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When setting the agenda for policy change, does the president convince Congress to pay attention to an issue or vise versa? Does the level of influence vary by chamber in Congress? Scholars of American political institutions have long struggled over questions regarding the directionality of agenda setting influence. This paper examines presidential and congressional action on Social Security from 1946 to 2008 to see if one branch has a significant effect on the other in regard to placing an issue on the institutional agenda. Additionally, this paper considers how the two houses of Congress may differ at the agenda setting stage on an issue. Using Vector Autoregression, I test the directionality of agenda setting influence in a social policy area to get a better picture of agenda setting dynamics. / text

Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidento rinkimų tvarka Respublikos Prezidento statusas įvairias Lietuvos istorijos laikotarpiais kito, atsižvelgiant į konkrečias istorines, geopolitines aplinkybes. Kartu keitėsi ir Respublikos Prezidento rinkimų konstitucinis teisinis reglamentavimas. Nuo Parlamento renkamo Prezidento buvo pereita prie tiesioginių Prezidento rinkimų. 1990 m. atkurta Lietuvos valstybė buvo grindžiama teisinio reguliavimo perimamumo principu. Tai reiškia, kad rengiant naują Lietuvos Konstituciją Prezidento statuso ir rinkimų tvarkos problema buvo viena iš esminių. Pagal Konstituciją Prezidentą renka tiesiogiai Lietuvos piliečiai, vadovaudamiesi visuotinių, tiesioginių, lygių rinkimų teise slaptai balsuojant. Išrinktas Respublikos Prezidentas prisiekia ypatingam subjektui, kuriam priklauso suverenitetas - jis prisiekia Tautai. Priesaika turi konstitucinę reikšmę ir sukelia konstitucinius teisinius padarinius. Lietuvos valstybės istorijoje konstitucinis apkaltos procesas vyko Seime 2004 metais Prezidentui Rolandui Paksui, kuris buvo pašalintas iš pareigų. Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje yra ne viena byla, susijusi su Respublikos Prezidento rinkimų tvarką reglamentuojančių teisės aktų nuostatomis. Darbe yra analizuojami su Respublikos Prezidento rinkimų tvarka susiję Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimai. Demokratinius rinkimus valstybėje organizuoja ir vykdo Vyriausioji rinkimų komisija. Po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo pirmuosius Respublikos Prezidento rinkimus vykdė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Regulation of the Presidential Election in the Republic of Lithuania In 1992 in the Referendum on the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania President‘s institution has been re-established.According to the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is a democratic parliamentary republic. Lithuania is a parliamentary representative democratic republic and Lithuanian parliamentary, presidential elections and the elections of local government as well as referendums are held in a democratic way. Law on the Presidential elections regulates universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The President of the Republic is elected by the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania. The main principles of Presidential elections are framed in the Constitutions. The President of the Republic takes the oath to a very special subject whom sovereignty belongs to. He/she swears to the People of Lithuania. The oath has got a constitutional importance and causes juristically after-effects. In 2004 the Parliament of Lithuania voted in favour of impeachment against Rolandas Paksas and removed him from office. The main task of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania is to declare the acts of the Seimas unconstitutional and thus render them ineffective. Moreover, it adjudicates on the conformance of the acts of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania to the Laws. The Court has issued some acts and conclusions on the Law on Presidential elections. The Central Electoral... [to full text]

Presidents have two major assets at their disposal when seeking to alter policy: executive orders and legislative action. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to each course. Although presidency scholars have focused extensively on presidential efforts in the legislative arena, little attention has been paid to how a president affects policy through direct action. Because executive orders have been under-researched, there has been a dearth of theory development that adequately explains when presidents will act unilaterally through executive orders and when they will instead seek legislative avenues to policy change. This project develops a parsimonious theory grounded in the transaction costs framework that explains how a president chooses between seeking congressional action versus acting unilaterally through executive orders to accomplish policy change. The theory holds that when presidents desire policy change, they balance the transaction costs executive orders and legislative action present, selecting the course that presents the greatest benefit after accounting for the transaction costs present. After outlining the theory, I test my predictions using an original data set. Each executive order from 1946 to 2004 was read and examined for policy content. Unlike most prior studies of presidential use of executive orders, this study only includes orders that affect policy in the data analyses. The series of empirical tests provide support for my theory: Presidents consider the transaction costs that executive orders and the pursuit of legislation pose and take the action that maximizes their utility when seeking policy change

Market-responsive college leaders are challenged to navigate external relationships with business and industry, government officials, and community leaders, as well as the resulting pressures of multiple missions of the comprehensive community college. The leaders are faced with three predominant issues involving the market-responsive college and its relationship to the overall comprehensive college. These issues include: (a) its relationship to the transfer role, (b) difficulty of defining and measuring its success, and (c) its placement within the organization. Bolman and Deal’s (2013) leadership frames provide a model to understand how framing by market-responsive college leaders influences their organizations. A qualitative case study research method was used to explore how organizational frames used by market-responsive college leaders affect the market-responsive organization. The participants were five market-responsive college leaders from comprehensive community colleges in Mississippi. The findings suggest that market-responsive leaders, guided by their framework, affected their market-responsive college through reorganization, setting the tone of the relationship with academic transfer division, and establishing division priorities through the selection and recognition of measures for success. They used the structural frame to change the college structure to fit the task and environment, the political frame to set the agenda and create a power base, and the symbolic frame to create faith in the market-responsive college. This study provides aspiring and existing leaders of market-responsive colleges with possible lenses to view commonly experienced issues and to gain insight into the benefits of reframing and multiraming.

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A common method for colleges and universities experiencing a transition between permanent presidents is to employ an interim president. A dominant perspective in related literature discussing the role, organizational value, and practices regarding the employment of an interim president has been based upon specific experiences of an institution or individual who had endured or fulfilled an interim presidency; absent, have been the insights of experienced interim presidents-individuals who have been a permanent president at least once and interim president multiple times at different institutions. Therefore, this research answers the following two questions: (a) what are the perspectives and insights of individuals who have been a permanent president at least once and interim president multiple times at different institutions pertaining to the role, organizational value, and practices regarding the employment of an interim university president, and (b) how do their perspectives and insights complement or differ from common beliefs and practices dominating related literature pertaining to the role, organizational value, and practices regarding the employment of an interim university president?

1 Abstract in English Thesis Presidential Elections in the history of the Czechoslovak state confronts individual successful Presidential Elections in the history of the Czechoslovak state from 1918 to 1992. Thesis describes its legislative forms (written level from acts) and its real processes (practical level from shorthand record and other sources) too. These two levels are compared to each other. Except it, the thesis compares Presidential Elections in the democratic state and in the period, when the Communist Party controls the Elections. Why I choose this theme? I would like to answer on some questions from introduction, for example: Does something connect something individual Presidential Elections? What was characteristic for the Elections in the democracy and in the communistic regime? Was there something unconstitutional from the Elections? Can knowledge of the historical evolution contribute discussions about the Presidential Election at present? The thesis is divided to seven chapters. First chapter has two subchapters, the first one (in four parts) is about legal regulations of the Presidential Election from 1918 to 1920, the second one describes first T. G. Masaryk's presidential election. It was uncontrolled election with acclamation. Second chapter presents in first subchapter (and its four...