The future smart grid is envisioned as a large scale cyber-physical system encompassing advanced power, computing, communications and control technologies. This work provides comprehensive accounts of the application with optimization methods, probability theory, commitment and dispatching technologies for addressing open problems in three emerging areas that pertain to the smart grid: unit commitment, service restoration problems in microgrid systems, and charging services for the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) markets. The work on the short-term scheduling problem in renewable-powered islanded microgrids is to determine the least-cost unit commitment (UC) and the associated dispatch, while meeting electricity load, environmental and system operating requirements. A novel probability-based concept, {\em probability of self-sufficiency}, is introduced to indicate the probability that the microgrid is capable of meeting local demand in a self-sufficient manner. Furthermore, we make the first attempt in approaching the mixed-integer UC problem from a convex optimization perspective, which leads to an analytical closed-form characterization of the optimal commitment and dispatch solutions. The extended research of the renewable-powered microgrid in the connection mode is the second part of this work. In this situation, the role of microgrid is changed to be either an electricity provider selling energy to the main grid or a consumer purchasing energy from the main grid. This interaction with the main grid completes work on the scheduling schemes. Third, a microgrid should be connected with the main grid most of the time. However, when a blackout of the main grid occurs, how to guarantee reliability in a microgrid as much as possible becomes an immediate question, which motivates us to investigate the service restoration in a microgrid, driven islanded by an unscheduled breakdown from the main grid. The objective is to determine the maximum of the expected restorative loads by choosing the best arrangement of the power network configurations immediately from the beginning of the breakdown all the way to the end of the island mode. Lastly, the work investigating the pricing strategy in future PHEV markets considers a monopoly market with two typical service classes. The unique characteristics of battery charging result in a piecewise linear quality of service model. Resorting to the concept of subdifferential, some theoretical results, including the existence and uniqueness of the subscriber equilibrium as well as the convergence of the corresponding subscriber dynamics are established. In the course of developing revenue-maximizing pricing strategies for both service classes, a general tradeoff has been identi ed between monetization and customer acquisition. / Graduate

The work presents a new low voltage electric network development method and a computer program implementing it. In the work is given analysis of the task actuality, review of CAD, electric circuit modeling – counting tools. It also explains the grounds why MS Visio programming environment was selected to implement the set tasks. In designed part of the system is presented systems specification, custom interface, data structure, data flow, systems functions and non functions requirements. Represented EJLPS smart shapes with graphics views and descriptions. Showed, how electric power network one-way circuit must be represented as oriented tree graph, and counting in them can be organized with searching algorithms. Made user case, static structure, component, deployment, activity and method models. Represented EJLPS subroutines and functions specification and shapes functions specification also. Systems testing was carried out using described testing methodology, tests descriptions and testing results. The work presents user documentation, with installation guide, system guide, system administrator guide and description of system functionality. In the final part of the work is presented system quality diagnosis, system development possibilities and information how the system was installed for a specific customer. Finally, a conclusion was made that MS Visio environment enabled to implement the EJLPS system specification in a cost-saving way and ensured effective searching... [to full text]

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamos skirstomojo tinklo 0,4- 10 kV linijų gedimų problemos, remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize ir praktinio darbo patirties apibendrinimu. Nustatomi Šiaulių regiono kiekvieno rajono elektros tinklų 0,4-10 kV linijų gedimų skaičius, atjungtų vartotojų skaičius, atjungimų trukmės ir priežastys. Apskaičiuojami Šiaulių regiono kiekvieno rajono elektros tinklo patikimumo rodikliai, daugiausiai gendančios elektros linijos parengties ir priverstinės prastovos koeficientai bei veikimo ir gedimo tikimybės per 12 mėnesių. / This paper deals with the distribution network of 0.4 and 10 kV line fault problems based on the scientific literature and practical experience. The number of faults, the number of disconnections, the disconnections times and reasons of 0.4-10 kV grid lines of Šiauliai region have been investigated. Reliability indicators of electrical network of Šiauliai region have been calculated. Working and failure probabilities of the electrical network during 12 months have been calculated.

Utsikterna att kunna genomföra en återstart av de två små vattenkraftverk som behandlas i denna rapport år goda. Förutsättningarna är gynnsamma i så måtto att planerna för återstarten ligger väl i linje med praxis som etablerats genom avgöranden i de högre rättsliga instanserna gällande liknande fall. Ägaren planerar att driva verksamheten i stort sett så som den ursprungligen bedrevs, vilket visat sig betydelsefullt för att få återupptag av nedlagd vattenkraftverksamhet godkänt Dessa kraftverk är små, väldigt små. Detta betyder att investeringskostnaderna måste minimeras om det skall finns någon chans att uppnå en acceptabel återbetalningstid för investeringen. Några kostnader kan inte påverkas alls, till exempel anslutningen till elnätet. Vissa, såsom de för nya tuber, intagsgaller, samt kabel och utrustning till kraftverken, kan påverkas i någon mån genom att omsorgsfullt välja leverantörerna av utrustningen, samt välja de mest kostnadseffektiva (ofta liktydigt med de enklaste men ändå fungerande) lösningarna. Några få komponenter, såsom generatorn, kan gå att få tag på som begagnade, vilket hjälper till att hålla nere kostnaderna. Slutligen bör inte de pengar som finns att spara på att göra så mycket som möjligt av arbetet själv underskattas. / The prospects of achieving a restart of the two small hydropower plants studied in this report are good. The basic conditions are favourable in the sense that the plans for a restart are well in line with accepted procedures such as established by decisions in the highest courts regarding similar cases. The owner plans to run the operation in essentially the same way it was originally run, a circumstance which has proven to be important when seeking to get restart of discontinued hydropower activities approved. These power plants are small, very small. This means that investment costs has to be minimized if there is to be any chance of achieving an acceptable pay-off time for the investment. Some can't be affected at all, such as the cost for getting connected to the power network. Some, such as those of new tubes, intake bars and electrical wiring and equipment for the plants, can be affected to some extent by carefully choosing the suppliers of the equipment and choosing the most cost-efficient (in most cases synonymous with the simplest but yet functional) solutions. A few components, such as the generator, can possibly be obtained as used equipment, which helps keeping the costs down. Lastly, the potential of saving money by doing as much as possible of the work yourself should not be underestimated.

The main objective of this thesis is to design reliable clock-distribution networks and power-delivery networks for three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) using through-silicon vias (TSVs). This dissertation supports this goal by addressing six research topics. The first four works focus on 3D clock tree synthesis for low power, pre-bond testability, TSV-induced obstacle avoidance, and TSV utilization. The last two works develop modeling approaches for reliability analysis on 3D power-delivery networks. In the first work, a clock synthesis algorithm is developed for low-power and low-slew 3D clock network design. The impact of various design parameters on clock performance, including the wirelength, clock power, clock slew, and skew, is investigated. These parameters cover the TSV count, TSV parasitics, the maximum loading capacitance of the clock buffers, and the supply voltage. In the second work, a clock synthesis algorithm is developed to construct 3D clock networks for both pre-bond testability and post-bond operability. Pre-bond testing of 3D stacked ICs involves testing each individual die before bonding, which can improve the overall yield of 3D ICs by avoiding stacking defective dies with good ones. Two key techniques including TSV-buffer insertion and redundant tree generation are implemented to minimize clock skew and ensure pre-bond testing. The impact of TSV utilization and TSV parasitics on clock power is also investigated. In the third work, an obstacle-aware clock tree synthesis method is presented for through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3D ICs. A unique aspect of this problem lies in the fact that various types of TSVs become obstacles during 3D clock routing including signal, power/ground, and clock TSVs. These TSVs may occupy silicon area or routing layers. The generated clock tree does not sacrifice wirelength or clock power too much and avoids TSV-induced obstacles. In the fourth work, a decision-tree-based clock synthesis (DTCS) method is developed for low-power 3D clock network design, where TSVs form a regular 2D array. This TSV array style is shown to be more manufacturable and practical than layouts with TSVs located at irregular spots. The DTCS method explores the entire solution space for the best TSV array utilization in terms of low power. Close-to-optimal solutions can be found for power efficiency with skew minimization in short runtime. In the fifth work, current crowding and its impact on 3D power grid integrity is investigated. Due to the geometry of TSVs and connections to the global power grid, significant current crowding can occur. The current density distribution within a TSV and its connections to the global power grid is explored. A simple TSV model is implemented to obtain current density distributions within a TSV and its local environment. This model is checked for accuracy by comparing with identical models simulated using finite element modeling methods. The simple TSV models are integrated with the global power wires for detailed chip-scale power analysis. In the sixth work, a comprehensive multi-physics modeling approach is developed to analyze electromigration (EM) in TSV-based 3D connections. Since a TSV has regions of high current density, grain boundaries play a significant role in EM dominating atomic transport. The transient analysis is performed on atomic transport including grain and grain boundary structures. The evolution of atomic depletion and accumulation is simulated due to current crowding. And the TSV resistance change is modeled.

Au cours des dernières années, la révolution numérique a continué sa progression. Les technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC) ont totalement changé la vie quotidienne des gens à leur domicile (concept de « maison numérique »). Pendant ce temps, non seulement le volume des émissions de CO2 produit par les TIC, ce qu'on appelle l'empreinte carbone, est sans cesse en croissance mais elle s'accompagne également d'une hausse du prix de l'électricité, augmentant fortement la part des équipements numériques dans la budget global des ménages. Ainsi, pour des raisons environnementale et économique, réduire la consommation d'énergie dans les nombreux équipements du réseau domestique est devenu un enjeu majeur. Dans ce contexte, la thèse porte sur la conception, l'évaluation et la mise en œuvre d'un ensemble de mécanismes dans le but de répondre aux problèmes de consommation d'énergie sur les réseaux locaux rassemblant les équipements numériques domestiques. Nous proposons un réseau de contrôle qui est formé par des noeuds de contrôle de l'énergie placés au-dessus du réseau traditionnel. Chaque nœud de contrôle est relié à un dispositif en vue de coordonner les états d'alimentation de l'équipement domestique associé.. Un démonstrateur pour un système Home Power Efficiency (HOPE) a également été mis en œuvre. Il démontre la faisabilité de la solution technique que nous proposons pour le contrôle de l'énergie dans un réseau domestique réel avec des scénarios réels qui sont souvent utilisées par utilisateur. Après avoir analysé le mode d'utilisation des équipements du réseau domestique, nous proposons un système de gestion d'énergie qui contrôle ces équipements minimisant ainsi que leur consommation. Le système est basé sur l'analyse des services collaboratifs, chaque service est découpé en blocs fonctionnels atomiques, distribués dans les différents équipements. Cela permet de gérer avec plus de précision les besoins énergétiques de chaque équipement de manière à n'alimenter que les composants nécessaires au service demandé. Pour conclure ces travaux, nous avons également cherché à minimiser les impacts de l'économie d'énergie sur la qualité d'expérience perçue par l'utilisateur (notamment le délai d'activation des services). Nous proposons un système de gestion d'énergie pour des services collaboratifs offrant plusieurs compromis possibles entre la consommation d'énergie et le délai d'activation des services dans un réseau domestique. Il est complété par un algorithme d'apprentissage du comportement des utilisateurs domestiques. / In recent years, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has totally changed the people daily life in the Digital Home. Meanwhile, not only the amount of CO2 emission of ICT, so called ''footprint'', is increasing without cease, but also the price of electricity is constantly rising. Thus, it is quite important to reduce energy consumption in the home network and home devices for the environmental and economic reasons. In order to cope with this context, the thesis concerns the design, the evaluation, and the implementation of a novel set of mechanisms with the purpose of responding to home network energy consumption problems. We proposed firstly an Overlay Energy Control Network which is formed by the overlay energy control nodes. Each node is connected to one device which forms an overlay control network to coordinate the power states of the device. Then, a testbed for HOme Power Efficiency system (HOPE) is implemented to demonstrate the technical solution for energy control in a real home network environment with several frequently used scenarios. After analyzing user's way of use of their home network equipment, we propose a power management which controls the devices based on the analysis of the collaborative services. These frequently used collaborative services require different functional blocks in different devices. This model provides the possibility to turn on the right requested functional blocks in the right device at the right moment. Finally, based on the former contribution, the collaborative overlay power management offers several possible tradeoffs between the power consumption and the waiting delay in the home network.

While changing the connection of the power transformators we have to find out if the powered distribution network can accept this change and if it will fulfil the set conditions. Important is to keep the range of permitted voltage on separate distribution points of this network and to find out proportions on separate circuits. This is connected with a circuit load which cannot exceed its limit (transmission capacity). The network is checked against outages of separate circuits (N-1) and we try to find out if other circuits are not overloaded during the transmission of the outaged circuit’s power. We can also suggest various other possible outages. It is also important to find out whether separate distribution points agree with their short-circuit capabilities. Overall we investigate advantages of this circuit. The theoretical part describes the means of calculation of the network functioning and short-circuit conditions. All the calculated results (dispatcher control system Sinaut Spectrum) for the given circuits of power transformators are processed and evaluated in the practical part of the thesis.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'intégration dans le réseau électrique du limiteur supraconducteur de courant (SCFCL). Un modèle du ruban supraconducteur ont été développé et validé grâce à une comparaison avec des tests expérimentaux. Premièrement, ce modèle a permis le dimensionnement du SCFCL du projet Eoccoflow (projet européen). Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle de SCFCL est intégré dans différents types de réseau. D'une part, l'intégration du SCFCL dans les réseaux haute tension continu maillés rend vraisemblable la protection de tels réseaux. D'autre part, grâce au SCFCL de nouvelles architectures du réseau de distribution sont proposées permettant l'intégration massive de génération distribuée. Cette thèse se clot sur le dimensionnement et les tests d'un SCFCL pour un réseau à taille réduite. / This PhD deals with superconducting fault current limiter (SCFCL) network integration. A model of a superconducting tape had been developed and validated in comparison with experimental quench tests. This SCFCL model allowed us to design the SCFCL of the european project Eccoflow. Using this SCFCL model, SCFCLs are integrated in various types of networks. On one hand, SCFCL benefits are first studied in case of meshed HVDC networks. Indeed, the SCFCL makes realistic the protection of such networks. On the other hand, thanks to the SCFCL some new distribution network topologies are suggested in order to increase the distributed generation integration capacity. This PhD ends with the design and the test of a SCFCL in a downsize scale network.

La qualité d'alimentation électrique d'un réseau ferroviaire peut être fortement affectée par l'indisponibilité d'un équipement électrique, que ce soit suite à un incident technique ou une opération de maintenance. Il est alors nécessaire de réduire le trafic prévu en ajustant les grilles horaires et les profils de vitesse, tout en conservant des performances d'exploitation optimales. Le but du travail présenté dans ce mémoire est de développer un outil d'aide à la décision pour assister les agents en charge de la réorganisation du trafic lors d'un incident sur infrastructure électrique. Le système étudié est complexe et son analyse repose sur des simulations coûteuses. Nous avons donc proposé une démarche en deux phases. Dans un premier temps, une analyse de sensibilité permet de détecter de manière efficace les variables d’ajustement du trafic les plus influentes. Après une analyse comparative entre différentes techniques, nous avons retenu l’analyse de sensibilité régionale par filtrage de Monte Carlo et test de KS, car cela permet de prendre en compte les contraintes opérationnelles, comme les niveaux de tension en ligne. La deuxième phase consiste à optimiser la solution en travaillant dans un espace de recherche de dimension réduite. Un ensemble de solutions Pareto optimales sont générées afin d’évaluer le meilleur compromis entre le critère principal qui est la densité de trafic et d’autres critères tels que les pertes ou les échauffements. Les techniques mises en œuvre ont abouti à la réalisation d’un prototype. Cet outil permet à l’ingénieur de définir les variables d’ajustement et les critères de performance du trafic. Il analyse ensuite l’influence des différentes variables d’ajustement et optimise le trafic par rapport aux critères définis. L’outil a été testé sur quatre cas d’étude correspondant à des portions de réseaux et à des trafics ferroviaires réels. / The power supply quality of a railway network can be strongly affected by the unavailability of electrical equipment, whether due to a technical incident or a maintenance operation. It is then necessary to reduce the expected traffic by adjusting the time schedules and speed profiles, while maintaining optimal operating performance. The purpose of the work presented in this thesis is to develop a decision support tool to assist the agents in charge of the reorganization of traffic during an incident on electrical infrastructure. The studied system is complex and its analysis is based on costly simulations. We therefore proposed a two-phase approach. As a first step, a sensitivity analysis can effectively detect the most influential traffic adjustment variables. After a comparative analysis between different techniques, we selected the regional sensitivity analysis by Monte Carlo filtering and KS test, because it allows us to take into account the operational constraints, like the tension levels in line. The second phase consists in optimizing the solution by working in a small research area. A set of Pareto-Optimal solutions are generated to evaluate the best trade-off between the main criterion "traffic density" and other criteria such as losses or overheating. The techniques implemented led to the production of a prototype. The tool allows the engineer to define traffic adjustment variables and traffic performance criteria. Then it analyzes the influence of the various adjustment variables and optimizes the traffic according to the defined criteria. The tool was tested on four case studies proposed by SNCF Réseau and corresponding to network segments and actual rail traffic.

This thesis proposes a framework for identifying the root-cause of a voltage disturbance, as well as, its source location (upstream/downstream) from the monitoring place. The framework works with three-phase voltage and current waveforms collected in radial distribution networks without distributed generation. Real-world and synthetic waveforms are used to test it. The framework involves features that are conceived based on electrical principles, and assuming some hypothesis on the analyzed phenomena. Features considered are based on waveforms and timestamp information. Multivariate analysis of variance and rule induction algorithms are applied to assess the amount of meaningful information explained by each feature, according to the root-cause of the disturbance and its source location. The obtained classification rates show that the proposed framework could be used for automatic diagnosis of voltage disturbances collected in radial distribution networks. Furthermore, the diagnostic results can be subsequently used for supporting power network operation, maintenance and planning. / En esta tesis se propone una metodología para la identificación de la localización relativa (aguas arriba/abajo) y la causa de una perturbación eléctrica. La metodología utiliza las ondas trifásicas de tensión y de corriente registradas en redes de distribución radial sin presencia de generación distribuida. La metodología es validada utilizando perturbaciones eléctricas reales y simuladas. La metodología involucra atributos que han sido concebidos basándose en principios eléctricos e hipótesis de acuerdo a cada uno de los fenómenos eléctricos analizados. Se propusieron atributos tanto basados en la forma de onda como en la fecha de ocurrencia de la perturbación. La cantidad de información contenida y/o explicada por cada atributo es valorada mediante la aplicación del análisis multivariante de la varianza y algoritmos de extracción automática de reglas de decisión. Los resultados de clasificación muestran que la metodología propuesta puede ser utilizada para el diagnóstico automático de perturbaciones eléctricas registradas en redes de distribución radial. Los resultados de diagnóstico pueden ser utilizados para apoyar las tareas de operación, mantenimiento y planeamiento de las redes de distribución.