Idag rapporterar media om att den problematiska skolfrånvaron ökar. Enligt skollagen har alla elever rätt till en utbildning och den svenska närvaroplikten innebär att varje skola behöver kunna främja skolnärvaro. En fullständigt genomförd grundskola med godkända betyg är en skyddsfaktor mot utanförskap i samhället och psykisk ohälsa. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om skolans insatser för att stödja elever med problematisk skolfrånvaro i att kunna återgå till skolan. Forskningsfrågorna sökte svar på framgångsrika insatser som eleverna och deras vårdnadshavare beskriver för återgång till skolan, sett ur ett flernivåperspektiv. Studiens teoretiska ramverk var Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska systemteori. Undersökningen hade en kvalitativ forskningsansats, inspirerad av fallstudiedesign. För att samla in data användes semistrukturerade intervjuer. En pilotstudie genomfördes för att förbättra våra intervjufrågor. Urvalet till studien baserades på ett målstyrt urval. Våra respondenter var fyra elever och deras vårdnadshavare. Eleverna hade tidigare haft problematisk skolfrånvaro men återvänt till skolan. Tidigare forskning har visat att framgångsfaktorer som ökar skolnärvaro innefattar undervisning, delaktighet, inflytande, trygghet och studiero, tillitsfulla relationer och kommunikation mellan hem och skola. Studiens resultat överensstämmer med tidigare forskning. I vårt resultat framkom även betydelsen av att minska kraven på eleverna i skolsituationen för en positiv återgång till skolan. Ytterligare framkom ur ett systemteoretiskt perspektiv att faktorer på samtliga nivåer inom teorin har en inverkan på skolnärvaron. En liten förändring på någon nivå kan påverka elevens förutsättningar att närvara i skolan. Vi tänker oss att vår studie kan bidra med kunskap och vara ett stöd i skolors närvarofrämjande arbete. / Today, Media reports that the problematic school absence is increasing. According to Skollagen, all students have the right to an education, and the Swedish compulsory attendance means that each school needs to encourage school attendance. A completed schooling with passed grades is a protection factor in society and against mental illness. The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the schools’ measures to aid students with problematic school attendance in returning to school. The research questions sought to find successful measures that students and their guardians describe were important in the students’ returning to school, seen from a multilevel perspective. The theoretical framework of the study was Bronfenbrenner’s educational system theory. The study had a qualitative research method, inspired by case study design. To collect data, semi structured interviews were used. A pilot study was carried out to perfect our questions. The selection of participants was based on goal-oriented factors. Our respondents were four students and their guardians. The students had previously had problematic school absence but then returned to school. Previous research has shown that success factors that increase the students’ attendance in school are teaching, participation, influence, security, a peaceful study situation, trusting relations and communication between home and school. The results from the study coincide with previous research. In our result, the importance of lowering the demands on the students in order to reach a successful return to school, emerged. Furthermore, from a theoretical system perspective, all theoretical factors influenced school attendance. A small alteration at some level can affect the students’ prerequisite for school attendance. Our study can contribute with knowledge about, and be supportive in, schools’ work with encouraging school attendance.

Studiens syfte var att ta reda på socialtjänstens erfarenheter av samarbete med föräldrar till hemmasittande elever samt att undersöka socialtjänstens erfarenheter av orsaker till hemmasittande. Data samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer tillsammans med sex socionomer verksamma inom eller på uppdrag av socialtjänsten. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats med en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att problematisk skolfrånvaro är ett komplext problem som samverkar med flera faktorer, vilka identifierades som individuella-, sociala-, och skolrelaterade faktorer. En god samverkan mellan socialtjänsten och föräldrarna sågs som betydelsefull men även samverkan mellan olika instanser som skola och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP). Den största utmaningen i arbetet med hemmasittande elever visade sig vara föräldrars inställning till problemet. Slutligen visade resultatet att barns anknytning till föräldern kunde påverka skolfrånvaron.

Problematisk skolfrånvaro bland svenska elever är ett växande problem där ett stort ansvar läggs på barnets vårdnadshavare. Syftet med föreliggandestudie var att undersöka hur mödrar till barn som lider av problematisk skolfrånvaro upplever balansen mellan arbets- och familjeliv med hjälp av kvalitativ metod. Nio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes för att sedan tematiseras. Tematiseringen identifierade sex teman som berör aspekter som hindrar och främjar intervjudeltagarnas upplevelse av balans i vardagenutifrån studiens två frågeställningar. Resultat från studien visade på en obalans där familjelivet påverkar arbetslivet genom upplevd otillräcklighet, mental och fysisk frånvaro i arbetslivet samt brister i stödsystemet kring barnen. Därtill visade resultatet att arbetet som fristad och energigivare, stöd från kollegor och chef samt flexibla arbetsformer främjar balansen. Slutsatser från studien är att mödrarna är i en ohållbar situation där det råder en obalans mellan arbets- och familjelivet, där brister i stödsystemet kring barnen och oförutsägbarheten hindrar balansen.

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This study investigated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and social networking addiction to determine if it was mediated by anxious-avoidant attachment. It was hypothesized that the presence of an anxious-avoidant attachment pattern developed as a result of childhood maltreatment would mediate the correlation between anxious-avoidant attachment and social networking addiction. This would mean that participants who developed an anxious-avoidant attachment style due to childhood maltreatment would use social media in unhealthy ways. To measure childhood maltreatment, the Adverse Childhood Experiences scale (ACE) was used. The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised scale (ECR-R) was used to measure anxious-avoidant attachment. Finally, social networking addiction was measured by the Social Networking Addiction Scale (SNAS). The sample was relatively young (M = 19.88, SD = 2.62), (n = 82). Three bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression were conducted to determine if an anxious-avoidant attachment pattern mediated the connection between childhood maltreatment and social networking addiction. A significant correlation was found between childhood maltreatment and anxious-avoidant attachment, as well as between anxious-avoidant attachment and social networking addiction. However, no correlation was found between childhood maltreatment and social networking addiction. It was concluded that no mediation was present.

Previous studies suggest that religious individuals are more likely than non-religious individuals to perceive their pornography use as problematic. For our six-month longitudinal study, we recruited a sample of adults from Turkprime.com. We hypothesized that more religious individuals who use pornography at baseline would report higher self-perceived problematic pornography use at three months, which would be associated with higher depression at six months. We constructed and validated our own measure of self-perceived problematic pornography use, which included two factors: excessive pornography use and compulsive pornography use. We ran two separate structural equation models, one with excessive use at three months and the other with compulsive use at three months. Contrary to our hypothesis, religiosity was not related to self-perceived problematic pornography use in any of the models. Both models were moderated by biological sex. For men, religiosity at baseline was associated with increased pornography use at six months. For both men and women, excessive pornography use at three months was associated with increased depression at six months. For men, depression at baseline was associated with self-perceived problematic pornography use at three months. For women, higher self-perceived problematic pornography use at three months predicted lower frequency of pornography use and higher depression at six months. Women’s pornography use was more stable over time than men’s. Our findings are discussed in light of theories of depression, religious incongruence, and sexual scripts.

Background: European studies on determinants and factors associated with problematic smartphone use (PSU) in children and adolescents are still sparse. This study reports the current amount of PSU symptoms and the presence of (clinically relevant) PSU in German children and adolescents. We also investigated associations between sociodemographic factors, different smartphone usage patterns, and daily smartphone usage time and the amount of PSU symptoms in this group. In addition, associations of PSU symptoms and high smartphone usage times (> 2 h/day) with behavioural problems, quality of life (QoL), and school performance were investigated. Methods: Within the framework of the LIFE Child study, 564 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years provided information on PSU symptoms (using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale), daily smartphone usage time, smartphone activities, behavioural strengths and difficulties (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), QoL (using the KIDSCREEN-27), and school performance. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations. Results: In the present sample, PSU was present in 13 children (2.3%). Older age, female gender, high daily smartphone usage time of > 2 h, and intensive smartphone use for social networking, gaming, or watching video clips were significantly associated with more PSU symptoms. Children and adolescents reporting more PSU symptoms also showed lower QoL, more behavioural difficulties, and poorer school performance, independently of age, gender, socio-economic status, and daily smartphone usage time. In contrast, daily smartphone usage time per se showed only weak or non-significant associations with these aspects of health and behaviour. Conclusion: Intensive smartphone use for entertainment may increase the risk of developing PSU symptoms. Furthermore, the results indicate that PSU symptoms (more than long smartphone usage times per se) are associated with more behavioural difficulties and poorer QoL

Syftet med studien var att studera unga vuxnas erfarenheter och upplevelser från tiden med en problematisk skolfrånvaro, med ambition att skapa en djupare förståelse för orsakerna till beteendet och eventuella konsekvenser, såväl som framgångsfaktorer och eventuella brister inom området. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där datainsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio informanter. Fem av dessa var unga vuxna i ålder 18–26 år med egen erfarenhet av problematisk skolfrånvaro, och fyra informanter var föräldrar till individer med nuvarande eller tidigare erfarenhet av problematisk skolfrånvaro. Vår empiri bearbetades med hjälp av tematisk analys och resultatet analyserades med stöd av Protection Motivation Theory, det salutogena perspektivet genom KASAM och det relationella perspektivet. Resultatet visar att det finns flera olika orsaker till individernas problematiska skolfrånvaro och att orsakerna många gånger inkluderar olika aspekter: individuella, familjerelaterade och skolrelaterade. Aspekter som ofta samverkar. Studien visar att det är viktigt med tidiga, individuella anpassningar och samverkan för att motverka en problematisk skolfrånvaro. Med distans till den tid då den problematiska skolfrånvaron började, vittnar samtliga informanter i studien om att deras historia hade kunnat utvecklats annorlunda om skolan, hemmet eller samhället hade agerat tidigare och/eller annorlunda. / The aim of this study was to examine the experiences and perceptions of young adults during a period of problematic school absenteeism, with the ambition of gaining a deeper understanding of the causes of the behavior and potential consequences, as well as success factors and potential shortcomings in the area. We have utilized a qualitative research method where data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with nine informants. Five of these were young adults aged 18–26 with personal experience of problematic school absenteeism, and four informants were parents of individuals with current or previous experience of problematic school absenteeism. Our empirical data was processed using thematic analysis and the results were analyzed with the support of Protection Motivation Theory, the salutogenic perspective thru sense of coherence and the relational perspective. The results shows that there are several different causes of the individuals' problematic school absenteeism, often involving various aspects: individual, family-related, and school-related, which often interact. The study also shows that it is important to have early, individualized adjustments and collaboration to counteract problematic school absenteeism. With distance from when the problematic school absenteeism began, all informants in the study testify that their history could have developed differently if the school, home, or society had acted earlier and/or differently.

Overweight, a common health condition in adolescence, has been linked with difficulties in emotional processing. This study investigates associations between emotional processing, conceptualised through the model of Emotional Openness (EO), problematic eating behaviours, including Eating in the Absence of Hunger and disinhibited eating, and overweight in adolescents. Several self-report instruments were completed by 160 youngsters (mean age: 14.36 ± 0.61 years) from the community, including 39 overweight and obese adolescents (24.5%). In girls, bootstrap analyses supported a mediating effect of restrained eating on the relation between three EO dimensions and body mass index percentile, in particular the communication of emotions, the cognitive-conceptual representation of emotions, and the perception of bodily indicator of emotions. No mediating effect was found in boys. These results have important implications for psychological weight management interventions, as they underline the relevance of work on emotional processing in order to reduce problematic eating behaviours.

L’augmentation observée de la prévalence du surpoids et de l’obésité au Québec comme ailleurs en Occident inquiète tant les gouvernements que les autorités médicales. Afin de contenir ce phénomène qui est désormais décrit comme une pandémie d’obésité, ces organisations y sont allées de différentes initiatives et recommandations, dans un contexte d’inefficacité avérée des interventions de gestion de poids à caractère clinique et d’émergence de stratégies de prévention dont l’efficacité et la sécurité à long terme restent encore à démontrer. Méthode : L’objet de cette recherche a été de décrire l’évolution du discours des organismes officiels de santé au Québec en matière de gestion du poids par l’analyse de contenu. Cette analyse a eu recours à une grille de plus de 160 documents produits au cours des 60 dernières années par les gouvernements, les autorités professionnelles et les médias québécois. Résultats et discussion : L’analyse révèle que l’évolution du discours de ces organisations s’inscrit dans trois continuums : le pathologique (une évolution, une gradation, une inflation étymologique du sens qui est donné au poids problématique); la surveillance (avec l’établissement de critères rationnels, la surveillance d’abord individuelle est devenue collective et s’est institutionnalisée); la responsabilisation (la responsabilité du poids s’est déplacée de l’individu vers le collectif puis vers le social). Ces continuums illustrent un déplacement de la manière de conceptualiser le poids de la sphère privée vers la sphère publique. Cette analyse révèle aussi qu’il y a à l’œuvre un exercice disciplinaire propre à une moralisation qui s’appuie sur la prémisse que l’augmentation de la prévalence touche toute la population de manière égale. Or, il n’en est rien. / The increase in overweight and obesity prevalence observed in Quebec as elsewhere worries governments and medical authorities. In order to contain what is described as an “obesity pandemic”, Quebec public health organisations have proposed a number of recommendations depsite the fact that long-term safety of clinical interventions have proven inefficient, and prevention strategies to manage weight undetermined. Objective: To examine the evolution of public discourses about weight management by Quebec’s public health organisations in order to identify if there is a moral standard being constructed and discuss what this reveals about modern societies. Method: Through content analysis of over 160 official documents produced by government, public health organisations and the media over the last 60 years, this thesis will describe and analyze weight management discourses of Quebec’s official health organisations. Results and Discussion: The evolution of public weight management discourses by official public health organisations can best be described using three distinct continuums which all illustrate a shift from the private domain to the public one in the way weight problems are conceptualised. These continuums are: the pathological, or the etymological evolution of meaning given to the problematic weight; surveillance, in that rational criteria has been established and surveillance is no longer in the realm of the personal but rather has become a problem of the collective and in so doing, has become institutionalised; and finally, responsibility, where weight management has migrated from the individual through to the collective and then firmly into the social domain. This analysis illustrates that the disciplinary exercise of weight management, which functions as a moralizing process, considers the increase in overweight and obesity prevalence is across the population. However, such is not the case.