Ácaros fitoseídeos são eficientes predadores de ácaros pragas em algumas culturas. A precisa identificação das espécies é o passo inicial na seleção de inimigos naturais em um projeto de controle biológico. Os ácaros são geralmente identificados com base nas características morfológicas, mas aspectos biológicos e ecológicos, e mais recentemente características moleculares vêm sendo usadas nesse processo. Populações dos fitoseídeos identificados como Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma provenientes de Arroio do Meio-RS, Campinas-SP e Petrolina-PE, e Euseius concordis (Chant) procedentes de Arroio do Meio, Jaguariúna-SP, Petrolina, Pontes e Lacerda-MT e Viçosa-MG foram estudados em relação a morfologia, compatibilidade reprodutiva e características moleculares. A caracterização morfológica correspondeu as medições de estruturas de fêmeas e machos. A compatibilidade reprodutiva foi avaliada através de cruzamentos e retrocruzamentos homogâmicos e heterogâmicos. A caracterização molecular foi realizada com o seqüenciamento dos espaços internos transcritos (ITS1 e ITS2) do DNA ribossomal. Relações significativas foram observadas dentro de cada população entre o comprimento médio das setas e as respectivas amplitudes de variação. Ambos os sexos de E. citrifolius de Petrolina e E.concordis de Jaguariúna tiveram algumas setas mais curtas que as demais populações da mesma espécie; esta última diferiu marcadamente da população de Petrolina. A comparação das medições das estruturas de cada população e dos espécimes tipo de E. citrifolius e E. concordis confirmaram a identificação morfológica preliminar das populações ao nível de espécie. Medições de machos resultantes de cruzamentos heterogâmicos indicaram que essas espécies se reproduzem por pseudo-arrenotoquia. Incompatibilidade parcial foi observada nos cruzamentos heterogâmicos envolvendo fêmeas de E. citrifolius de Petrolina; descendentes produziram poucos ovos e inviáveis quando retrocruzadas com machos das populações parentais. Machos de Petrolina produziram descendentes viáveis quando cruzados com fêmeas de Arroio do Meio e Campinas. Não ocorreu oviposição nos cruzamentos e retrocruzamentos heterogâmicos envolvendo fêmeas de E. concordis de Petrolina. Nos cruzamentos heterogâmicos envolvendo machos de Petrolina a oviposição foi reduzida e somente machos (viáveis) foram produzidos. Cruzamentos de fêmeas de Pontes e Lacerda e machos de Jaguariúna e vice-versa produziram somente machos. Entretanto o fluxo gênico entre essas populações seria possível indiretamente, através de cruzamentos entre essas populações e a população de Arroio do Meio. Populações de Arroio do Meio, Jaguariúna, Pontes e Lacerda e Viçosa pertencem a mesma espécie. Maior variação entre as populações foi observada no espaçador ITS1. O seqüenciamento dos espaçadores ITS1 e ITS2 permitiu discriminar entre os grupos de populações identificadas como E. citrifolius de E. concordis. O seqüenciamento dos ITSs pode ser aplicado como uma ferramenta complementar na identificação de fitoseídeos. Apesar do fato de que alguns tipos de diferenças foram sempre observadas nesta tese entre a população de Petrolina identificada preliminarmente como E. concordis, não é conveniente descrever esta população como uma nova espécie, devido a dificuldade em separar indivíduos dessa população daqueles das populações identificadas como E.concordis. Para uma conclusão, é sugerido que outros estudos de cruzamentos sejam conduzidos com populações morfologicamente identificadas como E. concordis coletadas entre Petrolina e Viçosa, e que a caracterização molecular envolvendo o gene citocromo oxidase seja conduzida. / Phytoseiidae mites are efficient predators of pest mites on several crops. Precise identification is the initial step in the selection of natural enemies in a biological control project. Mites are usually identified by their morphology, but biological and ecological aspects and, more recently, molecular characteristics have also been used in this process. Populations of phytoseiid mites identified as Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma from Arroio do Meio-RS, Campinas-SP and Petrolina-PE, and E. concordis (Chant) from Arroio do Meio, Jaguariúna-SP, Petrolina Pontes e Lacerda-MT and Viçosa-MG were studied in relation to morphology, reproductive compatibility and molecular characteristics. Morphological characterization corresponded to measurements of structures of females and males. Reproductive compatibility was evaluated by homogamic and heterogamic crosses and backcrosses. Molecular characterization was done by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal DNA (ITS1 and ITS2). Significant relationships were observed within each population between mean setal lengths and the respective ranges. Both sexes of E. citrifolius from Petrolina and E. concordis from Jaguariúna had some setae shorter than other populations of the same species; the latter differed most markedly from the Petrolina population. A comparison of the measurements of structures for each population and type specimens of E. citrifolius and E. concordis confirmed the preliminary morphological identification of the populations at species level. Measurements of males resulting from heterogamic crosses indicated that both species reproduce by pseudo-arrhenotoky. Partial incompatibility was observed in heterogamic crosses involving females of E. citrifolius from Petrolina; progeny produced just few, unviable eggs when backcrossed with males of the parental populations. Males from Petrolina produced viable offspring when crossed with females from Arroio do Meio or Campinas. No eggs were produced in heterogamic crosses and backcrosses involving females of E. concordis from Petrolina. In heterogamic crosses involving males from Petrolina, oviposition was reduced and only (viable) males were produced. Crosses of females from Pontes e Lacerda and males from Jaguariúna and vice-versa produced only male progeny. However, gene flow between those population could be possible indirectly, through crosses between those populations and Arroio do Meio population. Populations from Arroio do Meio, Jaguariúna, Pontes e Lacerda and Viçosa belong to a same species. Most of the molecular variation between populations was observed in ITS1. The sequencing of ITS1 and ITS2 allowed the discrimination between the group of populations identified as E. citrifolius from that identified as E. concordis. With the information presently available, sequencing of ITSs can be applied as a complementary tool to identify phytoseiids. Despite the fact that some type of differences were always observed in this thesis between the Petrolina population preliminarily identified as E. concordis and the remaining populations, it is not convenient to describe such population as a new species presently, given the difficulty in separating individuals from that population from those of populations identified as E. concordis. For a conclusion, it is suggested that other crossing studies be conducted with populations morphologically identifiable as E. concordis collected between Petrolina and Viçosa, and that the characterization of the cytochrome oxidase gene be conducted.

O Colículo Superior (SC) é conhecido por apresentar diversas funções que modulam a caça predatória. Neste estudo, investigamos as funções do SC em ratos expostos a caça de insetos. Primeiramente, verificamos que o comportamento predatório induz uma distinta ativação da porção lateral do SC (SCl). Para entender as potenciais funções dessa região colicular, foi analisado o comportamento predatório antes e após lesões bilaterais iontoforéticas por NMDA do SCl. Animais com SCl lesados ficaram menos motivados a perseguirem as baratas, falharam para se orientarem na direção do movimento das presas e quando tentaram capturar as presas, eles apresentaram sérios déficits para capturá-las e segurá-las eficientemente. Por outro lado, animais com lesões da porção medial do SC (SCm) apresentaram apenas um aumento da latência para iniciar a caça, enquanto os outros parâmetros não diferiram significantemente dos animais intactos. Posteriormente, examinamos as conexões eferentes do SCl e do SCm usando como traçador anterógrado a leucoaglutinina do Phaseolus vulgaris. Notamos projeções densas do SCl para a região rostral da coluna lateral da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal (PAGl), um setor criticamente envolvido no controle dos aspectos motivacionais relacionados aos comportamentos de caça predatória e forrageamento. Além disso, o SCl se projeta densamente para o tálamo dorsal, especificamente para os núcleos ventral lateral, central medial e paracentral do tálamo, os quais sabemos que se projetam para setores estriatais ou para áreas motoras corticais, que provavelmente estão envolvidas no ajuste da ação motora durante a captura das presas. O SCm, por sua vez, aferenta densamente a coluna dorsolateral da PAG, núcleo cuneiforme, e núcleos reticulares mesencefálico e pontino, que são setores envolvidos na elaboração de respostas defensivas, além disso, o SCm se projeta esparsamente para os núcleos posterior lateral e suprageniculado do complexo geniculado medial / The superior colliculus is classically known to present a number of functions that fit hunting behavior. In the present study, we investigate the potential roles of the superior colliculus in rats displaying insect hunting. First, we have found that predatory hunting induces a distinct activation of the lateral region of the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus (SCl). To understand the potential roles of this collicular region, we analyzed the hunting performance before and after iontophoretic NMDA lesions bilaterally placed into the SCl. Animals with SCl lesions were clearly less motivated to pursue the roaches, failed to orient themselves toward the moving prey, and whenever the SCl-lesioned rats tried to catch the roaches, they presented serious deficits to capture and hold them efficiently. Next, we examined the SCl efferents connections using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer. Of particular relevance, we noted that the SCl projects to the rostral lateral periaqueductal gray, a site critically involved in controlling motivational drive to chase prey and forage. In addition, the SCl also present particularly strong projections to the dorsal thalamus, aimed at the ventral lateral, ventral medial, central medial and paracentral nuclei of thalamus, all of which known to project either to striatal sites or to cortical motor areas, likely to be involved in adjusting the motor action during prey capture. Therefore, the SCl, which seems to present cells responding to prey displacement in the temporal field, presents important arms to the periaqueductal gray and dorsal thalamic sites, influencing, respectively, the motivational drive and the motor skills to hunt

Polyphagy is a very common trait among insects. In this study, we focus on a generalist bark-beetle predator, Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Cleridae), which feeds on many scolytids in spruce, pine and broad-leaf stands. It is known to respond to the pheromones of many scolytids, among which the most harmful spruce bark beetle in Europe, Ips typographus (L.). The adults attack scolytid adults and oviposit on attacked trees where their larvae feed upon immature stages of the prey. <p>However, a bottom-up process limits Thanasimus formicarius’ impact on spruce bark beetles, because in most cases the bark of spruce is too thin for sheltering pupal niches and mature larvae have to leave the trees. On pine however, pupation is quite successful and reproductive success is high. <p><p>The present work estimates the advantages (complementary prey during gaps among the phenology of pine bark beetles or due to the population fluctuations of most scolytids) and constraints (landing on unsuitable host trees for the predator’s reproduction) for T. formicarius to have a wide range of prey. <p><p>Passive barrier-trappings showed that the presence and abundance of scolytid species vary strongly from year to year. So, polyphagy in T. formicarius appears as a response to fluctuating prey supplies. <p><p>This way of foraging may lead T. formicarius towards stands not always favourable for its development (for example, spruces). <p>At the tree level, funnels and pitfall-traps caught high numbers of third-instar T. formicarius larvae walking on the bark surface of standing spruces infested by Ips typographus (respectively 365 and 70 L3s). After feeding into the whole infested part of the trunk, these larvae are obliged to migrate outside of the galleries to favourable pupation site (e.g. the base of the trees where the bark is thicker), or even to leave the trees and search for an acceptable pupation substrate in the litter. <p><p>At the landscape level, different trapping experiments showed a correlation between catches of T. formicarius and the proportion of pines around each trap. Consequently, in a metapopulation landscape pattern, pines would act as “sources” of predators, whilst spruces are “sinks”. Indeed, Thanasimus formicarius are trapped in higher numbers in mixed stands comprising pines. This observation is also corroborated in a four-year trapping experiment in the North-East of France, following the storms of December 1999. The predator/prey ratios (T. formicarius/I. typographus) were higher in stands comprising pines than in stands without pines. The first step of a method to estimate Ips typographus infestation trends thanks to the predator/prey ratios was also developed. <p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_mirella_renata.pdf: 1480280 bytes, checksum: 15dfff5f39ca1626a0e638550e849fec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-08 / The use of mathematical and computational tools have been found within studies of the dynamics of predator-prey due to the complexities of the population evolution that suffer external influences of their interaction with the environment. Within this context, this work aims at investigating the Lotka-Volterra model and apply them to capture and describe the dynamics of the interaction between the Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predator) and its prey, the cochineal-carmine (Dactylopius opuntiae) in order to identify scenarios that aim at reducing the amount of ladybug. This a pest that has infested a large area in the semiarid region of the Northeast Brazil where the cactus pear has been used as a base of supply for ruminants. As a result, environmental damages as well as social and economic losses have occurred. This pest infestation has caused farmers migration to other areas. Given the above, there is a need to provide support for a sustainable cultivation of cactus pear. For the purpose of pest control, agencies such as Embrapa and IPA have recommended biological control of ladybug by introducing natural enemies such as C. montrouzieri that has been effective at reducing the pest. In that sense, within this work simulations of population evolution for D. opuntiae and C. montrouzieri have been made by using the Lotka-Volterra equations as well as its variants. Results of this research has made possible to suggest the amount of predators that might be inserted into the natural environment aiming at reducing and control pest infestation in a case study of the semiarid region of the Northeast Brazil. The use of the model not only allows suggesting the population of predators for species within a trophic interaction, but also allows the monitoring of compliance of the evolution of the species under study / O uso de ferramentas matemáticas e computacionais se faz cada vez mais presente nos estudos da dinâmica predador-presa devido à complexidade das populações que sofrem influências externas relativas à interação com o ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as equações de Lotka-Volterra e aplicá-las para modelar e descrever a dinâmica da interação entre o inseto Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predador) e sua presa, a cochonilha-do-carmim (Dactylopius opuntiae) visando identificar cenários que conduzam ao combate da cochonilha. Esta é uma praga que tem atacado severamente as áreas de cultivo da palma forrageira, utilizada para alimentação de caprinos, ovinos e bovinos causando prejuízos econômicos, ambientais e sociais à região do semiárido nordestino. A destruição dos palmais devido ao ataque da cochonilha obriga os agricultores a se desfazerem dos seus rebanhos, migrarem para outras regiões ou devastar áreas da Caatinga para realizar novos plantios de palma. Diante do exposto, verifica-se a necessidade de prover suporte para uma cultura sustentável da palma forrageira, essencial para o gado leiteiro. Para fins de controle de pragas, órgãos como a Embrapa e o IPA têm recomendado o controle biológico da cochonilha através da introdução de seu inimigo natural (C. montrouzieri) que tem se mostrado eficiente no combate à praga. Neste trabalho foram realizadas simulações da evolução das populações de D. opuntiae e de C. montrouzieri utilizando as equações que representam o modelo Lotka-Volterra e suas variantes. Os resultados desta pesquisa têm tornado possível sugerir a quantidade de predadores a ser inserida no ambiente natural para buscar combater e controlar a infestação de pragas que tem causado danos à região do Semiárido do Nordeste. O uso do modelo não apenas possibilita sugerir a população de predadores para interagir com a espécie presa numa relação trófica, como também permite o monitoramento da conformidade da evolução populacional das espécies estudadas

Piscivorous birds are an integrated part of lake and coastline ecosystems. Despite decades of research it is yet unclear what influence fish eating birds have on the fish community. The aim of this literature study was to focus on how two fish eating birds, Great Cormorant and Great Crested Grebe, influence the fish community in shallow and eutrophic lakes. Different types of analysis methods have been used when doing research on the subject, including pellet analysis, stomach content analysis, tagging of fishes by “PIT”-techniques and analysis by observation. Results show that conclusions by studies tend to vary, but generally higher bird density, lower water temperature and a relatively high turbidity contribute to a higher influence on the fish community. Both bird species are opportunistic in their choice of food and catch prey of the species that occur locally. Both species also limit themselves in the prey size, but the choice vary over seasons because of water temperature and the birds requirements in association with breeding and migration. The significant level of influence seems to be when predation is conducted on younger and smaller fishes. The influence on the fish size can also be indirect, where predation on smaller individuals prevent fishes from becoming older and bigger. As studies tend to deviate in conclusion, no general answer to this issue can be given at present. Comprehensive research with several years of full control over both fish-and bird population is needed to find the proper conclusion.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a new citrus pest in the Mediterranean basin. Nymphs of P. kellyanus refuge and feed on the surface of young fruitlets. This feeding habit causes rings of tissue scar around the apex as fruit mature and leads to economic losses because of the reduced market value of the affected fruit. Despite the worldwide distribution and economic importance of P. kellyanus, its biological control is still under development and chemical control is the only alternative for growers. In order to improve the integrated management of P. kellyanus we determined the seasonal trend of P. kellyanus nymphs during the period in which the young fruitlets are sensitive to thrips damage. We studied the diurnal distribution of ¿rst and second generation P. kellyanus nymphs, as well as, the spatial distribution within the tree of the nymphs and damages. These results will improve the sampling protocols and the insecticide applications. The seasonal trend (number of generations attacking the fruit) and damages of P. kellyanus nymphs depended on the orchards and years. This result emphasizes the importance of sampling weekly from petal until six weeks later. Furthermore, according to the data obtained, when there is a second generation of P. kellyanus nymphs, this is generally more damaging. Pezothrips kellyanus nymphs showed a clear preference for fruit located at the top of the trees, which coincided with the highest percentage of damaged fruit in this area. P. kellyanus nymphs were uniformly distributed and the cardinal directions and time of day does not seem to be an important factor to develop a sampling plan or to spray insecticides. The next objective was to determine the efficacy of three insecticides (chlorpyrifos, spinosad and spirotetramat) to control P. kellyanus nymphs. These insecticides were selected because of their different mode of action. Chlorpyrifos and spinosad significantly reduced the percentage of damaged fruit when there was one generation of nymphs. However, their persistence was not enough to prevent the attack of a second generation of nymphs. Spirotetramat had not a shock effect against this pest and it could not avoid the attack of a second generation. We analysed the side effects of these three insecticides on natural enemies present at the time of the treatment. Spinosad as spirotetramat negatively affected phytoseiids. Due to low populations of other natural enemies we could not assess the side effects on them. Therefore, we decided to study the side effects of these insecticides on coccinelids and parasitoids under laboratory conditions. Lethal and sublethal side effects of spirotetramat on adults and larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions by topical application and by ingestion of treated individuals of Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Spirotetramat resulted harmless when directly applied on larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri, since it did not affect survival, longevity, fecundity, egg hatching, and offspring survival. When larvae and adults of C. Montrouzieri were fed with treated prey, spirotetramat was also classified as harmless. We studied lethal and sublethal effects of spirotetramat, spinosad and chlorpyrifos on Aphytis melinus DeBach (Aphelinidae Hymenoptera), the main parasitoid of Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemipteta: Diaspididae). For A. melinus adults, chlorpyrifos and spinosad were classified as toxic but spirotetramat resulted moderately toxic. For immature (larvae), chlorpyrifos was moderately toxic, spirotetramat was slightly toxic and spinosad resulted harmless. Takin into consideration these results, spirotetramat could be used against P. kellyanus in orchards where population levels are low and an application against A. aurantii is also need because this insecticide shows high efficacy against this pest. / [ES] Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) es actualmente una plaga más en los cítricos valencianos, cuyas ninfas, al alimentarse de la superficie de los frutos recién cuajados, producen unas escarificaciones circulares alrededor del pedúnculo que devalúan el valor del fruto en el mercado. Hoy en día, el control químico es prácticamente la única alternativa contra este trips. Para mejorar la gestión integrada de P. kellyanus es necesario un mayor conocimiento sobre su biología y ecología en campo. Para ello, se ha seguido la dinámica poblacional de las ninfas de P. kellyanus durante el periodo en que los frutos recién cuajados son más sensibles a los daños producidos por las ninfas. Se ha estudiado la distribución de la plaga dentro de los árboles y su movimiento a lo largo del día, factores necesarios para estimar la población de trips y para afinar las aplicaciones de productos fitosanitarios. Tanto la dinámica como los daños variaron según parcelas y años. Tras la caída de pétalos se observaron una o dos generaciones de ninfas que produjeron daños en los frutos. Resultado que subraya la necesidad de realizar muestreos semanales desde la caída de pétalos hasta incluso después del tratamiento contra la primera generación. Además, según los datos obtenidos, cuando se da una segunda generación de P. Kellyanus, ésta es más dañina para los frutos. Las ninfas de P. kellyanus mostraron una preferencia por los frutos situados en la parte alta de la copa, coincidiendo con el mayor número de frutos dañados en esta zona. La distribución de las ninfas fue uniforme en las cuatro orientaciones del árbol y a lo largo del día. Por lo tanto, estos factores no parecen ser claves a la hora de desarrollar un plan de muestreo o realizar aplicaciones fitosanitarias. A continuación se determinó la eficacia de tres insecticidas (clorpirifos, spinosad y spirotetramat), con diferente modo de acción, en el control de las ninfas de P. kellyanus. Clorpirifos y spinosad redujeron significativamente el porcentaje de frutos dañados cuando se dio una sola generación de ninfas P. Kellyanus, sin embargo no evitaron el ataque de una segunda generación de ninfas. Spirotetramat no presentó un efecto de choque y no evitó el segundo ataque. En estos trabajos de campo, se analizaron los efectos secundarios de los insecticidas sobre los enemigos naturales presentes en el momento de los tratamientos. Spinosad como spirotetramat afectaron negativamente a las poblaciones fitoseidos en campo. Debido a las bajas poblaciones del resto de enemigos naturales no pudo evaluarse los efectos secundarios sobre ellos y se estudiaron en condiciones de laboratorio sobre coccinélidos y parasitoides. Se determinaron los efectos letales y subletales de spirotetramat en adultos y larvas de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), por aplicación directa de los productos y por ingestión de presa, Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), previamente tratada por los productos. Spirotetramat resultó inocuo al aplicarse directamente sobre larvas o adultos de C. montrouzieri, y no afectó a la supervivencia, longevidad fecundidad, fertilidad y y supervivencia de la descendencia. Spirotetramat también resultó inocuo al alimentar a adultos y larvas de C. montrouzieri con presa previamente tratada. Se determinaron los efectos letales y subletales de los tres insecticidas sobre Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), principal parasitoide de Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemipteta: Diaspididae) en cítricos. En adultos, clorpirifos y spinosad resultaron tóxicos mientras que spirotetramat resultó moderadamente tóxico. Sobre inmaduros de A. melinus, clorpirifos resultó moderadamente tóxico, spirotetramat ligeramente tóxico y spinosad inocuo. Así, spirotetramat se podría utilizar contra P. kellyanus en parcelas con niveles poblacionales bajos cuando deba tratarse también cont / [CA] Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) és, actualment, una plaga més dels cítrics valencians. Les nimfes es refugien i s'alimenten de la superfície dels fruits recentment quallats que produeix unes escarificacions circulars al voltant del peduncle del fruit i devaluen el seu valor al mercat. Hui en dia, el control químic és pràcticament l'única alternativa contra aquest trips. Per poder millorar la gestió integrada de P. kellyanus és necessari un major coneixement sobre la seua biologia i ecologia en camp. Per a això, s'ha avaluat la dinàmica poblacional de les nimfes de P. kellyanus durant el període on els fruits recentment quallats són més sensibles als danys produïts per les nimfes. A més, s'ha estudiat la distribució de la plaga dins dels arbres i el seu moviment al llarg del dia, factors necessaris per a estimar la població de trips i per afinar les aplicacions de productes fitosanitaris. Tant la dinàmica com els danys van variar segons parcel¿les i anys, després de la caiguda de pètals es van observar una o dues generacions de nimfes que van produir danys als fruits. Aquest resultat subratlla la necessitat de realitzar mostrejos setmanals des de la caiguda de pètals fins i tot després del tractament contra la primera generació. Segons les dades obtingudes, quan es dóna una segona generació de P. kellyanus, aquesta és més perjudicial per als fruits. Les nimfes van mostrar un clara preferència pels fruits situats a la part alta de la copa, coincidint amb el major nombre de fruits danyats en aquesta zona. No obstant això, la distribució de les nimfes va ser uniforme en les quatre orientacions de l'arbre i la seva abundància tampoc va variar al llarg del dia. Per tant, son factors que no semblen ser claus a l'hora de desenvolupar un pla de mostreig o realitzar aplicacions fitosanitàries. El següent objectiu va ser determinar l'eficàcia de tres insecticides (clorpirifos, spinosad i spirotetramat), amb acció diferent, en el control de les nimfes de P. kellyanus. Clorpirifos i spinosad van reduir significativament el percentatge de fruits danyats quan es va donar una sola generació de nimfes, però no varen evitar l'atac d'una segona generació de nimfes. Spirotetramat no va presentar un efecte de xoc contra aquesta plaga i tampoc va evitar l'atac d'una segona generació. En aquests treballs de camp, se va analitzar els efectes secundaris d'aquests tres insecticides sobre els enemics naturals presents en el moment dels tractaments. Spinosad i spirotetramat van afectar negativament les poblacions fitoseids en camp. Com varen ser baixes les poblacions de la resta d'enemics naturals es va estudiar els efectes secundaris sobre coccinélids i parasitoids en condicions de laboratori. Es varen determinar els efectes letals i subletals de spirotetramat en adults i larves de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) per aplicació directa dels productes i per ingestió de presa, Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), prèviament tractada pels productes. Spirotetramat va resultar innocu a la aplicació directa sobre larves o adults de C. montrouzieri, no va afectar la supervivència, longevitat fecunditat, fertilitat i supervivència de la descendència. I el mateix quan adults i larves de van ser alimentats amb presa prèviament tractada. Finalment, es van determinar els efectes letals i subletals dels tres insecticides sobre Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), principal parasitoid de Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemipteta: Diaspididae) en cítrics. En adults, clorpirifos i spinosad van resultar tòxics, spirotetramat va resultar moderadament tòxic. Sobre immadurs de A melinus, clorpirifos va resultar moderadament tòxic, spirotetramat lleugerament tòxic i spinosad innocu. Així, spirotetramat es podria utilitzar contra P. kellyanus en parcel¿les amb nivells poblacionals baixos aprofitant el tractament contra A. aurantii al p / Planes Insa, L. (2016). BASES PARA LA GESTIÓN INTEGRADA DE PEZOTHRIPS KELLYANUS (BAGNALL) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) EN CÍTRICOS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63676 / Compendio

Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact lower trophic level prey assemblages in marine ecosystems, with effects propagating up to higher trophic levels. Our goal was to better understand how varying ocean conditions influence diets and niche overlap among a suite of low- to mid trophic level predators. We studied the diets of common murres (Uria aalge) over 10 contrasting years between 1998 and 2011, a period in which the Northern California Current experienced dramatic interannual variability in ocean conditions. Likewise, murre diets off Oregon varied considerably. Interannual variation in murre chick diets appears to be influenced by environmental drivers occurring before and during the breeding season, at both basin and local spatial scales. While clupeids were an important diet component throughout the study period, in some years murre diets were dominated by Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and other years by osmerids (likely Allosmerus elongatus and Hypomesus pretiosus). Years in which the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and local sea surface temperatures were above average during summer months also showed elevated levels of clupeids in murre diets, while years with higher winter ichthyoplankton biomass and summer northern copepod biomass anomalies had fewer clupeids and more sand lance and smelts. Years with higher Northern Oscillation Index values during summer months also showed more smelts in the murre diets. Nesting phenology and reproductive success were correlated with diet as well, reflecting demographic consequences of environmental variability mediated through bottom-up food web dynamics. To examine niche overlap between murres and other marine predators we employed collaborative fisheries research with synoptic observations of a major seabird colony to determine the diets of four predator species on the central Oregon coast during two years of contrasting El Niño (2010) vs. La Niña (2011) conditions. The greatest degree of dietary overlap was observed between Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and common murres, with both smelts (Osmeridae) and clupeids (primarily Clupea pallasii) observed as the dominant prey types. Diets differed between El Niño and La Niña conditions for two predators, murres and black rockfish (Sebastes melanops). During La Niña, smelts decreased, while sand lance increased in common murre diets. Black rockfish had fewer larval Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) and a greater proportion of crab species associated with the later spring transition. Chinook salmon and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) diets were similar during El Niño and La Niña conditions. These findings underscore that the diets of common murres during chick rearing reflect local- and basin-scale biophysical processes in the Northern California Current, and are valuable for understanding the response of upper trophic level organisms to changing oceanographic conditions. Additionally, using multiple predators across several diverse taxa to track changes in prey communities provided a way to detect seemingly subtle changes in prey communities and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of food web dynamics and ecosystem indicators. / Graduation date: 2012

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- Competitor's Dominant Position and Its Abuse in the Czech and European Law The aim of this thesis is to identify and analyze issues of market dominance and its abuse as one of the most important areas of the competition law. An indispensable part of every analysis of such abuse is also a definition and assessment of the relevant market which we will deal with in a separate section of this thesis. The issue of abuse of a dominant position is analyzed with the help of the competition rules and the judicial practice of the competent authorities, both at the community and national level. First chapters are designed as an introduction to the issue of dominance, offering readers a better understanding of often ambiguous approach to competition law, its restrictions and distortions. We will also be dealing with related terms such as the competitor, the company and their mutual interchangeability. Special attention will be paid to the introduction and further analysis of the relevant market, where the correct definition is the basis for the assessment of any competition case. The issue of relevant market is demonstrated on particular examples, especially on the current case of Student Agency, where the mode of defining the relevant market also decides the final outcome of the case with respect to the...

Durch den exzessiven Gebrauch von Antibiotika haben sich in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Resistenzen herausgebildet. Eine potentielle Alternative zu konventionellen Antibiotika sind prädatorische Bakterien. Das Bakterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus hat einen zweiphasigen Lebenszyklus bestehend aus einer Angriffsphase, in der es andere gram-negative Bakterien jagt, und einer Wachstumsphase, in der es das Zytoplasma eines Wirtes für die eigene Reproduktion nutzt. Für einen künftigen Einsatz von B. bacteriovorus als Antibiotikum müssen die Prozesse des Lebenszyklus verstanden werden. Das Proteom von B. bacteriovorus wurde bisher jedoch nur sehr wenig untersucht. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit mithilfe der Massenspektrometrie Proteine von verschiedenen Zeitpunkten des Lebenszyklus von B. bacteriovorus relativ quantifiziert. Es konnten zahlreiche Proteine identifiziert werden, die zu spezifischen Zeitpunkten des Lebenszyklus hoch- oder herabreguliert werden. Die größten Unterschiede im Proteinmuster konnten zwischen der Angriffs- und der Wachstumsphase beobachtet werden. In der Angriffsphase sind einige Proteine herabreguliert, die mit der Proteinexpression im Zusammenhang stehen. Weiterhin wurde bestätigt, dass sich junge und gealterte Zellen der Angriffsphase deutlich voneinander unterscheiden, womit die Angriffsphase eigentlich aus zwei Phasen besteht. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse und eines Vergleiches mit Transkriptionsdaten wurde die Vermutung aufgestellt, dass B. bacteriovorus Proteine, welche spezifisch für die Angriffsphase sind, bereits während der Wachstumsphase synthetisiert. Im Zusammenhang mit der Forschung an B. bacteriovorus konnten auch neue Impulse bezüglich der MeCAT-basierten massenspektrometrischen Proteinquantifizierung angestoßen werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde unter anderem ein MeCAT-Reagenz mit Acrylamidfunktionalität entwickelt, welches erfolgreich als interner Standard für die Laserablation-ICP-MS von Polyacrylamidgelen verwendet werden kann. / Due to the excessive use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance has increased over the last years. A potential alternative to conventional antibiotics are predatory bacteria. The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus has a biphasic life cycle consisting of an attack phase in which it hunts other gram-negative bacteria, and a growth phase in which it uses the cytoplasm of a prey cell as a substrate for its own reproduction. For future application of B. bacteriovorus as an antibiotic, it is necessary to understand the processes that occur during the life cycle. However, almost no information has been obtained regarding the proteome of B. bacteriovorus yet. Using mass spectrometry and an isotopic labelling strategy, proteins from different time points in the life cycle of B. bacteriovorus were quantified relatively to each other in this work. Numerous proteins were identified that are up- or down-regulated at specific time points in the life cycle. The largest differences in protein pattern existed between the attack phase and the growth phase, whereas only minor differences occurred within the growth phase. For instance, several proteins that appear to be down-regulated during the attack phase are related to protein expression. Furthermore, it was confirmed that there is a significant difference between young and aged cells of the attack phase. Therefore, the attack phase actually consists of two phases. Based on the results and on a comparison with transcription data, it was suggested that attack phase specific proteins of B. bacteriovorus are already synthesized during the growth phase. In connection with the research on B. bacteriovorus, new impulses regarding the MeCAT based protein quantification with mass spectrometry could be initiated. In this work, a MeCAT reagent with acrylamide functionality was developed, which can be used successfully as an internal standard for laser ablation ICP-MS of polyacrylamide gels.