The thesis focuses on problems and diagnosis selected preconceptions TechnicalEducation. In the theoretical part was approached theory of constuctivism, pupil concept of curriculum, preconceptions, Data collection methods and content oftechnicaleducation on the primary school. Practical part represents the rate for structuring preconceptions usingquestionnaires and cognitive maps. The practical part provides information mation about the research, processing the results and subsequent conclusions drawn. The questionnaires were students 4. and 5. class Králův Dvůr.

The graduation thesis is concerned with problems of chosen preconceptions from technical and scientific education. In the theoretic part the attention is focused on the topics related to the educational problems, constructivism, preconceptions, technical and scientific education in basic schools. Degree of structuralization of preconcepts was investigated by questionnaires in the investigative part. Unfinished sentences, assessment scales and cognitive maps are contained in these questionnaires. Into the investigative sample there were included pupils of fourth and fifth grade of the basic schools in cities Libáň and Jičín. Data about preconceptions and their structuralization were found out, processed and evaluated by the mentioned methods above (questionnaires and cognitive maps). These observed results are intended for quantitative and qualitative areas from technical and scientific education.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Most of the features are displayed by complex organisms results of multifactorial inheritance, such as skin color in humans. This study aimed to investigate the high school students conceptions about multifactorial inheritance and, based on the information collected, develop educational materials that promote the application of genetic concepts in everyday matters. Participated in this study 48 students from two high school classes, enrolled in two public schools in Santa Maria / RS and São Vicente do Sul / RS. The survey was conducted in three stages called application of pre-test, didactic approach and implementation of the post-test. We develop a game, a didactic model and a hypertext is recommended for high school classes. The game and the teaching model was applied by the researcher and indicate their use for classes that have studied basics of monogenic and multifactorial inheritance. The applied materials were evaluated as motivation and use of genetic concepts. The evaluation by students and teachers indicated that the proposal is challenging and useful for genetic education with good applicability to review concepts. Hypertext was developed in three versions, according to the student's reality, being a material useful for situations where you have little time to teaching content to be a practical and easy handling means. To make it more interesting and interactive activity is recommended to be done beyond reading a discussion so that students and teachers can share ideas on the subject under study. Students from both groups showed an increase in the proportion of correct answers after the application of the didactic sequence, this improvement was most notable for the students in the class had a low rate of correct answers in the pre-test which had not studied the subject multifactorial inheritance ( class 2). / A maioria das características apresentadas pelos organismos complexos são resultados de heranças multifatoriais, como por exemplo, a cor da pele nos seres humanos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as concepções de alunos do Ensino Médio sobre herança multifatorial e, com base nas informações coletadas, desenvolver materiais didáticos que favoreçam as aplicações de conceitos de genética em assuntos do cotidiano. Participaram deste trabalho 48 alunos de duas turmas de Ensino Médio, matriculados em duas escolas públicas localizadas em Santa Maria/RS e São Vicente do Sul/RS. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas denominadas aplicação do pré-teste, abordagem didática e aplicação do pós-teste. Desenvolvemos um jogo, um modelo didático e um hipertexto sendo recomendados para turmas de Ensino Médio. O jogo e o modelo didático foram aplicados pela pesquisadora e indicamos a sua utilização para turmas que já estudaram conceitos básicos de herança monogênica e multifatorial. Os materiais aplicados foram avaliados conforme motivação e utilização de conceitos de genética. A avaliação por alunos e professores indicou que a proposta é desafiadora e útil para o ensino de genética, com boa aplicabilidade para revisar conceitos. O hipertexto foi desenvolvido em três versões, de acordo com a realidade do aluno, sendo um material útil para situações em que se tenha pouco tempo para o ensino do conteúdo por ser um meio prático e de fácil manipulação. Para tornar a atividade mais interessante e interativa recomenda-se que seja feita além da leitura uma discussão para que os alunos e professor possam compartilhar ideias sobre o tema em estudo. Os alunos de ambas as turmas apresentaram aumento na proporção de respostas corretas após a aplicação da sequência didática, essa melhora foi mais notável para os alunos da turma que teve baixo índice de acertos no pré-teste a qual não havia estudado o tema herança multifatorial (turma 2).

This dissertation investigates the process of forced eviction (i.e., gentrification) and its influence on Harlem culture. The study quantifies four (4) significant factors involved in the influencing of a paradigm shift. The study explicitly examines the historical and traditional cultures of Harlemites' when framed in the theoretical context of unmet human needs. In this study, unmet human needs in association with theoretical constructs have demonstrated strong correlations in relation to altering attitudes that affect complex thought and human behavior. This study reports the empirical results and the investigated associations of theoretical constructs as they pertain to the various hypotheses outlined in this dissertation. Analytical measurements used in this study include both descriptive and inferential statistics. The sample population was 300 and six (6) statistical tools are used to examine and analyze the data. This study will show that correlations and regression results suggest unmet human needs shape the observation on the preconceptions of culture and the findings are conclusive. Psychological characteristics moderately influence culture and congruent with Maslow's and Burton's human needs theories. The researcher postulates that the theoretical models used in the study and working hypotheses in this exposition can be used in guiding impending research.

Das derzeitige Lebensmittelsystem gilt als einer der Hauptverursacher zahlreicher globaler Probleme wie dem Klimawandel und dem Rückgang der Biodiversität. Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE), die eine nachhaltige Ernährung bei jungen Menschen fördert, kann wesentlich zur Überwindung dieser Probleme beitragen. Zudem stellt das Thema einer nachhaltige Ernährung einen in höchster Form geeigneten Beispielkontext für BNE dar, weil es so gut wie kaum ein anderes Thema die ökologische, soziale und ökonomische Dimension einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung in einem regional-globalen Bezugsrahmen vereint. Für die Entwicklung geeigneter Lehr-Lernarrangements sollten jedoch die Lernvoraussetzung bezüglich einer Bildung für nachhaltigen Ernährung berücksichtigt werden, welche sowohl die Präkonzepte zum Unterrichtsgegenstand als auch psychologische Faktoren umfassen, die nachhaltige Ernährungsabsichten und Ernährungsverhaltensweisen fördern. Aufgrund ihrer besonderen Bedeutung für die Ausführung umweltfreundlicher Verhaltensweisen, wie eine nachhaltige Ernährung, untersuchte die erste Studie die Mensch-Natur-Beziehung von 2173 deutschen (MAlter = 14,56 Jahre, SD = 1,45; weiblich: 55,1%) und 451 ecuadorianischen (MAlter = 14,63 Jahre, SD = 1,77; weiblich: 55,3%) Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe. Im Speziellen wurde die Rolle ausgesuchter grundlegender menschlicher Werte, des Geschlechts und der in der Natur verbrachten Zeit für die Entwicklung von Naturverbundenheit und Umweltbetroffenheit in den zwei Kulturen beleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die ecuadorianischen Schüler*innen naturverbundener als Schüler*innen in Deutschland waren. Darüber hinaus wurden kulturspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich der dimensionalen Struktur von Umweltbetroffenheit sowie der Rolle des Geschlechts für die Entwicklung von Naturverbundenheit und biospherisch motivierte Umweltbetroffenheit ermittelt. Die Wertedimension Selbst-Überwindung sowie die in der Natur verbrachte Zeit stellten in beiden Kulturen Determinanten für Naturverbundenheit und biospherisch motivierte Umweltbetroffenheit dar. Mit Blick auf die unterrichtliche Praxis sprechen die Befunde der Studie dafür, dass die Wertedimension Selbst-Überwindung und Zeit in der Natur gefördert werden sollten, um die Mensch-Natur-Beziehung bei Schüler*innen sowohl in Ecuador als auch in Deutschland zu stärken. Die zweite Studie verfolgte das Ziel, Faktoren zu identifizieren, die nachhaltige Ernährungsabsichten und -verhalten bei Jugendlichen vorhersagen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden in einer zweiten quantitativen Studie 624 deutsche Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe (MAlter = 16,63 Jahre; SD = 1,15; weiblich: 48,2%) hinsichtlich ihrer Intention, sich nachhaltig zu ernähren, zu ihren Ernährungsgewohnheiten (vegetarisch/vegan oder omnivor) und zu mehreren Faktoren befragt, die in früheren Studien im Zusammenhang mit umweltfreundlichen Verhaltensweisen standen. Die Studie identifizierte die wahrgenommene Konsument*inneneffektivität, biospherisch motivierte Umweltbetroffenheit sowie Wissen über nachhaltige Ernährung als Determinanten für die Intention sich nachhaltige zu ernähren und für die Ausführung einer vegetarischen Ernährungsweise, welche ein partielles Beispiel einer nachhaltigen Ernährung darstellt. Während Naturverbundenheit lediglich für die Erklärung von der Intention sich nachhaltige zu ernähren relevant war, sagte die dispositionelle Empathie gegenüber Tieren nur Vegetarismus vorher. Damit gibt die Studie wichtige Hinweise darauf, welche Faktoren bei der Entwicklung didaktischer Konzepte zur Förderung nachhaltiger Ernährungsweisen berücksichtigt werden sollten. Mittels semistrukturierten Einzelinterviews wurden in der dritten Studie die Vorstellungen von 46 deutsche Schüler*innen Sekundarstufe (MAlter = 15,59, SD = 0,78; weiblich = 47,8%;) bezüglich einer nachhaltigen Ernährung erhoben. Dabei wurde ermittelt, wie präsent die Dimensionen einer nachhaltigen Ernährung (Gesundheit, Umwelt, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Kultur) in den Vorstellungen der Schüler*innen sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Schüler*innenvorstellungen bezüglich einer nachhaltigen Ernährung von der gesundheitlichen Dimension dominiert wurden. Je mehr Dimensionen die Schüler*innen jedoch in Ihren Vorstellungen berücksichtigten, desto weniger wurde die gesundheitliche Dimension fokussiert und desto stärker war die Dimension Umwelt in den Vorstellungen vertreten. Die Dimensionen Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und besonders Kultur fanden insgesamt wenig Berücksichtigung in den Vorstellungen der Schüler*innen. Darüber hinaus verfügten einige Schüler*innen über alternative Vorstellungen bezüglich des Ausdrucks einer nachhaltigen Ernährung und konnten keine Beziehung zwischen einer nachhaltigen Ernährung und den Dimensionen Umwelt, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Kultur herstellen, was auf eine vorherrschend egozentrische Sichtwiese auf Ernährung hindeutet, die die Grenzen des eigenen Körpers nicht überschritt. Da die Vorstellungen von Schüler*innen bezüglich einer nachhaltigen Ernährung, aber auch psychologische Faktoren, welche eine nachhaltige Ernährung begünstigen, wichtige Lernvoraussetzungen für eine Bildung für nachhaltige Ernährung darstellen, bilden die Ergebnisse die Grundlage für die erfolgreiche Entwicklung von Lehr-Lernarrangements zu dieser Thematik. Vorschläge zur Integration der Ergebnisse in die unterrichtliche Praxis werden gegeben.

This study attempts to discern if geologic time is a threshold concept for student understanding of evolutionary theory. A threshold concept enables the learner to unpack other concepts because of its importance in thought construction. In this study three teachers and ten sections of biology were investigated from the same high school. Each teacher used the same activities, in the same sequence, and with identical evaluation methods. Students in the treatment group covered a unit on geologic time prior to completing course work on evolutionary theory. Student misconceptions in both control and treatment groups were assessed using a composite concept inventory administered post and prior to the study. Statistical analysis conducted revealed no statistical evidence to support the contention that the treatment method was more effective than traditional methods of teaching evolution. It was found that students agreed significantly more with evolution post study in both treatment and control groups.

En analys av en studie gjord av Lorenz och Heinitz (2014) på autistiska personers uppfattning om sig själva, sina förmågor och behov och en kartläggningsrapport av Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten från 2013 har belyst hur det hos dessa individer finns en potential långt utöver det normala. Skolmyndigheten (2013) rapporterar om att lärare saknar verktyg för att förstå elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsvariationer, framförallt vid autismspektrumtillstånd där sådana verktyg ofta behöver vara individanpassade och därför varierar från elev till elev. Önskan om att hitta metoder för att använda tillgängliga läromedel eller önskan om handledning för att förstå eleverna bättre är någonting som lyfts upp då lärare menar sig vara vilsna kring vad man ska göra i den egna undervisningen med de metoder som finns. Med detta som grund motiverades jag till att utforma ett fortbildningsmaterial för lärare inom matematik som förhoppningsvis ska kunna stötta lärarna i deras kommunikation med elever med autismspektrumtillstånd. Som ett led i utvecklingsarbetet gjordes djupintervjuer med två lärare inom matematik och teknik och med fyra personer diagnosticerade med AST. Därefter analyserades intervjuerna med hjälp av tematisk analys för att sedan användas som underlag för diskussion kring några faktorer som påverkar elevens lärande. Faktorer som framkom var lärarnas undervisningsform, föreställningar av sin och elevens roll i lärandet och hur lärarens relation till de övriga lärare i kollegieteamet påverkar kvalitén av lärarens undervisning. Resultatet från djupintervjuerna visade att det hos elever med AST finns behov av tydlighet, struktur och tidsplanering. Vill man som lärare säkerställa en bra kommunikation med dessa elever behöver en förståelse för hur läraren kan förmedla förväntningar uppmärksammas. Sådana förväntningar kan vara såväl implicita och explicita. Förväntningar som t.ex. kan vara att läraren tilldelar uppgifter som befinner sig på en lägre nivå än elevens egen föreställning av sin förmåga. Läraren behöver också vara införstådd i elevens problematik och för det krävs ett mer omfattande arbete inom kollegiet som läraren är en del av. Detta eftersom ett bra stöd för eleven inte kan förväntas ges enbart av elevens egna lärare då elevens behov av stöd kräver insatser från flera olika yrkesgrupper. Vidare visade resultat från djupintervjuerna hur det hos elever med AST finns ett behov av social inkludering, däremot var det mindre tydligt hur eleverna skulle uppnå detta. Man hänvisade till att läraren saknar kunskap om hur elevens personligheter och intressen måste beaktas tillsammans innan man sammanför grupper. Också underströks hur eleven behöver lära sig hantera vissa sociala situationer, vad den ska säga och hur. Om inte det sker vågar eleven sällan inleda samtal med övriga klasskamrater och det i sin tur har jag kunnat visa påverka elevens fortsatta förståelse av matematik. Utvärdering av det utvecklade fortbildningsmaterialet gav värdefull återkoppling för att förbättra materialet. Utvärderingen genomfördes bland tre verksamma lärare. En lärare hade förstått det avsedda syftet och angav att materialet gav hen idéer om hur undervisning kan genomföras, t.ex. genom att omformulera sina uppgifter eller addera material inför vissa moment som kan göra det lättare för AST-elever att sätta sig in i dem. För de andra två lärarna var syftet otydligt och de angav att det saknades tillräckligt med uppgifter som läraren kunde använda för sina elever med AST, men att de förslagen som gavs ändå var uppskattade. / A study conducted by Lorenz and Heinitz (2014) on the view that autistic people have of themselves, their attributes as well as a survey done by Specialpedagogiska Skolmyndigheten (2013) suggest that a lot of individuals on the spectrum may own a potential far beyond what is considered normal. The report from Skolmyndigheten (2013) paints an image of how present material for students with neuropsychiatric disorders are lacking, especially for those students who are on the autistic spectrum. These students are specially a challenge since every individual on the spectrum and thus a one-way solution is considered virtually impossible. Using this knowledge as a building block, I was motivated to construct an introductory material for teachers in mathematics to effectively communicate with students on the autistic spectrum. The material is based on surveys done in the form of deep interviews. These deep interviews were conducted with 2 teachers in math and technology and with 4 people diagnosed with ASD. Furthermore, the data from the interviews were analysed with the help of a tool called thematic analysis. Afterwards the data was used to discuss some of the factors that affect students learning. The factors involved in my discussion were the specific form of teaching, preconceptions about ones and students’ involvement in their own learning and how teacher interaction with the other teachers in the colleague team may impact the quality of student learning. Looking at the results from the deep interviews, we see that for people with ASD there is a desire for precision, structure and adequate time-planning. Good communication with these students requires the teachers’ understanding of how she can convey her conceptions, explicit as well as implicit, by her form of teaching, for example by recognizing how the distribution of lower level problems could downgrade a students’ perception of their own10ability. Teachers need to consider and understand the problems of specific students and in order to do that a more extensive cooperation is required with the rest of the team. Such cooperation is required since one need to consider how a complex diagnosis such as autism spectrum involves appropriate intervention regulated and influenced by people in different occupation groups. The final results concerned the opinions received by teachers regarding the realization of the introductory material. With regards to the intention to construct a material which can support understanding of the communication problems associated with autism, the results of evaluation from three teachers in mathematics and technology showed mix of responses. One of the three teachers had understood the purpose and commented on how the material inspired his own taking on how to teach for these students, for instance by reformulating problems or add material in the making of problems to make it easier for students on the autistic spectrum to engage with them. The other two teachers mentioned the lack of sufficient amount of math problems which could be of any use in their own teaching, although they saw how some of the parts were useful for other purposes. I suggest that the responses were mixed as an effect of misunderstanding of the real purpose of the introductory material. Since the making of a new introductory material given the feedback was not tested, the conclusions regarding how well this material meets the context cannot be properly validated.

The purpose of this essay is to examine for the age discrimination towards older people in the working life. The essay practice EU-law and national law to examine the age discrimination. It also looks for the limits towards age discrimination. A presentation of the rules will make it easier to see how employers are possible to get around the ban against age discrimination. This essay also illustrates how age discrimination emerges in recruitment processes and then how to discourage age discrimination. The essay is based on material in the legal source hierarchy and literature, internet based source and reports that have a connection with the subject choice. The legal dogmatic method has been applied with the legal sociology method to analyze the material.   The analyze shows that age discrimination is a fundamental right. The problem about age discrimination occurs according to the interpreting about opportunities against age discrimination. There is an opportunity for employer to get around the ban when the employee is 67 years old. Employers can also get around the ban when the costs are unacceptable in relation to hire an older person who coming up in the ages and can retrieve their pension. This hypothesis doesn’t agree with how todays working life and individual work career looks like. A recruitment process contributes to stereotypes for older persons. The reasons that contributes to stereotypes are how the pension and legal systems in the society are made and also because of peoples assessments and norms. The result of these stereotypes is involuntary retirement because older peoples get sort away in the recruitment process.   The labor law needs active provisions in the collaboration between employers and employees to countervail age discrimination in the recruitment process. In addition, the pension system and the law about employees whom is 67 years old needs to be regulated. The provisions are one way to frame same opportunities and equalities in the working life, especially for older people to get hired. / Uppsatsen har till syfte att redogöra för åldersdiskriminering riktad mot äldre personer iarbetslivet. Åldersdiskrimineringen redogörs genom att studera EU-rätt samt nationell rätt och se gränsen för åldersdiskriminering. En bild av bestämmelserna ska presenteras för att visa hur arbetsgivare har en möjlighet att kringgå förbudet mot åldersdiskriminering. Vad som även belyses är hur åldersdiskriminering kan komma att aktualiseras vid en rekryteringsprocess och vad som således kan motverka att åldersdiskriminering uppstår. Uppsatsen är baserad på material inom rättskällehierarkin samt litteratur, internet källor och rapporter som har en koppling till ämnesvalet. Materialet är sedan analyserat utifrån rättsdogmatisk metod samt rättssociologisk metod. Analysen resulterar i förbudet mot diskriminering p.g.a. ålder är en grundläggande rättighet. Problematiken kring åldersdiskriminering uppstår när undantagsmöjligheterna ska tolkas och tillämpas. Där finns ett utrymme för arbetsgivare att kringgå förbudet när arbetstagare är fyllda67 år. Dessutom går det att kringgå förbudet om det är oproportionerligt kostsamt för arbetsgivaren att anställa en äldre person som snart närmar sig pensionsåldern. Dock stämmer inte sistnämnda hypotes, sett till hur arbetsmarknaden och individens yrkeskarriär ser ut i dag. Åldersdiskriminering i en rekryteringsprocess består till stor del av omedvetna eller medvetna föreställningar om äldre personer. Orsakerna till föreställningarna är hur samhällets pensions- och rättssystem är uppbyggt samt människors värderingar och normer. Resultatet av dessa föreställningar blir ofrivillig pensionering av äldre personer i samhället för att de gallras bort i rekryteringsprocessen. För att motverka åldersdiskriminering i en rekryteringsprocess behöver lagstiftaren införa bestämmelser om ytterligare aktiva åtgärder i samverkan mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. Dessutom borde pensionssystemet samt 67 årsregeln omarbetas då rådande bestämmelser inte överensstämmer  med  samhällets  funktionssätt.  Åtgärderna  är  ett  sätt  att  främja  likamöjligheter och rättigheter i arbetslivet och att öka chanserna till anställning för äldre.

TITLE: Romany children education in Czech school system and its realization in Náchod AUTHOR: Jan Vajsar DEPRATMENT: Primary Education Department SUPERVISOR: prof. PaedDr. Radka Wildová, CSc. ABSTRACT This dissertation is a proposal of a strategical model for romany`s pupils education in Czech school system. This dissertation is conceived for primary and lower secondary schools teachers. Our goal was to make a model of the work with romany pupils which could be applied with some modifications for any basic schools where romany pupils are educated. It has been located to Náchod. It is a town where the current situation in education can be used as a good example for the similar educational problems we can observe in other towns of the Czech Republic. The dissertation includes many methodical suggestions which are designed for simple and useful practicing at schools. These suggestions should be used in order to solve various problems teachers still have and will probably have with Romany pupils. KEYWORDS: Romany, child, education, model, pupil, environment, approach, teacher, street, family, co-operation, mistrust, preconceptions, rectification, change

The theoretical part assembles methodological starting points for the research - the content and meaning of curricula documents for science education; the contemporary scientific knowledge about selected molecularly biological topics taught at secondary schools; the characteristics of student preconceptions and misconceptions, their diagnosis and importance. The practical part contains the setting of research problems and aims related to their object, presented as the content analysis of curriculum and the teaching methods concerning molecularly biological topics at a selected secondary school; the diagnosis of preconceptions regarding the term "nucleic acids" with pupils (first, third and fourth grade) studying at a selected secondary school (ninety- five respondents) that served to the determination of overall character of stated preconception (genesis, modification and conceptual change during the study at a secondary school). The incorporation of new laboratory exercises with the topic of nucleic acids to the education in the fourth grade and the assessment of their impact on the shape of the preconception has been also the part of the project. The evaluation was done by comparing of success in solving the tasks involved in the didactic test for pupils in the first and third grade and pupils...