the replicated features. A special geometry diamond tool with half radius was used to machine the diffraction features. The machined surfaces presented very low surface finish in the range of 16 nm Rms. Numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the performance of the injection molding process with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the results were used to guide the polymer injection. Based on numerical simulations mold temperatures and injection pressures were varied between 85°C/130°C and 70 bar/130 bar, respectively. The influence of these parameters on performance of the replication process was assessed. The quantitative assessement of the replication was made by using a parameter called degree of replication which defines the ratio between the nominal height of the microstructure in the insert and the height of the microstructure in the polymer replica. The blaze grating and the wavefront sensor presented the best degrees of replication: 98% and 99%, respectively. The experimental results showed that injection molding process is a viable technique to replicate high quality micro features of optical diffraction elements generated by single point diamond turning.
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Stereocomplex poly (methyl methacrylate) fibers and self-reinforced composites and structural color of butterflies and beetles - characterization, replication and mimicryCrne, Matija 12 May 2009 (has links)
Stereocomplex poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) fibers for the purpose of reinforcing PMMA materials were developed. These kinds of composites are known as "self-reinforced" composites. We were successful in producing stereocomplex PMMA fibers with three different methods - wet spinning, gel spinning and electrospinning. Gel spinning and electrospinning produced the most crystalline fibers. Steroecomplex PMMA fibers were further shown to be resistant to high temperature and also to hot monomer solvent during bulk polymerization.
We further describe our efforts in characterization, replication and mimicry of structural color features of butterflies and beetles. We have developed a simple method of characterizing the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of microscopic objects such as butterfly wing scales. We used this method to characterize nanometer sized structural color features resulting from the replication of butterfly Morpho rhetenor, mimickry of butterfly Papilio palinurus and also the native structural color features of iridescent beetle Chrysina gloriosa, which were shown to be cholesteric focal conic defects lined on the surface.
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An engineering approach to modelling ballistic impact on hybrid polymer laminatesBanan, Roshan, Aerospace, Civil & Mechanical Engineering, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2009 (has links)
Hybrid polymer laminates of polycarbonate and PMMA have generated considerable interest among researchers as an alternative to traditional glass armours because of their potential for reduced cost and weight. Generally, the development of ballistic armour is carried out experimentally which is an expensive task in terms of time and cost. Numerical simulation provides a much greater facility to understand the phenomenon of ballistic impact and the effects of various parameters on the response to such impact. In addition it provides an easy means of comparing the impact performance of different materials as well as combination of materials forming hybrid laminates. The aim of this research was to develop a numerical modelling capability to simulate the ballistic response of hybrid polymer laminates, specifically polycarbonate and PMMA, using a commercially available finite element code LS-DYNA. The challenge was to work within the limitations of the material models and the failure algorithms available within LS-DYNA, and still try to reproduce the behaviour observed experimentally by previous researchers, initially on monolithic plates of polycarbonate and PMMA and then on hybrid laminates. The first part of the study focuses on a detailed literature survey on mechanical and dynamic characterisation of polycarbonate and PMMA as well as experimental and numerical studies previously conducted on ballistic behaviour of these materials as well as their combinations. The material properties of the polymers compiled from this literature survey were used as input for the selected LS-DYNA material model. Impact simulations were carried on monolithic and laminated media of polycarbonate and PMMA and where possible these were compared to experimental results. It was observed that the results agreed with the experimental data qualitatively. Quantitatively the results showed some discrepancies which were attributed to the limitations faced in simulating the exact test conditions numerically. Numerical simulations were carried out to study the effects of variations in laminate thickness and plate support diameters as well as to examine the influence of the bond between the layers. Finally the impact response of four different combinations of polycarbonate and PMMA are compared to each other for different laminate thicknesses.
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Estudo comparativo da resistência à compressão do cimento ósseo nacional e do importado, preparados manualmente e a vácuo. / A comparable study of the compression resistance of the national and international bone cement prepared manually and by vacuum.Carmem Aparecida Malaguti de Barros 22 March 2002 (has links)
O cimento ósseo, utilizado para a fixação de componentes protéticos nas cirurgias de substituição articular, mais resistente às forças de compressão do que às forças de tração, tem suas propriedades mecânicas alteradas por vários fatores entre esses a formulação comercial e o método de preparação empregado. É o objetivo deste trabalho avaliar comparativamente as propriedades mecânicas à compressão de duas formulações comerciais de cimento ósseo preparadas manualmente e a vácuo, segundo as instruções do fabricante. Um conjunto de moldagem confeccionado em aço inoxidável permitiu preparar 48 corpos de prova para cada grupo experimental, totalizando 192 corpos de prova, que foram testados na Máquina Universal de Ensaios, tendo as especificações baseadas nas normas ISO 5833 e ASTM F451-86. A elaboração do diagrama tensão x deformação de cada grupo experimental analisou as propriedades mecânicas do cimento ósseo quanto ao módulo de elasticidade, tensão e deformação no limite de proporcionalidade, entre grupos de mesma formulação comercial e entre os grupos com mesmo método de mistura. Analisados estatisticamente pelo método de Variança de Kruskal-Wallis (p ≤0,001) e pelo método de Dunn's (p ≤0,05). Quanto ao módulo de elasticidade, o grupo 2M foi o que apresentou maior módulo, 1563 MPa, valor estatisticamente significante (p ≤ 0,05) em relação aos grupos 1M, 1V e 2V. Para a tensão no limite de proporcionalidade os grupos 1M (39,40 MPa) e 2V (39,65 MPa) foram os maiores valores de tensão no limite de proporcionalidade, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante entre eles, mas essas diferenças foram significativas quando comparadas aos grupos 1V e 2M. A deformação no limite de proporcionalidade de maior valor percentual foi para o grupo 1M, 3,36%, sendo esta diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado ao grupo 2M. Os testes de resistência à compressão do cimento nacionalizado e importado, preparados manualmente e a vácuo, mostraram não haver diferença importante entre os dois tipos de cimento ósseo, nem entre as duas formas de misturá-los. / The bone cement used for the fixation of the prosthetic components in the surgeries of joint replacement, more resistant to the compression than to the traction, has its mechanical properties altered by several factors among those the commercial formulation and preparation employee's method. It is the objective of this work to evaluate the mechanical properties to the compression of the two commercial formulas of bone cement manually prepared and using vacuum, according to the manufacturer's instructions. A molding set was made in stainless steel and it allowed for the preparation of 48 bodies of proof for each experimental group, adding up to 192 proof bodies total which were tested in the Universal Rehearsal Machine, with the specifications based on the ISO 5833 and the ASTM F451-86 regulations. The elaboration of the diagram "tension vs. deformation" of each of the experimental group analyzed the mechanical properties of the bone cement in relation to the elasticity module, tension and deformation on the proportional limit among the groups with the same commercial formula and among the groups with the same mixture method. Analyzed statistically, by Kruskal-Wallis's method of the variation (p ≤0.001) and by the Dunns method (p ≤0.05). Regarding the elasticity, the group 2M was the one with the highest module, 1563 MPa, a statistically significant value (p ≤0.05) in relation to the groups 1M, 1V and 2V to the tension at the limit of the proportionality, there is no significant differences among them, but these differences were relevant when compared to groups 1V and 2M. The deformation at the limit of the proportionality of the highest percentage was to group 1M, 3.36%, being this the relevant statistical difference when compared to group 2M. The resistance tests to the compression of the national and international cement prepared manually and by vacuum show that there is no important difference between the two kind of bone cement, and neither between the two ways of mixing them.
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Avaliação da replicagem de moldes torneados com ferramenta de diamante usando prensagem a quente em polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) / Evaluation of the replication of molds generated from single point diamond turning using hot embossing in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)Robson Alves de Oliveira 14 December 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho, diferentes tipos de microestruturas foram geradas por torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única e microendentação para serem replicadas através da prensagem a quente. Testes foram realizados para ser avaliada a geração destas microestruturas por dois métodos distintos: microdeformação e microusinagem, planejados para observar a replicação gerada por marca de endentação Vickers (piramidal) e, remoção de material (torneamento com ferramenta de diamante de ponta única). Uma revisão no processo de manufatura aplicada para a replicação de microestruturas é apresentada. Os materiais usados como molde e réplica foram o cobre eletrolítico e o polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), respectivamente. Inicialmente, a usinabilidade do cobre eletrolítico foi avaliada sob diferentes condições de corte, a fim de determinar parâmetros apropriados de torneamento para obter um fino revestimento de superfície final (rugosidade). Observou-se que para avanços (f) de 10 mícrons por revolução e profundidade de corte (ap) de 5 mícrons, a superfície apresentou um baixo valor de rugosidade, isto é, 2,81 nm para rugosidade média (Ra) e 13,4 nm para rugosidade teórica (Rt). Além disso, observou-se que a microestrutura do material mostrou-se de fundamental papel na rugosidade, por conta da recuperação elástica dos grãos devido a anisotropia da estrutura policristalina do cobre. As microestruturas geradas para a replicagem foram: a) lente esférica, b) perfil senoidal e sulcos concêntricos. Os resultados mostraram que é viável a reprodução, com boa conformidade das microestruturas, por meio de prensagem a quente. Observou-se que as bordas e as superfícies finas com rugosidade em torno de 10 nm rms foram bem replicadas. / In this work, different types of microstructures were generated by single point diamond turning and microindentation for will replicated through the hot embossing. Tests were carried to evaluate the generation these microstructures by two distinct methods: micro-deformation and micro-machining, planned to observe the replication of the mark generated by the Vickers indenter (Pyramidal) and the latter by material removal (single point diamond turning). A review on several manufacturing processes applied to replication of microfeatures, is presented. The materials used as mould and replication workpiece were electroless copper and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), respectively. Initially, the machinability of electroless copper was evaluated under different cutting conditions to determinate appropriate turning parameters to obtain very fine surface finish (roughness). It was observed that for f = 10 microns of revolution (feed rate) and ap = 5 microns (depth of cut), the surface presented the roughness lowest value, i.e., 2,81 nm to medium roughness (Ra) and 13,4 nm to theoretical roughness (Rt). Moreover, it was observed that the microstructure of the material plays a fundamental role on roughness, because of the elastic recovery of grains due to the anisotropy of the polycrystalline structure of copper. The microfeatures generated were the following: a) spherical lens, b) sinusoidal profile and concentrical grooves. The results showed that it is feasible to reproduce, with good agreement, the microfeatures by means of hot embossing. It was observed that thin edges and fine surfaces with roughness around 10 nm rms were well replicated.
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Verfahren zur Herstellung hierarchisch strukturierter poröser MembranenEbert, Susann 21 September 2011 (has links)
Poröse Polymermembranen spielen in der Industrie und Forschung als Filtrationsmedien eine bedeutende Rolle. Eine besondere Form dieser Membranen sind die sogenannten Mikrosiebe, die sich im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Filtermedien durch eine Membrandicke kleiner als der Durchmesser der Poren, eine enge Porengrößenverteilung und eine hohe Porendichte auszeichnen. Dies führt zu einer hohen Selektivität und Permeabilität dieser Mikrosiebe. Aufgrund der geringen Membrandicke sind sie jedoch, beispielsweise beim Einsatz als Filtermedien, sehr empfindlich gegenüber mechanischer Belastung und benötigen üblicherweise eine zusätzliche (externe) Stützstruktur.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung mikrosiebartiger Polymermembranen, bei denen die Darstellung der späteren Trennschicht und Stützstruktur in einem Prozess erfolgt – den hierarchisch strukturierten porösen Membranen. Es werden zwei neue Verfahren zur Darstellung dieser Membranen vorgestellt.
Im ersten Verfahren wird das Prinzip der partikel-assistierten Benetzung mit den sogenannten Kondensationsmustern (Breath Figures Patterns), im zweiten Verfahren mit der Tintenstrahltechnik kombiniert. In beiden Fällen enthalten die resultierenden Polymermembranen die gewünschte hierarchische Porenstruktur, d. h. sie weisen eine Trennschicht mit submikrometergroßen Poren auf der einen Seite und eine Stützstruktur mit größeren, mikrometergroßen Poren auf der anderen Seite auf.
Um die Membranen, welche durch Kombination der partikel-assistierten Benetzung mit den Kon-densationsmustern hergestellt werden, für einen möglichen Einsatz als Filtrationsmedium zu charakterisieren, werden Untersuchungen bezüglich des Permeatflusses und der Permeabilität sowie zum Rückhaltevermögen durchgeführt.:Inhaltsverzeichnis iii
Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen und Symbole vi
Abkürzungen vi
Symbole ix
1 Einleitung und Motivation der Arbeit 1
2 Verfahren zur Herstellung hierarchisch strukturierter Membranen durch Kombination von Kondensationsmustern mit dem Prinzip der partikel-assistierten Benetzung 10
2.1 Einleitung 10
2.2 Ergebnisse 15
2.3 Zusammenfassung 24
2.4 Experimenteller Teil 25
2.4.1 Synthese der Siliziumdioxid-Partikel 25
2.4.2 Membranherstellung 26
2.4.2.1 Herstellung der Partikel-Polymer-Dispersionen 26
2.4.2.2 Herstellung der Membranen 28
2.4.3 Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung 29
2.4.4 Verwendete Chemikalien 30
2.4.4.1 Herstellung der Siliziumdioxid-Partikel nach Stöber 30
2.4.4.2 Herstellung der Membranen 30
3 Untersuchung der Filtrationseigenschaften der hierarchisch strukturierten porösen Membranen 31
3.1 Einleitung 31
3.1.1 Filtration 31
3.1.2 Ultrafiltration und Mikrofiltration - Prozessführung 36
3.1.2.1 Dead-End-Filtration 37
3.1.2.2 Querstrom-Filtration 40
3.1.3 Membranfouling 41
3.1.4 Mikrofiltration mit Mikrosieben 42
3.2 Ergebnisse 45
3.2.1 Bestimmung der Porosität 46
3.2.2 Bestimmung der Leistungsfähigkeit der hierarchisch strukturierten Membranen 49
3.2.3 Bestimmung des Rückhaltevermögens der hierarchisch strukturierten Membranen 56
3.2.3.1 Filtration von Hefezellen 56
3.2.3.2 Filtration von Rhodamin B markierten Melamin-Partikeln 58
3.3 Zusammenfassung 60
3.4 Experimenteller Teil 62
3.4.1 Herstellung poröser Membranen für Filtrationsversuche 62
3.4.2 Permeatfluss- und Permeabilitätsmessungen 62
3.4.3 Filtrationsmessungen 63
3.4.3.1 Filtration von Hefezellen 63
3.4.3.2 Filtration von Rhodamin B markierten Melamin-Partikeln 64
3.4.4 Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung 64
3.4.5 Verwendete Chemikalien 65
3.4.5.1 Herstellung der Membranen 65
3.4.5.2 Permeatfluss- und Permeabilitätsmessungen 65
3.4.5.3 Filtrationsmessungen 66
3.5 Anhang 67
3.5.1 Anhang 3.1 - Ergebnisse der Porositätsbestimmung 67
3.5.2 Anhang 3.2 - Ergebnisse der Bestimmung der Permeatflüsse und Permeabilitäten 78
3.5.3 Anhang 3.3 - Ergebnisse der Filtrationsmessungen 83
4 Herstellung poröser Membranen mittels Inkjet-Technologie 86
4.1 Einleitung 87
4.1.1 Inkjet-Technologie (Tintenstrahltechnik) 87
4.1.2 Ober- und Grenzflächenthermodynamik 91
4.1.3 Herstellung poröser Membranen mit Hilfe der Inkjet-Technologie 96
4.2 Ergebnisse 97
4.2.1 Druckprozess 98
4.2.2 Membranherstellungsprozess 104
4.2.2.1 Membranherstellung mittels Filmziehrahmen 105
4.2.2.2 Membranherstellung mittels Ringmethode 107
4.2.2.3 Vergleich zwischen theoretischem und experimentell ermitteltem Porendurchmesser 110
4.2.2.4 Porosität 116
4.3 Zusammenfassung 118
4.4 Experimenteller Teil 119
4.4.1 Herstellen der Substrate 119
4.4.2 Druckprozess 119
4.4.2.1 Herstellung der Tinte und Befüllen der Patrone 120
4.4.2.2 Einstellung des Druckers 120
4.4.3 Membranherstellung 121
4.4.3.1 Herstellung der Polymerlösungen 121
4.4.3.2 Herstellung und Aufarbeitung der Membranen 122
4.4.4 Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung 123
4.4.5 Verwendete Chemikalien 124
4.4.5.1 Herstellung der Substrate 124
4.4.5.2 Druckprozess 124
4.4.5.3 Membranherstellung 124
4.5 Anhang 125
5 Verfahren zur Herstellung hierarchisch strukturierter Membranen durch Kombination der Inkjet-Technologie mit dem Prinzip der partikel-assistierten Benetzung 127
5.1 Einleitung 128
5.1.1 Dünne Polymerfilme 128
5.1.2 Dynamik des Verdunstungsprozesses 129
5.2 Ergebnisse 132
5.2.1 Einfluss der Partikel auf die Membranherstellung 134
5.2.2 Einfluss der Oberflächenfunktionalisierung der Partikel und des Partikel : Polymer-Verhältnisses 137
5.2.3 Einfluss des Lösungsmittels 144
5.2.3.1 Membranherstellung mit einem Lösungsmittelgemisch aus Chloroform und 1-Dekalin 146
5.2.3.2 Membranherstellung mit einem Lösungsmittelgemisch aus Chloroform und 3-Pentanon 148
5.2.3.3 Porosität 153
5.3 Zusammenfassung 155
5.4 Experimenteller Teil 158
5.4.1 Herstellung der Substrate 158
5.4.2 Druckprozess 158
5.4.2.1 Herstellung der Tinte und Befüllen der Patrone 159
5.4.2.2 Einstellung des Druckers 159
5.4.3 Membranherstellung 160
5.4.3.1 Herstellung der Siliziumdioxid-Partikel 160
5.4.3.2 Herstellung der Partikel-Polymer-Dispersion 162
5.4.3.3 Herstellung und Aufarbeitung der Membranen 164
5.4.4 Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung 164
5.4.5 Verwendete Chemikalien 166
5.4.5.1 Synthese der Siliziumdioxid-Partikel 166
5.4.5.2 Herstellung der Substrate 167
5.4.5.3 Druckprozess 167
5.4.5.4 Membranherstellung 167
6 Zusammenfassung 168
7 Literatur 172
Abbildungsverzeichnis 180
Tabellenverzeichnis 184
Selbständigkeitserklärung 185
Circum Vitae 186
8 Literatur 191
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