Since the mid-1990s, Central Mississippi has become home to a new population of migrants from across Latin America. Recruited by the chicken processing industry, these newcomers work alongside a longstanding and disenfranchised Black workforce in the country’s lowest paid and most dangerous jobs. This study addresses the globalization of rural Mississippi, its relationship to capital and labor, and its human implications for established Southern communities as well as new immigrant groups. It explores the ways in which people of different backgrounds understand and experience migration, shaped to a large degree by the historical and contemporary political economies of race and white privilege in this region. It examines the changes in the poultry industry over time that led to its recent recruitment of foreign-born laborers, and it illustrates the ways in which difference is constructed and maintained among people of diverse backgrounds in both communities and workplaces in the area. Through ethnography of discourses and interactions across lines of difference--both inside the plants, where identity categories are exploited for labor control and profit, and outside, as workers go about their everyday segregated lives--the dissertation argues that transnational migration is both transforming and consolidating social hierarchies in the region. Migrants are not entering society at the bottom, but rather are inserted into a precarious space between white and Black, and their positioning in society is often shifting and situational. This conclusion holds vital implications for workers’ prospects for political mobilization. It suggests that in the globalized present, organizers of lowwage workers must understand class as but one of a number of cross cutting axes of identity formation, and that class struggle alone will not bring about social change in a newly multicultural workforce. In a world increasingly driven by neoliberalism and divided by racial and ethnic conflict, the research creates a deeper awareness of the relationships between industrial restructuring, transnational migration, and political economies of race, revealing both challenges and possibilities for newly multicultural communities seeking social, economic, and workplace justice. / text

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Motivation: The investigation of agricultural respiratory hazards has lagged behind the investigation of hazards in mining and other heavy industries. Relatively few epidemiological data are available addressing pulmonary infections in the context of the agricultural work environment, especially for the South African population. Poultry house dust was generally considered nuisance or inert, meaning it has little adverse effect on human lungs. New research shows that because poultry house dust is largely organic and contain bacteria and other bioactive substances, it cannot be considered inert. Several published research manuscripts document that the legal and recommended exposure limits for the toxic substances found in the agricultural environment are to high for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO's). In CAFO's there is a mixture of biologically active agents that can work synergistic to produce respiratory and systemic effects at much lower levels. Most of the current legal exposure limits used in South Africa are adopted from international limits and guidelines. Because of the influence of geography, climate and degree of industrialisation on the agricultural air quality, the relevance of the foreign exposure limits is questionable. Aim: To determine if there is a correlation between occupational exposure to poultry farm dust and the lung function of poultry farm workers in the Potchefstroom district, South Africa. Also to determine if the current legal exposure limits used for ammonia and particulate matter (PM) in South Africa, offer adequate worker protection for poultry farm workers exposed to biologically active dust. Methodology: This was an observational, cross-sectional pilot study. A target population of fifty contract workers concerned with the removal and disposal of poultry manure were identified in the Potchefstroom district and a random sample of nineteen was drawn for participation in this study. Exposure to total and respirable dust were determined by means of personal sampling for the full duration of the time averaging period (8-hour TWA). Area monitoring for ammonia and bio-aerosols were done in poultry houses in three specific demarcated areas around Potchefstroom, and weather conditions were taken into account. Lung function tests (spirometry) were conducted before and after each work shift. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to assess occupational and exposure histories and to detect symptoms of organic dust exposure. Results and conclusions: The mean total- and respirable dust concentrations complied with the legal limits of OSHA, NlOSH and the Regulations for hazardous chemical substances of 1995. However, fifty five percent of the measured total dust concentrations and all of the respirable dust measurements exceeded Donham's recommended values for human health. The spirometric values of the subjects were normal; there was no statistical difference between the mean baseline FEV1/FVC and the mean predicted FEV1/FVC. Results also show no statistically significant cross shift changes in any of the measured variables and there is no significant correlation of the measured dust concentrations to any of the spirometric measurements. It can be concluded that occupational exposure to ammonia, particulate matter and micro-organisms on poultry farms in the Potchefsroom district, South Africa, do not have any adverse effects on the workers' lung function and the workers are adequately protected in the short term, by the legal limits that are currently used in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002. / Title from title page screen (viewed Feb. 27, 2003). Thesis advisor: Atul Sheth. Document formatted into pages (ix, 70 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 304 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-304). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Orientador: Raphael Lucio Andreatti Filho / Banca: Teresinha Knobl / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Resumo: O biofilme representa uma importante fonte de contaminação de alimentos, podendo estar presente em vários pontos da cadeia de processamento da carne de frango. O controle do biofilme na indústria alimentícia necessita de métodos alternativos, a fim de superar a resistência a desinfetantes comuns e garantir um alimento livre de resíduos químicos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a influência das superfícies de inox, vidro e PVC sobre a formação de biofilmes de Salmonella spp. em diferentes momentos, e avaliar a ação lítica de um pool de bacteriófagos sobre biofilmes destas bactérias. A maioria das amostras foi classificada como fracas produtoras de biofilme, e os sorovares Heidelberg e Enteritidis apresentaram um número significativamente maior de amostras formadoras. As superfícies de inox e vidro favoreceram significativamente a formação de biofilme em três e cinco períodos, respectivamente. O pool de bacteriófagos reduziu a formação de biofilme nas superfícies de inox, vidro e PVC, e seu período de ação concentrou-se principalmente em 3h, porém estes resultados não foram estatisticamente significantes. Nossos achados sugerem que o sorovar e a superfície envolvidos podem interferir significativamente na produção de biofilme, porém através dos métodos utilizados neste estudo, não podemos confirmar a ação de bacteriófagos sobre biofilmes de Salmonella spp. nas superfícies de vidro, inox e PVC / Abstract: Biofilm is a major source of food contamination and may be present in various parts of the chicken meat processing chain. The control of biofilm in the food industry needs alternative methods in order to overcome resistance to disinfectants and ensure food free of chemical residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the surfaces of stainless steel, glass and PVC in the biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. at different times and evaluate the action of a pool of bacteriophages against this bacterial biofilms. Most samples were classified as weak biofilm producers. Heidelberg and Enteritidis serotypes showed a significantly higher number of samples capable to produce biofilm. The surfaces of stainless steel and glass significantly favored the biofilm formation in three and five periods, respectively. The bacteriophage pool reduced biofilm formation on the surfaces of stainless steel, glass and PVC and its action period focused mainly at 3h. Our findings suggests that there is a difference in the production of biofilms by different serotypes of Salmonella spp., as well as significantly interference of the surfaces in the production of biofilms by this bacteria, however more studies should be conducted in order to characterize the bacteriophage action in the control of biofilms / Mestre

A indústria de carne de frango no Brasil cresceu e figura, desde 2004, como maior exportadora mundial desta carne, mesmo destinando menos de 30% do volume total produzido no país para o mercado internacional. No Brasil, a carne de frango é a mais consumida, desde 2006, entre as carnes. Neste contexto, é importante o entendimento de como a indústria evoluiu para atingir o patamar atual. Visando analisar a dinâmica da estrutura da indústria de carne de frango no Brasil entre os anos de 2000 e 2010, as Teorias da Organização Industrial e da Localização foram adotadas na pesquisa e utilizou-se o método quantitativo com dados secundários do conjunto de empresas responsáveis pelo abate e industrialização de frangos no Brasil. Para o período entre 2000 e 2010, analisou-se a mobilidade regional das operações de abate; a concentração de mercado foi mensurada, pelos índices Razão de Concentração e Herfindahl-Hirschman; e também se avaliou a mudança de posições das empresas pela análise de turnover. Para os índices de concentração e para o turnover adotou-se como critérios de análise o número de frangos abatidos e o volume de carne de frango exportada de cada empresa anualmente. Os resultados demonstram expansão da indústria de carne de frango e que seu direcionamento está associado à disponibilidade de insumos para alimentação dos frangos. Na região Centro-Oeste, observa-se o maior incremento de participação no abate de frangos no Brasil. Na análise das variáveis estruturais, constata-se que a concentração pelo índice HH é classificada como não concentrada no abate, com exceção de 2009, ano em que as duas maiores empresas responderam por mais de 44% dos frangos abatidos no Brasil. Já as exportações caracterizam-se como moderadamente concentradas. Ao longo do período analisado, ocorre um aumento da concentração no abate e uma moderada redução da concentração nas exportações. Porém, na segunda metade dos anos 2000, registra-se uma intensificação do aumento da concentração no abate de frangos e uma inversão da tendência de queda nas exportações. Como fator, parcial, de explicação para tal fenômeno tem-se os processos de fusões e aquisições, que se intensificaram nessa indústria na segunda metade dos anos 2000. Pela análise de turnover, verifica-se que há mudanças de posições entre as empresas e que estas, também, se intensificaram na segunda metade dos anos 2000. Evidenciam-se mudanças no padrão de consumo domiciliar no Brasil e na pauta das exportações, que indicam decréscimo do frango inteiro e acréscimo desta carne em cortes e de produtos elaborados. Constata-se que a indústria amplia seus mercados internacionais e tem-se a perspectiva de aumento da participação de produtos industrializados na pauta das exportações. Conclui-se que os movimentos ocorridos caracterizam mudanças na estrutura da indústria de carne de frango no Brasil. E nesta trajetória constata-se como importantes direcionadores as fusões e aquisições ocorridas e o aumento do tamanho do mercado. Espera-se, com esta pesquisa, contribuir com informações sobre a evolução recente da indústria, o que pode auxiliar nas proposições de políticas públicas e nas orientações das empresas que atuam, ou venham a entrar nesta indústria. / The Brazilian chicken meat industry has grown and stands out, since 2004, as world’s major exporter of this meat, even allocating less than 30% of the total amount produced in this country to international trade. In Brazil, chicken meat has been the most consumed within the meat types, since 2006. Given this perspective, it is important to understand how the industry has evolved to reach such status. Aiming to analyze the structural dynamics of chicken meat industry in Brazil in 2000 and 2010, Industrial Organization and Location theories were adopted , a quantitative method was used, with secondary data regarding poultry slaughtering and processing companies. Between 2000 and 2010, regional mobility of the slaughtering operations was analyzed; market concentration has been measured through Concentration Ratio and Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes. Changes in the ranking of companies were also assessed, through turnover analysis. In order to undertake the market concentration measurement and the turnover analysis, the number of slaughtered chickens and the volume of chicken meat exported by each company, annually, were adopted as analysis criterion. The results show an expansion of the chicken meat industry, which directioning is related to the availability of inputs for chicken feed. In the Central-West Region, one observes the highest increase in participation in chicken slaughtering in Brazil. When analyzing the structural variables, one notes that market concentration is characterized as not concentrated regarding slaughtering, the exception being 2009, when the two largest companies accounted for more than 44% of chicken slaughtered in Brazil. Concerning exports, they are characterized as moderately concentrated. Throughout the time period that has been analyzed, there is an increase in slaughtering concentration and a moderate reduction in exports concentration. However, in the second half of decade 2000-2010, one records intensification on the concentration increase in chicken slaughtering and an inversion on the decrease trend in exports. As a partial factor of explanation for such phenomenon, there are mergers and acquisition processes, intensified within this industry during the second half of the decade 2000-2010. By means of turnover analysis, one verifies that there are changes in the ranking of the companies, phenomenon that has also been during the second half of the decade 2000-2010. Changes in the domestic consumption patterns in Brazil, as well as in its exports portfolio are observed and indicate a decrease of the whole chicken figures and an increase of cuts and elaborated products. It is found that the industry expands its international markets and there is a perspective of increase in the participation of industrialized products in the exports portfolio. It can be concluded that movements occurred during the observed time period characterize changes in chicken meat industry, in Brazil. And in this evolution it can be seen as important drivers mergers and acquisitions and the increasing of size market. This research is expected to contribute with information on recent developments in the industry, by means of assistance for proposal for public policies, and orientations to companies currently operating in this industry and of those that could possibly enter this market.

Com o aumento do consumo, a exigência do mercado por produtos com garantia de qualidade também cresce e a estrutura das empresas produtoras de alimentos torna-se mais complexa. Dentro da cadeia produtiva existe um ambiente institucional que cerca o sistema e regulamenta de maneira formal e informal a forma de conduzir dos agentes, sendo uma das mais importantes questões institucionais o status sanitário dos plantéis de frango. Entende-se por status sanitário a situação de saúde geral que se encontram as aves alojadas no país. O objetivo geral do trabalho é avaliar qual o efeito do ambiente institucional, formal e informal, na cadeia produtiva avícola do RS na regulação e no desenvolvimento dos mercados de carne de frango. Segundo North (1991) as instituições são as restrições que a humanidade concebeu dentro das estruturas políticas, econômicas e nas interações sociais. As instituições são formadas pelas regras informais (sanções, tabus, costumes, tradições e códigos de conduta) e regras formais (constituição, leis, direitos de propriedade) então como as instituições são as responsáveis pelas “regras do jogo” para uma ação efetiva elas devem funcionar como um sistema de incentivos em todos os tipos de troca. O Ministério da Agricultura aparece como a principal instituição formal que rege o status sanitário dos planteis. Este órgão que possui a função de coordenador de diversos programas sanitários que tem por objetivo garantir o status sanitário da avicultura no país. Nos anos 2000, as barreiras comerciais devido a questões sanitárias tornaram-se cada vez mais comuns como é o caso da Influenza Aviária ou a Doença de Newcastle, exigindo esforços de todos agentes envolvidos no processo para montagem e manutenção de programas sanitários. Os danos causados por surtos destas doenças ao Brasil têm sido até hoje relativos à diminuição das exportações, consequência da queda no consumo. Porém, caso doenças cheguem ao país, os danos podem ser desastrosos. As regras formais existentes no sistema hoje abrangem somente as grandes empresas produtoras de alimentos, porem os riscos expostos a cadeia podem ser oriundos de todos os tipos de produtores. Devido a imposição de um ambiente institucional com altas exigências estruturais e sanitárias o Ministério da Agricultura falha ao não possuir a estrutura adequada nos estados e municípios para garantir a e cumprimento de todas as legislações e normas para garantir a manutenção e desenvolvimento do mercado. Espera-se com esta pesquisa contribuir com informações sobre este tema relevante que possa auxiliar a indústria e instituições a buscarem melhores soluções para o crescimento e manutenção do sistema produtivo atual com o mínimo de riscos possíveis. / The increase in consumption do the market demand for products with quality assurance also grows and structure of food producing companies becomes more complex. Inside the poultry industry there is an institutional environment surrounding the system and regulates formally and informally how to drive the agents, one of the most important institutional issues is the health status of poultry flocks. Following definitions shall apply health status of the general health situation that are the broilers in the country. The general objective of the study is to assess what effect the institutional environment, formal and informal poultry production chain in the RS and the regulation and development of markets for poultry meat. According to North (1991) institutions are the constraints that humanity conceived within the political, economic and social interactions. Institutions are shaped by informal rules (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions and codes of conduct) and formal rules (constitution, laws, property rights) then how institutions are responsible for the "game rules" for effective action it has to work as a system of incentives for all types of exchange. The Ministry of Agriculture appears as the main formal institution that governs the health status of flocks. This government department has the role of coordinator of various health programs that aims to ensure the health status of the poultry industry in the country. In the 2000s, trade barriers due to health issues have becoming more common as in the case of Avian Influenza or Newcastle Disease, requiring the efforts of all involved in the process for assembly and maintenance of health programs. The damage caused by outbreaks of these diseases have been to Brazil today for the decline in exports, a result of the fall in consumption. However, if diseases come to the country, the damage can be disastrous. Formal rules now covers only large producing companies, however the risks exposed chain can be drawn from all types of producers. Because the imposition of an institutional environment with high structural demands for health the Ministry of Agriculture fails to do not have the proper structure in states and municipalities to ensure compliance all the laws and standards. It is hoped that this research contribute information on this relevant topic that can help industry and institutions to looking for better solutions for the growth and maintenance of the current production system with minimal risks.